p.18
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What are the three types of regulation of body functions?
Chemical (hormonal) regulation, nervous regulation, and another unspecified type.
p.42
Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms
How does positive feedback function?
By triggering mechanisms that amplify the response to a stimulus.
p.47
Definition of Homeostasis
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of steady states in the body by coordinated physiologic mechanisms.
p.5
Dynamic Steady State vs. Equilibrium
What is mass balance in the body?
The relationship between the amount of substances entering and leaving the body.
p.40
Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms
How does positive feedback function in the coagulation process?
It amplifies the response, leading to the rapid formation of a blood clot.
p.5
Pathophysiology and Homeostasis Failure
What happens if mass balance is disrupted?
It can lead to conditions such as obesity or malnutrition.
p.39
Hormonal Regulation of Body Functions
What effect does oxytocin have during childbirth?
Increases the strength of uterine contractions.
p.19
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
How does the amplitude of autoregulation compare to other types?
It is smaller than other two types of regulation.
p.19
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What is the extent of the effects of autoregulation?
It is smaller than the other two types of regulation.
p.34
Importance of Homeostasis
What is the outcome of successful compensation in homeostasis?
Homeostasis is reestablished.
p.35
Role of the Nervous System in Homeostasis
What types of signals are involved in neural pathways for homeostasis?
Electrical impulses and neurotransmitters.
p.41
Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
What is a harmful effect of positive feedback related to fever?
It can push body temperature continually higher, potentially reaching 45 degrees Celsius, leading to denaturation of cellular proteins and death.
p.9
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What is the role of extracellular fluid in the body?
Transport and mixing of fluids.
p.9
Regulatory Systems Involved in Homeostasis
How is the regulation of body functions achieved?
Through various systems including blood circulation and fluid movement.
p.48
Importance of Homeostasis
What does the gain of a homeostatic control system indicate?
The degree to which a control system maintains homeostasis.
p.48
Feedback Control Systems
What is an error signal in a homeostatic control system?
A signal that represents the difference between the set point value and the actual value of the regulated variable.
p.1
Regulatory Systems Involved in Homeostasis
What is the role of the circulatory system in homeostasis?
The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, and hormones, and helps regulate body temperature.
p.14
Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
What role does feedforward feedback play in physiological processes?
It prepares the body for anticipated changes, improving efficiency in responses.
p.42
Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms
What is positive feedback?
A stimulatory mechanism that amplifies the response and reinforces the stimulus.
p.18
Hormonal Regulation of Body Functions
What characterizes chemical (hormonal) regulation?
Performed by hormones or active chemical substances in blood or tissue; responds slowly, acts extensively, and lasts for a long time.
p.22
Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
What do negative feedback mechanisms prevent?
They prevent small changes from becoming too large.
p.23
Importance of Homeostasis
What is the primary importance of homeostasis?
Maintenance of a stable internal environment.
p.40
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What initiates the coagulation feedback loop?
The exposure of collagen and tissue factor at the site of injury.
p.27
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
How do sensors function in homeostasis?
They detect changes in the internal environment.
p.27
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What role does the control center play in homeostasis?
It processes information from sensors and determines the response.
p.14
Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
What is negative feedback in homeostasis?
A mechanism that counteracts a change to return to a set point.
p.44
Feedback Control Systems
How does feed-forward control help the human body?
It allows the body to foresee and adapt to the environment promptly and exactly.
p.25
Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms
What is positive feedback?
A process where the feedback signal increases the action of the control system.
p.16
Importance of Homeostasis
What is the overall purpose of homeostatic mechanisms in a heating system?
To maintain a stable temperature in the room.
p.17
Feedback Control Systems
What does the term 'feedback' refer to in control systems?
A process where part of the output returns to affect or modify the action of the control system.
p.35
Dynamic Steady State vs. Equilibrium
What happens when the control center detects a deviation from homeostasis?
It initiates a response to correct the imbalance.
p.40
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What is the significance of thrombin in the coagulation feedback loop?
Thrombin activates platelets and further promotes the coagulation cascade.
p.10
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What is the thickness of the alveolar membrane in the respiratory system?
Only 0.4 to 2.0 μm thick.
p.21
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What are the key components of a negative feedback control system?
Sensor, control center, and effector.
p.48
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What happens to arterial pressure without baroreceptor involvement?
It increases to 175 mmHg.
p.22
Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
What is negative feedback?
An inhibitory mechanism that triggers a response to counteract further change in the same direction.
p.17
Feedback Control Systems
What is a feedforward system?
A control system that anticipates changes and adjusts accordingly, rather than relying solely on feedback.
p.38
Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms
What are the two primary characteristics of positive feedback mechanisms in homeostatic systems?
Time limitation and intensification of stress.
p.6
Dynamic Steady State vs. Equilibrium
What is the condition of body compartments in homeostasis?
Relatively stable composition.
p.21
Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
What is a negative feedback control system?
A system that counteracts changes to maintain stability.
p.38
Feedback Control Systems
How does the effector function in positive feedback mechanisms?
It intensifies the response to the initial stress.
p.10
Hormonal Regulation of Body Functions
What is the primary function of the liver in metabolic processes?
The liver changes the chemical compositions of substances to more usable forms.
p.26
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What role does the control center play in homeostasis?
It processes information from sensors and determines the response.
p.16
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What are the three main components of a home heating system?
Sensor, Control Center, and Effector.
p.4
Definition of Homeostasis
What is the role of extracellular fluid?
It acts as a buffer between cells and the outside world.
p.7
Definition of Homeostasis
What is homeostasis?
Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment.
p.35
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What is the role of a control center in homeostasis?
It processes information and determines the appropriate response to maintain balance.
p.5
Importance of Homeostasis
What factors can affect mass balance?
Diet, metabolism, and physical activity.
p.41
Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
How can chronic hypertension be harmful?
It can favor the process of atherosclerosis, narrowing blood vessel openings and intensifying hypertension, causing more damage to blood vessel walls.
p.19
Feedback Control Systems
What are the characteristics of the baroreceptor reflex?
Response is fast, acts locally, and lasts for a short time.
p.27
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What are the key components of homeostatic mechanisms?
Sensors, control center, and effectors.
p.1
Importance of Homeostasis
Why is homeostasis important?
Homeostasis is crucial for the survival of organisms as it ensures optimal conditions for cellular functions.
p.44
Feedback Control Systems
What is the term used for the direct effect of the stimulus in feed-forward control?
Disturb signal or interfere signal.
p.27
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What are effectors in the context of homeostasis?
They carry out the response to restore balance.
p.14
Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
In what scenario is positive feedback beneficial?
During processes like childbirth, where it enhances the response until a specific outcome is achieved.
p.15
Importance of Homeostasis
What are two examples of homeostasis in the body?
Maintenance of body temperature and levels of glucose in the blood.
p.30
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What are the two main components of extracellular fluid?
Plasma and interstitial fluid.
p.29
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What is necessary for maintaining internal constancy in the body?
Changes in the body must stimulate sensors that send information to an integrating center.
p.11
Regulatory Systems Involved in Homeostasis
What substances do the kidneys help remove?
Urea, uric acid, excess ions, and water.
p.44
Feedback Control Systems
What is feed-forward control?
A direct effect of stimulus on the control system before the action of feedback signal occurs.
p.29
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What does the integrating center do with the information it receives?
It integrates the information and directs the responses of effectors.
p.11
Regulatory Systems Involved in Homeostasis
What functions does the autonomic nervous system control?
Pumping activity of the heart, movements of the GIT, and secretions by glands.
p.21
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What is the role of the effector in a negative feedback control system?
It carries out the response to restore balance.
p.14
Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
How does negative feedback contribute to homeostasis?
It helps maintain stability by reversing deviations from a set point.
p.16
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What does the Sensor do in a home heating system?
It detects the stress (temperature drop).
p.34
Pathophysiology and Homeostasis Failure
What happens when there is a failure to compensate in homeostasis?
It can lead to pathophysiology.
p.35
Role of the Nervous System in Homeostasis
How does a neural pathway contribute to homeostasis?
It transmits signals between receptors and effectors to regulate body functions.
p.43
Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Why is a positive feedback system referred to as a vicious circle?
Because it can lead to instability or even death.
p.38
Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms
What does 'time limitation' refer to in positive feedback mechanisms?
Processes in the body that must be completed within a constrained time frame.
p.38
Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms
What is meant by 'intensification of stress' in positive feedback mechanisms?
The process where stress is amplified to achieve a specific outcome.
p.38
Feedback Control Systems
What are the components involved in positive feedback mechanisms?
Sensor, control center, and effector.
p.6
Dynamic Steady State vs. Equilibrium
How do ion concentrations differ in homeostasis?
They are very different in the ECF and ICF compartments.
p.6
Dynamic Steady State vs. Equilibrium
What is the difference between steady state and equilibrium?
Steady state is not the same as equilibrium; they never achieve equilibrium.
p.21
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What function does the control center serve in a negative feedback system?
It processes information from the sensor and determines the response.
p.1
Regulatory Systems Involved in Homeostasis
What is the function of the neural system in homeostasis?
The neural system detects changes in the environment and coordinates responses to maintain stability.
p.12
Regulatory Systems Involved in Homeostasis
What is the primary function of the hormonal system?
To regulate many metabolic functions.
p.18
Importance of Homeostasis
What is regulation in the context of body functions?
The ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions in a constantly changing environment.
p.18
Role of the Nervous System in Homeostasis
How does nervous regulation control body functions?
Body functions are controlled by the nervous system through nerve reflex pathways.
p.47
Dynamic Steady State vs. Equilibrium
How do steady state and equilibrium differ?
Steady state does not change over time, while equilibrium represents a balance between opposing forces.
p.5
Regulatory Systems Involved in Homeostasis
What is the role of the kidneys in mass balance?
They help regulate fluid and electrolyte balance.
p.21
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What role does the sensor play in a negative feedback control system?
It detects changes in the environment or system.
p.44
Feedback Control Systems
What is the significance of feed-forward control?
It enables adaptive feedback control.
p.21
Importance of Homeostasis
How does a negative feedback control system maintain homeostasis?
By reversing deviations from a set point.
p.16
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What is the role of the thermostat in a home heating system?
It monitors room temperature and controls the furnace operation.
p.20
Feedback Control Systems
What do feedback signals from a controlled system do?
Produce an effect opposite to the action of the control system.
p.9
Regulatory Systems Involved in Homeostasis
What is the primary function of blood movement in the body?
To transport nutrients, gases, and waste through blood vessels.
p.41
Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
What happens to cellular proteins at 45 degrees Celsius due to positive feedback from fever?
They denature, bringing metabolism to a stop and potentially causing death.
p.29
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What can send information to a particular integrating center?
A number of different sensors.
p.10
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
How are nutrients absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract?
Nutrients are absorbed from ingested food into the extracellular fluid of the blood.
p.44
Feedback Control Systems
Give an example of feed-forward control.
Shivering before diving into cold water.
p.1
Regulatory Systems Involved in Homeostasis
How does the endocrine system assist in maintaining homeostasis?
The endocrine system releases hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including metabolism and growth.
p.48
Importance of Homeostasis
How does a control system's gain affect its ability to maintain homeostasis?
A control system with a large gain is more capable of maintaining homeostasis than one with a low gain.
p.25
Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms
What role does Na+ inflow play in nerve signals?
It contributes to the genesis of nerve signals through positive feedback.
p.15
Definition of Homeostasis
What is homeostasis?
A condition in which the internal environment of the body remains relatively constant despite changes in the external environment.
p.47
Feedback Control Systems
What mechanisms are used to modulate the body's responses to environmental changes?
Negative and positive feedbacks.
p.40
Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms
What type of feedback mechanism is primarily involved in coagulation?
Positive feedback mechanism.
p.23
Importance of Homeostasis
Why is homeostasis crucial for living organisms?
It allows organisms to function optimally despite external changes.
p.29
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What role does the integrating center play in homeostasis?
It detects changes from a set point based on information received from sensors.
p.2
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What does the 'milieu extérieur' refer to?
The environment that physically surrounds the whole organism.
p.10
Importance of Homeostasis
What is the role of the musculoskeletal (MSK) system?
Provides motility for protection against adverse surroundings.
p.28
Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
What happens to the original stress when the room warms up?
The original stress is reduced.
p.35
Feedback Control Systems
What is the significance of feedback mechanisms in neural pathways?
They help adjust responses based on changes in the internal environment.
p.2
Importance of Homeostasis
What did Claude Bernard note about the conditions of life in his 1878 lectures?
He considered constancy of life a property of higher forms of life.
p.2
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What are the two environments that animals have according to Claude Bernard?
Milieu extérieur and milieu intérieur.
p.1
Regulatory Systems Involved in Homeostasis
What role does the respiratory system play in homeostasis?
The respiratory system regulates oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, maintaining pH balance.
p.2
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What does the 'milieu intérieur' encompass?
The environment in which the tissues and cells of the organism live.
p.14
Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
What is positive feedback in homeostasis?
A mechanism that amplifies a change, moving the system away from its set point.
p.12
Hormonal Regulation of Body Functions
What does parathyroid hormone regulate?
Bone calcium (Ca) and phosphate metabolism.
p.16
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What is the function of the Control Center in the heating system?
It receives information from the Sensor and sends a message to the Effector.
p.3
Dynamic Steady State vs. Equilibrium
What does the Law of Mass Action state?
If the amount of a substance in the body is to remain constant, any gain must be offset by an equal loss.
p.17
Feedback Control Systems
What are the two forms of feedback control mechanisms?
Negative feedback and positive feedback.
p.39
Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms
What initiates the positive feedback mechanism during childbirth?
Pressure of the fetus on the uterine wall.
p.27
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What is a homeostatic mechanism?
A process that maintains a stable internal environment in an organism.
p.1
Definition of Homeostasis
What is the definition of homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
p.11
Regulatory Systems Involved in Homeostasis
What are the three portions of the nervous system involved in body function regulation?
Sensory input, central nervous system (integrative portion), and motor output.
p.26
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
How do sensors function in homeostasis?
They detect changes in the internal environment.
p.28
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What is the function of the Effector in a homeostatic system?
Receives the message from the control center and produces a response to reestablish homeostasis.
p.16
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What does the Effector do in a home heating system?
It receives the message from the Control Center and produces the response.
p.43
Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms
What is the primary function of a positive feedback system?
To enhance the action of the original stimulus or amplify and reinforce change.
p.19
Feedback Control Systems
What is the baroreceptor reflex responsible for?
Regulating arterial blood pressure.
p.6
Dynamic Steady State vs. Equilibrium
Are body compartments in equilibrium during homeostasis?
No, they are not at equilibrium.
p.26
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What is a homeostatic mechanism?
A process that maintains a stable internal environment in an organism.
p.26
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What are the key components of homeostatic mechanisms?
Sensors, control center, and effectors.
p.28
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What does the Control Center do in a homeostatic system?
Receives information from the sensor and sends a message to adjust the stress.
p.12
Regulatory Systems Involved in Homeostasis
How does the nervous system primarily regulate body functions?
By regulating mainly muscular and secretory activities.
p.40
Feedback Control Systems
What is the primary role of feedback in coagulation?
To regulate the process of blood clotting and ensure it occurs efficiently.
p.23
Importance of Homeostasis
How does homeostasis contribute to overall health?
By regulating body temperature, pH levels, and other vital conditions.
p.8
Importance of Homeostasis
What gas concentrations must be kept within a specific range in the body?
O2 and CO2 concentration.
p.10
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
Which organs help modify or store absorbed substances?
Fat cells, gastrointestinal mucosa, kidneys, and endocrine glands.
p.14
Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
What is feedforward feedback?
A mechanism that anticipates changes and initiates responses before the change occurs.
p.22
Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
How does negative feedback function?
By responding to a stimulus to counteract further changes.
p.5
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
How does the body maintain mass balance?
Through regulatory mechanisms that control intake and output.
p.23
Importance of Homeostasis
What can happen if homeostasis is not maintained?
It can lead to dysfunction and disease.
p.19
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What is autoregulation in the context of homeostasis?
A tissue or organ's direct response to environmental changes independent of nervous and hormonal control.
p.28
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What are the three components of a homeostatic system?
Sensor, Control Center, and Effector.
p.1
Regulatory Systems Involved in Homeostasis
How does the excretory system contribute to homeostasis?
The excretory system removes waste products and regulates water and electrolyte balance.
p.12
Hormonal Regulation of Body Functions
What role does thyroid hormone (Thyroid H) play in the body?
It increases the rates of most chemical reactions in all cells, helping to set the temperature of bodily activity.
p.28
Negative and Positive Feedback Mechanisms
How does a thermostat demonstrate negative feedback in a homeostatic system?
The heat produced by the furnace shuts the furnace down through the thermostat.
p.25
Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Which physiological process involves positive feedback during childbirth?
Contraction of the uterus during parturition.
p.19
Feedback Control Systems
How do the three types of regulation in the human body function?
They are coordinated and act as one system, known as the feedback control system.
p.26
Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
What are effectors in the context of homeostasis?
They carry out the response to restore balance.
p.16
Feedback Control Systems
What happens when the temperature of a room drops below a set point?
The thermostat electrically starts the furnace.
