p.2
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What are the possible causative agents of infectious diseases?
Various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
p.2
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
What are the modes of transmission of infectious diseases?
Direct contact, airborne transmission, vector-borne transmission, and contaminated surfaces.
p.2
Functions of the Immune System
What are the major functions of the immune system?
To protect the body from pathogens, recognize foreign substances, and eliminate infected cells.
p.2
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What is the difference between primary and secondary immune responses?
Primary immune response occurs upon first exposure to an antigen, while secondary immune response is faster and stronger due to memory cells.
What are the different types of vaccines?
Live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, conjugate, and mRNA vaccines.
p.2
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
How do vaccines provide immunity?
By stimulating the immune system to recognize and remember pathogens without causing disease.
p.2
Concept of Herd Immunity
What is the concept of herd immunity?
When a significant portion of a population becomes immune to an infectious disease, reducing its spread and protecting those who are not immune.
p.3
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What are the causative agents of infectious diseases?
Microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
p.3
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
What are the modes of transmission for infectious diseases?
Direct contact, airborne transmission, vector-borne transmission, and contaminated surfaces.
p.1
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What is the focus of WEEK 4 in NURS N111F?
Pathogens, Infection, Immunity & Associated Diseases.
p.47
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
What type of immunity does vaccination induce?
Artificially acquired active immunity.
p.22
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What are the most common viruses that cause the common cold?
Rhinoviruses and coronaviruses.
p.44
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
How does the speed of the secondary immune response compare to the primary response?
The secondary immune response is faster.
p.21
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What bacterium causes Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat)?
Group A streptococci, specifically S. pyogenes.
p.45
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
How is artificially acquired active immunity achieved?
By introducing antigens through vaccines, leading the body to produce antibodies and specialized lymphocytes.
p.34
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What is the primary focus of the textbook 'Microbiology Disease in Focus'?
It covers various aspects of microbiology related to diseases.
p.45
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
What is naturally acquired active immunity?
Antigens enter the body naturally, prompting the body to induce antibodies and specialized lymphocytes.
p.58
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What are the two main parts covered in the recap?
Examples of different infectious diseases and the working principle of vaccination.
p.4
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
What are common modes of transmission for infectious diseases?
Direct contact, airborne transmission, vector-borne transmission, and contaminated surfaces.
What are the different types of vaccines?
Live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, recombinant, and mRNA vaccines.
p.17
Bacterial Skin Infections
What is conjunctivitis?
Inflammation of the conjunctiva (eye membranes).
p.43
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
How long does it take for the immune system to recognize a pathogen during the primary immune response?
Approximately 2 to 3 weeks.
What is a live-attenuated vaccine?
A vaccine that contains a weakened form of the pathogen.
p.6
Bacterial Skin Infections
Are Streptococcus bacteria spore-forming?
No, they are non-spore forming.
p.37
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
Where is Clostridium tetani commonly found?
In soil contaminated with animal fecal wastes.
p.35
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What are prion diseases?
A group of neurodegenerative disorders caused by misfolded proteins, leading to brain damage.
p.20
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
Which bacteria are commonly associated with laryngitis and tonsillitis?
S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes.
p.27
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
What is the function of Neuraminidase (NA) spikes?
Used to release virus from the cell.
p.21
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What other infections can S. pyogenes cause?
Many skin and soft tissue infections.
What characterizes an inactivated (killed) vaccine?
It contains a dead form of the pathogen.
p.57
Functions of the Immune System
What is the most economical public health option?
Prevention through vaccination.
p.43
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What is the status of memory cells during the primary immune response?
There are no memory cells at the time of infection.
What is an example of a nucleic acid vaccine?
COVID-19 mRNA vaccine by BioNTech.
p.5
Bacterial Skin Infections
Which bacterial skin infection is caused by Streptococcus bacteria?
Streptococcal skin infections.
p.27
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
What is the function of Hemagglutinin (HA) spikes?
Used for attachment to host cells.
p.42
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
Which types of cells survive after the primary immune response?
Memory T cells and memory B cells.
p.28
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What is dental caries?
A common infectious disease that affects the teeth.
p.9
Bacterial Skin Infections
What type of damage does necrotizing fasciitis cause?
Extensive damage to connective tissue binding muscles.
p.14
Fungal and Viral Skin Infections
What are the common areas of the body affected by fungal diseases?
Hair, nails, and stratum corneum (outer layer of epidermis).
p.47
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
What are produced as a result of vaccination?
Antibodies and memory cells.
What aspect of vaccines is covered in the recap?
Different types of vaccines and how they provide immunity.
p.47
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What are the benefits of a secondary immune response?
Reduce disease severity and prevent transmission.
p.22
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
How many different viruses can cause the common cold?
Approximately 200 different viruses.
p.10
Functions of the Immune System
What is sepsis?
A potentially life-threatening condition that arises when the immune system overreacts to an infection.
What is a subunit vaccine?
A vaccine that includes proteins or other molecules (antigens) from the pathogen.
p.6
Bacterial Skin Infections
What are common examples of Staphylococcus species?
S. epidermidis and S. aureus.
p.10
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
How much endotoxin is needed to cause symptoms of sepsis?
Less than 10−6 mg of endotoxin.
p.35
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What is botulism?
A rare but serious illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
p.36
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What are the possible causative agents of meningitis?
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.
p.22
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
Where might Rhinoviruses be found in the body?
In the upper respiratory system.
p.37
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What type of bacteria is Clostridium tetani?
Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe.
p.21
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
How is Streptococcal Pharyngitis transmitted?
Through droplet transmission.
p.58
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
What are the key components of infectious diseases discussed?
Causative agents and modes of transmission.
p.45
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
What is passive immunity?
Immunity where preformed antibodies are passed from mother to fetus via the placenta or to an infant via mother's milk.
What is a live attenuated vaccine?
A vaccine that contains a weakened form of the pathogen.
p.40
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What is the secondary immune response?
The faster and more effective response of the immune system upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.
What is the purpose of vaccines?
To stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens.
p.8
Bacterial Skin Infections
How does S. aureus invade the skin?
Through wounds, follicles, or glands.
p.13
Viral and Fungal Skin Infections
How is Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) spread?
By contact with mucous or saliva of an infected person.
p.22
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
At what temperature do Rhinoviruses thrive?
Slightly below normal body temperature.
p.20
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What areas can become infected in the upper respiratory system?
Specific areas of the upper respiratory system.
p.42
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What happens to most activated immune cells after an infection is cleared?
Most activated immune cells die.
Give examples of diseases for which live attenuated vaccines are used.
Chickenpox, measles, and mumps.
What must a vaccine not cause after injection?
Disease or only very mild diseases.
What does attenuation mean in the context of vaccines?
Weakening of the pathogen.
What types of pathogens are used to induce an immune response in vaccines?
Inactivated or attenuated pathogens.
p.50
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
Do live attenuated vaccines require booster doses?
No, booster doses are not required.
p.12
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
How are measles and rubella transmitted?
Through droplet spread and direct contact with nasal/throat secretions of infected persons.
p.6
Bacterial Skin Infections
How are Streptococcus bacteria arranged?
Gram-positive spherical cocci arranged in long chains.
What is a live attenuated vaccine?
A vaccine made with live pathogens that have reduced virulence.
p.43
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
Why is IgM less effective in clearing pathogens?
It is less effective compared to other antibodies.
p.23
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What bacterium causes Tuberculosis (TB)?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
p.24
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What is the most common cause of typical pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
p.26
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What are the two types of spikes identified in Influenza virus strains?
Hemagglutinin (HA) spikes and Neuraminidase (NA) spikes.
p.13
Viral and Fungal Skin Infections
What neurological conditions can accompany HFMD caused by Enterovirus 71?
Encephalitis and meningitis.
p.18
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What is Otitis Media?
An infection of the middle ear.
p.28
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What causes Staphylococcal food poisoning?
Toxins produced by Staphylococcus bacteria in contaminated food.
p.25
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
How is Legionnaires’ Disease transmitted?
Through airborne transmission after being disseminated in the air.
What is one way vaccines reduce the burden on healthcare systems?
By reducing medical treatment after disease development.
What is a polysaccharide vaccine and give an example?
A polysaccharide vaccine is made with the molecules found on the bacterial capsule; an example is the Pneumococcal vaccine.
p.47
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What happens during a secondary immune response?
Faster elimination of pathogens and reduction of tissue damage.
p.45
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
How are preformed antibodies introduced in passive immunity?
By injection of immune serum.
p.35
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What is meningitis?
An infection of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
p.10
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What causes Gram-negative sepsis?
Gram-negative bacteria release endotoxins (cell wall LPS) upon cell lysis, leading to a severe drop in blood pressure.
p.29
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What is Salmonellosis commonly known as?
Salmonella Gastroenteritis.
What is an inactivated vaccine?
A vaccine made from pathogens that have been killed or inactivated.
p.9
Bacterial Skin Infections
What do hyaluronidases dissolve?
Hyaluronic acid in connective tissues.
p.15
Bacterial Skin Infections
What causes scabies?
Scabies is caused by scabies mites (Sarcoptes scabiei) that burrow and lay eggs in the skin.
p.17
Bacterial Skin Infections
What is bacterial conjunctivitis commonly caused by?
Bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas.
p.44
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What is the summary of the secondary immune response compared to the primary response?
The secondary response is faster and stronger.
p.56
Concept of Herd Immunity
What is herd immunity?
A form of immunity that occurs when most people in a population are immune to a particular disease.
p.15
Bacterial Skin Infections
How is scabies spread?
Through direct skin contact with an infested person.
What is a toxoid vaccine and provide examples?
A toxoid vaccine is made with inactivated toxin produced by the pathogen; examples include Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccines.
p.43
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What is the immune system's response time during the primary immune response?
It takes longer to initiate the immune response.
p.10
Functions of the Immune System
What is septic shock?
A severe form of sepsis characterized by a significant drop in blood pressure and associated symptoms.
p.15
Bacterial Skin Infections
What is a common complication of scabies?
Secondary infections due to scratching.
p.47
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
What is injected during vaccination?
Pathogen (inactivated or attenuated).
p.40
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What is the primary immune response?
The initial response of the immune system when exposed to a pathogen for the first time.
p.57
Concept of Herd Immunity
What happens when a large portion of the population is vaccinated?
Disease outbreaks can be limited to sporadic cases.
p.40
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
How do vaccines provide immunity?
By stimulating the immune system to recognize and remember pathogens without causing disease.
What are the main types of vaccines?
Live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit, mRNA, and viral vector vaccines.
Why are inactivated vaccines considered safer than attenuated vaccines?
Because they contain dead pathogens that cannot replicate.
p.42
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What triggers the primary immune response?
The first infection by a specific pathogen.
p.17
Bacterial Skin Infections
How can conjunctivitis be transmitted?
By improperly disinfected contact lenses.
p.31
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
What types of food are commonly associated with E. coli contamination?
Raw or undercooked ground meat products, contaminated fruits and vegetables, unpasteurized dairy products, and contaminated water.
p.39
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
Can the rabies virus be transmitted through skin abrasions?
Yes, it can be transmitted through fresh skin abrasions.
What is the primary purpose of vaccines?
To prevent disease and death or reduce disease severity.
p.11
Viral and Fungal Skin Infections
What virus causes both Chickenpox and Shingles?
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV).
p.33
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
What are common transmission methods for Norovirus?
Consuming contaminated food or water, contact with vomitus or faeces, contact with contaminated objects, and aerosol spread.
What is a subunit vaccine?
A vaccine that contains only parts of the pathogen, such as proteins or sugars.
p.7
Bacterial Skin Infections
What type of infections is Staphylococcus epidermidis frequently involved in?
Nosocomial and opportunistic infections.
p.37
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What is the function of the exotoxin released by Clostridium tetani?
Tetanospasmin blocks the relaxation pathway in muscles.
p.41
Functions of the Immune System
What is the first line of defense in the immune system?
Prevention of entry, e.g., skin.
p.14
Fungal and Viral Skin Infections
What is an example of a fungal disease affecting the skin?
Athlete’s foot (tinea pedis).
p.58
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What immune responses are discussed in relation to vaccination?
Primary and secondary immune responses.
p.8
Bacterial Skin Infections
What do the symptoms of S. aureus infections result from?
The host’s response to the infection.
p.39
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
How is rabies primarily transmitted?
Through saliva via the bite of an infected animal, especially dogs.
What types of nucleic acid vaccines are mentioned?
DNA vaccine and mRNA vaccine.
p.54
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
What is a key component of nucleic acid vaccines?
A portion of nucleic acid that encodes an antigen.
What can a selected antigen in a subunit vaccine be?
A portion of protein, polysaccharides, or toxin from the pathogen.
What is a concern regarding the inactivation process of vaccines?
Inactivation may be incomplete.
p.36
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What are the three major bacterial causes of meningitis?
Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
p.41
Functions of the Immune System
What are the two main types of immunity?
Innate immunity and Adaptive immunity.
p.33
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What is hepatitis?
Inflammation of the liver.
p.27
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
What leads to antigenic shifts?
Mutations in Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA).
p.54
Functions of the Immune System
What is the purpose of producing viral antigen in nucleic acid vaccines?
To trigger an immune response.
p.24
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What causes atypical pneumonia?
Haemophilus influenzae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
What is a polysaccharide vaccine?
A subunit vaccine that uses polysaccharides from the pathogen's surface.
p.27
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
What leads to antigenic drifts?
Minor changes in Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA).
p.32
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
How is cholera transmitted?
By consumption of food and water contaminated with V. cholerae.
What must happen before a vaccine is approved for use?
It must go through clinical trials to prove safety and effectiveness.
Is there a vaccine available for chickenpox and shingles?
Yes, it is vaccine-preventable.
p.34
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What type of content can be found in section 25.3 of the textbook?
Specific details about diseases and their microbiological aspects.
p.4
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What are the causative agents of infectious diseases?
Microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
What is an example of an inactivated vaccine?
Vaccines for polio, rabies, influenza, and COVID-19 (e.g., Sinovac).
p.57
Functions of the Immune System
Why are the costs of prevention and treatment significant in the developing world?
Because they impact public health strategies.
p.5
Bacterial Skin Infections
What type of infection is caused by Staphylococcus bacteria?
Staphylococcal skin infections.
p.8
Bacterial Skin Infections
What is Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)?
A condition caused by exfoliative toxin B that leads to separation of skin layers.
What is a subunit vaccine?
A vaccine that contains only a small portion of selected antigen, not the whole pathogen.
p.20
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
Are most respiratory tract infections self-limiting?
Yes, most respiratory tract infections are self-limiting.
p.39
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
What happens to the rabies virus after transmission?
It proliferates in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and moves toward the central nervous system (CNS).
p.18
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What can cause Otitis Media?
It is a complication of nose and throat infections.
What was a significant issue in Europe during early 2020 regarding COVID-19?
There were no vaccines and many confirmed cases every day.
p.18
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What is the most common bacterial cause of Otitis Media?
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae).
p.42
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What do memory T cells differentiate into during secondary exposure?
T-helper cells and cytotoxic T cells.
p.11
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
How is the varicella-zoster virus spread?
Through droplets/air or contact with discharges from infected persons.
p.7
Bacterial Skin Infections
What types of toxins can Staphylococcus aureus produce?
Exfoliative toxin and enterotoxin (affecting the GI tract).
p.6
Bacterial Skin Infections
What are the frequent causes of skin-related diseases?
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.
p.40
Concept of Herd Immunity
What is herd immunity?
A form of indirect protection from infectious diseases that occurs when a large percentage of a population becomes immune.
p.10
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
Which bacteria are examples of Gram-negative sepsis?
Klebsiella spp., E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
p.25
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What event led to the naming of Legionnaires’ Disease?
An outbreak of chest infection at a Legion Convention in Philadelphia in 1976.
p.20
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What causes microbial diseases of the upper respiratory system?
Several bacteria and viruses, often in combination.
What is a recombinant vaccine and give an example?
A recombinant vaccine is made with a small portion of the viral protein; an example is the Hepatitis B vaccine.
p.8
Bacterial Skin Infections
What does exfoliative toxin B do in SSSS?
Circulates to distant sites and causes exfoliation of skin layers.
p.36
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
How does viral meningitis typically present compared to bacterial meningitis?
Viral meningitis tends to be a mild disease.
p.29
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What are the characteristics of Salmonella?
It is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod.
p.15
Bacterial Skin Infections
What can carry scabies mites or eggs besides direct contact?
Clothing and bedding contaminated by an infested person.
p.32
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What is the shape and gram classification of Vibrio cholerae?
Slightly curved, gram-negative rod.
What vaccines are used to immunize against bacterial meningitis?
PCV - 7 or PCV - 23 vaccines.
p.11
Viral and Fungal Skin Infections
What happens to the varicella-zoster virus after the initial chickenpox infection?
It can remain latent in nerve cells.
p.36
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What can cause death from bacterial meningitis?
Shock and inflammation caused by the release of endotoxins from gram-negative bacteria.
What is a potential risk associated with live attenuated vaccines?
The attenuated pathogen might mutate and increase in virulence.
What ethical issue arose due to the lack of respirators for severely ill patients?
The sacrifice of older patients.
p.23
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What occurs if the body's defenses fail against TB?
The disease progresses, releasing virulent bacilli into the airways and affecting the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.
What is a conjugated vaccine?
A type of subunit vaccine that links polysaccharides to proteins to enhance immune response.
p.56
Concept of Herd Immunity
Who benefits from herd immunity?
Those too young or too weak to take the vaccine.
p.18
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What are some additional bacterial causes of Otitis Media?
Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus).
p.6
Bacterial Skin Infections
What is the shape and arrangement of Staphylococcus bacteria?
Spherical cells arranged in irregular clusters, resembling grape-like clusters.
p.43
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What occurs during the primary immune response?
It is the first encounter with a pathogen.
p.57
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
Are vaccines 100% safe and effective?
No, vaccines can have mild adverse effects and are not 100% effective.
What is a potential drawback of inactivated vaccines?
They may be less immunogenic and induce a weak secondary immune response.
p.44
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
Why is IgG more effective in clearing pathogens?
It is more effective in the immune response.
p.22
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
How is the common cold predominantly transmitted?
By airborne transmission or contact with mucus membranes.
p.7
Bacterial Skin Infections
When does Staphylococcus epidermidis become pathogenic?
When the skin barrier is broken or invaded by medical procedures.
p.17
Bacterial Skin Infections
How does Chlamydia trachomatis grow?
As an obligate intracellular parasite.
How can Tetanus be prevented?
By vaccination with tetanus toxoid (DTaP) and booster (dT).
p.28
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What is Escherichia coli gastroenteritis?
An infection of the intestines caused by E. coli bacteria, leading to diarrhea.
p.17
Bacterial Skin Infections
How can inclusion conjunctivitis be transmitted to infants?
During birth or through unchlorinated swimming water.
What must be carefully chosen to ensure a vaccine is effective?
The antigen for making the vaccine.
Who should avoid live attenuated vaccines?
People with weakened immune systems (immunocompromised individuals).
p.15
Bacterial Skin Infections
What are the two subspecies of Pediculus humanus?
Pediculus humanus capitis (head louse) and Pediculus humanus corporis (body louse).
p.18
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
Name two other bacterial causes of Otitis Media.
Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) and Moraxella catarrhalis (M. catarrhalis).
p.3
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
How do vaccines provide immunity?
By stimulating the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens.
p.28
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What is a tapeworm infection?
An infection caused by tapeworms, which can live in the intestines and absorb nutrients.
p.9
Bacterial Skin Infections
What is a key virulence factor of Streptococcal skin infections?
Secretion of toxins and enzymes.
What is the main characteristic of an inactivated vaccine?
It is made of dead pathogens and has no ability to replicate.
p.17
Bacterial Skin Infections
What are common symptoms of conjunctivitis?
Red eye, also known as pinkeye.
p.12
Viral and Fungal Skin Infections
What is measles?
An extremely contagious viral disease caused by the measles virus.
p.13
Viral and Fungal Skin Infections
When do limited epidemics of HFMD typically occur?
During summer and fall, especially among children.
p.35
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What is rabies?
A viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain, typically transmitted through the bite of an infected animal.
p.32
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What is cholera?
One of the most serious gastrointestinal diseases.
What is an mRNA vaccine?
A vaccine that uses messenger RNA to instruct cells to produce a protein that triggers an immune response.
p.7
Bacterial Skin Infections
What is the most common skin microbiota?
Staphylococcus epidermidis.
p.37
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
How does Clostridium tetani enter the central nervous system?
Via peripheral nerves or blood.
p.38
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
Where is Clostridium botulinum commonly found?
Ubiquitous in soil and aquatic sediments.
p.50
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
What is a key benefit of live attenuated vaccines?
They can mimic actual infection and potentially develop lifelong immunity.
p.9
Bacterial Skin Infections
Which bacteria are commonly associated with necrotizing fasciitis?
Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio vulnificus, among others.
p.56
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
What is the role of antibodies in vaccination?
Antibodies protect against specific pathogens.
p.23
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
What happens to M. tuberculosis after inhalation?
It reaches the alveoli of the lungs and is ingested by alveolar macrophages.
p.30
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What is the function of Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)?
Produces an enterotoxin causing watery diarrhoea.
What does the MMR vaccine protect against?
Measles, mumps, and rubella.
p.36
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What are peptidoglycans?
Cell wall fragments from gram-positive bacteria.
p.41
Functions of the Immune System
What does the third line of defense in the immune system consist of?
Specific immunity, including Antibody response and Memory response.
p.11
Viral and Fungal Skin Infections
What is a characteristic symptom of shingles?
Vesicular rash along affected cutaneous sensory nerves.
p.41
Functions of the Immune System
What types of agents can the immune system fight against?
Invading pathogens (bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite) and environmental agents (pollen, allergens, toxic chemicals).
Are vaccines 100% safe and effective?
No, no vaccine is 100% safe and 100% effective.
p.31
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
What is the primary mode of transmission for pathogenic E. coli?
Through consumption of contaminated foods.
p.25
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
Where does Legionella pneumophila typically grow?
In water, such as pools, lakes, water systems of buildings, and air conditioning units.
How do vaccines contribute to public health?
They prevent the spread of disease.
p.31
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
How can E. coli be transmitted directly between people?
Through the fecal-oral route.
p.23
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
How is Tuberculosis transmitted?
Through inhalation of droplet nuclei from an infected person who coughs or sneezes.
p.42
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What do memory cells do upon second exposure to the same pathogen?
They recognize the specific pathogen (antigen).
p.18
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What happens due to pus accumulation in Otitis Media?
It causes pressure on the eardrum.
p.42
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What do memory B cells differentiate into during secondary exposure?
Plasma cells (antibody-producing cells).
p.28
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What is Cholera?
A severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, often linked to contaminated water.
p.56
Concept of Herd Immunity
How does global vaccination impact infectious diseases?
It helps prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
p.7
Bacterial Skin Infections
What are the two types of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus?
Community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) and hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA).
p.30
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What is Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) also referred to as?
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC).
p.28
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What is Hepatitis?
An inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections.
p.38
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What type of bacteria is Clostridium botulinum?
Gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobe.
What is a viral vector vaccine?
A vaccine that uses a harmless virus to deliver genetic material from the pathogen to stimulate an immune response.
p.23
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What is the shape and Gram classification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Gram-positive, rod-shaped, obligate aerobe.
p.56
Concept of Herd Immunity
How does vaccination contribute to herd immunity?
Vaccinated persons are immunized against the disease, which helps prevent its spread.
What characterizes a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine?
A VLP vaccine is made with a virus that has its genetic materials removed; an example is the HPV vaccine.
p.54
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
What do host cells do after receiving a nucleic acid vaccine?
Use their machinery to produce viral antigen.
p.24
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
How is typical pneumonia transmitted?
Via droplet spread or close contact with patients.
p.31
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
What recreational activity can lead to exposure to pathogenic E. coli?
Swimming in contaminated water.
p.39
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
Is there a cure for rabies?
No, there is no cure once the virus reaches the CNS.
p.3
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What is the secondary immune response?
The faster and stronger response of the immune system upon subsequent exposures to the same pathogen.
p.12
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
What type of vaccine is the MMR vaccine?
A live, attenuated viral vaccine.
p.24
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What is a unique characteristic of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Mycoplasmas do not have cell walls.
p.30
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What are the effects of EHEC on the colon?
Causes inflammation and bleeding.
What are common adverse effects of vaccines?
Mild fever, muscle fatigue, etc.
p.29
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
What are common sources of Salmonellosis?
Inadequately cooked or raw eggs, milk, or drinking unboiled water.
What is a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine?
A type of subunit vaccine that mimics the structure of a virus without containing its genetic material.
What is a conjugated vaccine and provide an example?
A conjugated vaccine is made with some part of the polysaccharide combined with protein; an example is the Haemophilus influenzae vaccine.
p.56
Concept of Herd Immunity
Why is the spread of infection difficult in a highly vaccinated population?
There are not enough susceptible individuals to support the spread.
What are the different types of vaccines?
Live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and mRNA vaccines.
p.12
Viral and Fungal Skin Infections
What is a significant risk of rubella during early pregnancy?
It is teratogenic, leading to congenital rubella syndrome.
p.28
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What is Salmonellosis?
An infection caused by Salmonella bacteria, often through contaminated food or water.
p.39
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
What is the incubation period for rabies?
Usually long enough to allow immunity to develop from post-exposure vaccination.
p.56
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
What is the significance of memory response in vaccination?
It provides a rapid response against a specific pathogen upon re-exposure.
p.32
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What toxin is produced by Vibrio cholerae?
Cholera toxin (an exotoxin).
p.24
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What type of bacteria is Haemophilus influenzae?
A gram-negative coccobacillus.
p.7
Bacterial Skin Infections
How can Staphylococcus aureus enter the body?
Through natural openings like hair follicles.
p.28
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What causes Helicobacter peptic ulcer disease?
Infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria, leading to ulcers in the stomach lining.
p.27
Mechanism of Vaccination and Immunity
What is the effect of antigenic shifts and drifts on natural immunity and vaccination?
They can make natural immunity and vaccination obsolete.
p.56
Concept of Herd Immunity
Can you give examples of diseases where herd immunity is important?
COVID-19 and influenza pandemic.
p.38
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
In what type of environments does Clostridium botulinum form its exotoxin?
Anaerobic environments, such as sealed cans.
p.15
Bacterial Skin Infections
What causes pediculosis?
Pediculosis is caused by lice (Pediculus humanus).
p.42
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What characterizes the secondary immune response?
It is faster and stronger than the primary immune response.
p.24
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What can viral pneumonia occur as a complication of?
Influenza, measles, or chickenpox.
p.15
Bacterial Skin Infections
How is pediculosis transmitted?
Through contact transmission.
p.33
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
How many hepatitis viruses are there?
At least 5 hepatitis viruses.
p.41
Functions of the Immune System
What is the second line of defense in the immune system?
Non-specific elimination, e.g., phagocytosis.
p.25
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What common sources have been linked to outbreaks of Legionnaires’ Disease?
Humidifiers, showers, and decorative fountains.
At what levels do vaccines work to improve health?
Both individual and public health levels.
p.23
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What are potential secondary complications of pulmonary TB?
Osteomyelitis in 1-3% of patients.
p.3
Concept of Herd Immunity
What is herd immunity?
When a significant portion of a population becomes immune to a disease, reducing its spread.
p.3
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What is the primary immune response?
The initial response of the immune system upon first exposure to a pathogen.
p.23
Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses
What is latent TB?
A state where the infection is arrested in most healthy individuals.
p.30
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What type of E. coli is known for toxin production?
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC).
p.25
Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
Has human-to-human transmission of Legionnaires’ Disease been demonstrated?
No, it has not been demonstrated.
p.28
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
What is viral gastroenteritis?
An inflammation of the stomach and intestines caused by viruses, leading to vomiting and diarrhea.
p.7
Bacterial Skin Infections
What types of diseases can Staphylococcus aureus cause?
Localized, systemic, and toxigenic diseases.
p.18
Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems
How is Otitis Media treated?
With broad-spectrum antibiotics.
p.11
Viral and Fungal Skin Infections
What condition can occur when the varicella-zoster virus reactivates?
Shingles (herpes zoster).
How has the incidence of Otitis Media changed?
It has been reduced by a conjugate vaccine to prevent S. pneumoniae pneumonia.
p.38
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What is the effect of the neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum?
It blocks the release of acetylcholine (ACh) across synapses.
p.24
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
Which coronaviruses are known as causative agents of pneumonia?
SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV.
p.30
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
What happens when EHEC releases toxins?
Toxins are released upon cell lysis.
p.30
Causative Agents of Infectious Diseases
Why can antibiotic therapy worsen EHEC attacks?
It can lead to increased toxin release.
