p.4
Particle Size Characteristics and Analysis
How do spherical particles affect blending?
They are easier to blend and mix.
p.23
Granules: Preparation and Properties
What is the dry method in granule preparation?
A technique that involves compressing the powder without the use of a liquid binder.
p.22
Effervescent Granules and Their Composition
How do effervescent granules mask undesirable tastes?
By creating a carbonated solution through acid-base reactions.
p.24
Granules: Preparation and Properties
What is the wet method used for in granule preparation?
It involves moistening the powder to form granules.
p.22
Effervescent Granules and Their Composition
What are the main components of effervescent granules?
Sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and tartaric acid.
p.8
Special Considerations for Different Powder Types
What are efflorescent powders?
Powders that lose water of hydration when exposed to air.
p.9
Comminution and Blending Techniques
How should powders be mixed to create a eutectic mixture?
Mix them together before incorporating with other ingredients.
p.11
Special Considerations for Different Powder Types
What happens to efflorescent powders in low-humidity environments?
They can become sticky, pasty, or even liquefy.
p.17
Dosage Forms of Powders
What do dry powder inhalers (DPIs) deliver?
Micronized particles of medications in metered quantities.
p.17
Dosage Forms of Powders
What conditions are treated with aerosol powders?
Asthma and other bronchial disorders.
p.20
Dosage Forms of Powders
What is a chartula?
A small piece of paper used to enclose a divided portion of powder.
p.2
Desired Properties of Powders
What is a desired property of powders for topical application?
Smooth to touch and non-irritating to the skin.
p.15
Special Considerations for Different Powder Types
Why should topical powders avoid using sorptive powder for oozing wounds?
To prevent the formation of a hard crust.
p.24
Granules: Preparation and Properties
What is the purpose of screening the paste in the wet granulation process?
To achieve uniform granule size.
p.12
Methods of Powder Preparation and Mixing
How are pasty materials incorporated with dry powders?
By mixing the pasty materials with increasing quantities of the powder, which will dry out the paste.
p.9
Definition and Purpose of Pharmaceutical Powders
What is a eutectic mixture?
A mixture where solid + solid transforms into a liquid.
p.4
Particle Size Characteristics and Analysis
How does particle density affect blending?
Higher density particles sink, while lighter particles rise; similar densities are easier to blend.
p.6
Comminution and Blending Techniques
What is trituration?
A small-scale preparation method usually done with a mortar and pestle.
p.17
Dosage Forms of Powders
What is included in the mixture used in DPIs?
APIs and excipients like inert propellants and crystalline alpha-lactose monohydrate.
p.20
Dosage Forms of Powders
What is the purpose of dividing powders?
To create individual dosing units based on the amount to be taken or used at a single time.
p.20
Dosage Forms of Powders
In compounding, how are powders typically packaged?
In folded paper (Chartula) or specific types of paper for different powder characteristics.
p.13
Dosage Forms of Powders
What are divided powders?
Powders that are divided into individual doses for convenience.
p.18
Dosage Forms of Powders
How is Relenza administered?
Using a Diskhaler with Rotadisks.
p.21
Granules: Preparation and Properties
Can you name some products that use granules?
Antibiotic drugs, Lactinex granules, and effervescent products.
p.25
Particle Size Characteristics and Analysis
How can powder particle sizes influence medicated powders?
They can affect the stability and effectiveness of the powders.
p.23
Granules: Preparation and Properties
What is the wet method in granule preparation?
A technique that involves adding a liquid binder to the powder mixture.
p.8
Special Considerations for Different Powder Types
What are hygroscopic powders?
Powders that absorb moisture from the air.
p.1
Definition and Purpose of Pharmaceutical Powders
What are pharmaceutical powders?
Intimate mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs and/or chemicals intended for internal or external use, for local or systemic effect.
p.1
Desired Properties of Powders
Why do pharmaceutical powders disperse rapidly?
Because of their small particle size.
What does trituration involve?
Both comminution and mixing of powders.
p.2
Desired Properties of Powders
What is a desired property of powders regarding particle size?
Fine and uniform particle size.
p.2
Desired Properties of Powders
How do ingredients in powders affect other dosage forms?
They affect dissolution, bioavailability, rate of settling in suspensions, and comfort in topical use.
p.18
Dosage Forms of Powders
How is the medication in Advair Diskus administered?
By inhaling through the mouthpiece after activating the device.
p.21
Granules: Preparation and Properties
How do granules interact with liquids compared to powders?
Granules are more easily wetted by liquids than powders.
p.19
Special Considerations for Different Powder Types
What is important to educate patients about when using bulk powders?
Appropriate handling, storage, measurement, and preparation.
p.8
Special Considerations for Different Powder Types
What is a eutectic powder?
A mixture of two or more components that has a lower melting point than any of its individual components.
p.16
Methods of Powder Preparation and Mixing
How is an insufflation administered?
The powder is placed in the insufflator, and when the bulb is squeezed, air carries the particles through the nozzle.
p.4
Particle Size Characteristics and Analysis
What is the effect of needle-shaped or cubic-shaped particles on blending?
They tend to clog together, making blending difficult.
p.9
Special Considerations for Different Powder Types
What is the significance of avoiding contact between certain powders?
To prevent the formation of a liquefied eutectic mixture.
p.6
Comminution and Blending Techniques
What is pulverization by intervention?
Adding solvent to dissolve powders, then evaporating to form fine powders.
p.14
Dosage Forms of Powders
What are insufflated powders?
Powders that are inhaled into the nasal passages or lungs.
p.24
Granules: Preparation and Properties
What is the next step after creating a paste in the wet granulation method?
Pass the paste through a screen of mesh size.
p.22
Effervescent Granules and Their Composition
What happens when effervescent granules are added to water?
They react to produce a carbonated solution.
p.1
Advantages and Disadvantages of Powders
What is one advantage of pharmaceutical powders?
Flexibility of compounding.
p.17
Dosage Forms of Powders
How are some medicated powders administered?
By inhalation using dry powder inhalers (DPIs).
p.4
Particle Size Characteristics and Analysis
How can adhering or repelling properties affect blending?
Particles may need to be diluted individually with an inert substance for easier blending.
p.14
Dosage Forms of Powders
What is the purpose of aerosol powders?
To deliver medication in a fine mist for inhalation.
p.2
Desired Properties of Powders
How should powders behave when applied topically?
They should spread easily on the skin.
p.15
Special Considerations for Different Powder Types
What type of powder is recommended for oozing wounds?
More hydrophobic, water-repellant powder.
p.15
Special Considerations for Different Powder Types
What is a key requirement for talc used in topical powders?
It needs to be sterilized to avoid infection.
p.19
Dosage Forms of Powders
What is a common use for medicated powders?
For external application to the skin, such as bacitracin zinc and polymyxin B sulfate for anti-infectives.
p.25
Special Considerations for Different Powder Types
What special considerations are there for certain types of powders?
Eutectic, hygroscopic, deliquescent, efflorescent powders, and incorporation with liquids.
p.19
Special Considerations for Different Powder Types
What is the recommended storage condition for bulk powders?
Stored at room temperature in a clean and dry place.
p.25
Granules: Preparation and Properties
How can granules be prepared?
Using wet, dry, or fusion methods.
p.23
Granules: Preparation and Properties
What are the three methods of granule preparation?
Wet method, dry method, and fusion method.
p.16
Dosage Forms of Powders
What are insufflated powders intended for?
To be applied in body cavities such as ears, nose, vagina, tooth socket, and throat.
p.4
Particle Size Characteristics and Analysis
Why is uniform particle size important in blending?
It makes blending and mixing easier.
p.11
Special Considerations for Different Powder Types
What are efflorescent powders?
Crystalline powders that contain water of hydration or crystallization.
p.3
Particle Size Characteristics and Analysis
What methods are commonly used for particle size analysis?
Methods include sieving, laser diffraction, and dynamic light scattering.
p.3
Desired Properties of Powders
How does particle size influence drug formulation?
It impacts flowability, compressibility, and uniformity of the final product.
p.20
Dosage Forms of Powders
What are some examples of divided powders?
Headache powders, powdered laxatives, and douched powders.
p.14
Dosage Forms of Powders
What are bulk powders?
Large quantities of powder that can be measured and dispensed as needed.
p.15
Desired Properties of Powders
What are the characteristics of topical powders?
They should have uniform, small particle size, be impalpable, free flowing, easily spread, and adhere well to the skin.
p.15
Dosage Forms of Powders
What is Zeasorb Super Adsorbent used for?
It is used for anti-fungal treatment.
p.21
Granules: Preparation and Properties
What types of products are granules preferred for?
Products intended to be constituted into solutions or suspensions.
p.25
Desired Properties of Powders
Why must pharmaceutical powders have appropriate properties?
To ensure their effectiveness for the intended purpose of use.
p.12
Methods of Powder Preparation and Mixing
What is the method for incorporating powders with liquids?
Liquid is adsorbed onto an inert material (e.g., lactose, starch) and then geometrically added into the bulk of powder.
p.9
Comminution and Blending Techniques
What should be done to avoid creating a eutectic mixture?
Mix them individually with other ingredients before combining.
p.4
Particle Size Characteristics and Analysis
What role does electrostatic charge play in blending?
Static electricity can hamper the blending process.
What is spatulation?
A manual mixing technique using spatulas on an ointment tile or paper sheet, suitable for small quantities without size reduction.
What are some mechanical methods for blending powders?
V-type Blender and Turbula mixer.
p.14
Dosage Forms of Powders
What are oral inhalation powders?
Powders designed for inhalation through the mouth into the lungs.
p.2
Desired Properties of Powders
What is a desired property of powders for internal use?
Increased dissolution and bioavailability.
p.15
Dosage Forms of Powders
What is an example of a topical powder for minor external bleeding?
WoundSeal Powder, which is a mixture of a hydrophilic polymer and potassium ferrate.
p.18
Dosage Forms of Powders
What does the capsule in Fordil Aerolizer contain?
Dry powder formulation of formoterol fumarate and lactose.
p.19
Dosage Forms of Powders
How can bulk powders be used for oral administration?
They can be added with water for oral use.
p.10
Comminution and Blending Techniques
What is a method used in compounding to reduce moisture exposure for hygroscopic powders?
Diluting them with an inert drying powder.
p.23
Granules: Preparation and Properties
What is the fusion method in granule preparation?
A technique that involves melting the components together to form granules.
p.16
Definition and Purpose of Pharmaceutical Powders
What is the primary purpose of insufflated powders?
Usually for anti-infectiveness.
p.3
Particle Size Characteristics and Analysis
What are particle size characteristics?
They refer to the physical dimensions and distribution of particles in a powder.
p.3
Comminution and Blending Techniques
What is comminution in the context of pharmaceuticals?
It is the process of reducing the size of drug particles to enhance their properties.
What is the first step in blending/mixing powders?
Reducing particle size of each powder individually before weighing and blending.
p.6
Comminution and Blending Techniques
What tools can be used for levigation?
Mortar and pestle or an ointment tile.
p.14
Dosage Forms of Powders
What are topical powders used for?
They are applied directly to the skin for localized treatment.
p.13
Dosage Forms of Powders
What are insufflated powders?
Powders that are inhaled into the nasal passages or lungs.
p.18
Dosage Forms of Powders
What is the dosage form of Fordil Aerolizer?
Capsule dosage form for oral inhalation.
p.19
Definition and Purpose of Pharmaceutical Powders
What are bulk powders?
Bulk powders are available in prepackaged amounts.
p.25
Comminution and Blending Techniques
What methods can be used to mix powders?
Spatulation, trituration, levigation, and geometric dilution.
p.22
Effervescent Granules and Their Composition
What is the primary purpose of effervescent granules?
To provide a pleasant vehicle for bitter or salty tasted drugs.
p.8
Special Considerations for Different Powder Types
What are deliquescent powders?
Powders that absorb moisture from the air and dissolve in the absorbed water.
p.1
Dosage Forms of Powders
What forms can pharmaceutical powders be used in?
Final dosage form or as ingredients for other dosage forms like tablets, capsules, suspensions, and solutions.
p.6
Comminution and Blending Techniques
What is levigation used for?
Small-scale preparation of ointments and suspensions.
What is geometric dilution?
A method applied when mixing a small quantity of drug into a large quantity of excipients.
p.20
Dosage Forms of Powders
What types of paper are used for hygroscopic or volatile powders?
Glassine weighing papers or wax paper.
p.13
Dosage Forms of Powders
What are aerosol powders?
Powders that are dispersed in a gas for inhalation or topical application.
p.2
Desired Properties of Powders
Why is it important to avoid stratification in bulk powders?
To prevent inaccurate dosing.
p.18
Dosage Forms of Powders
What is the purpose of Fordil Aerolizer?
For controlling symptoms of COPD.
p.21
Granules: Preparation and Properties
How do granules compare to powders in terms of surface area?
Granules have less surface area than powders.
p.19
Definition and Purpose of Pharmaceutical Powders
What nutritional benefit does Brewer’s yeast powder provide?
It contains B-complex vitamins and other nutritional systems.
p.10
Special Considerations for Different Powder Types
How can moisture absorbance be avoided for hygroscopic powders?
By dispensing them in tight containers.
p.8
Special Considerations for Different Powder Types
What is a key consideration when incorporating liquids into powders?
The potential for clumping or changes in flow properties.
p.3
Particle Size Characteristics and Analysis
Why is particle size important in pharmaceuticals?
It affects the dissolution rate, bioavailability, and stability of drugs.
p.11
Special Considerations for Different Powder Types
How can liquefaction of efflorescent powders be avoided?
By using anhydrous salt forms of drugs and including a drying bulky powder.
p.11
Special Considerations for Different Powder Types
Can you name some examples of efflorescent powders?
Atropine sulfate, caffeine, citric acid, cocaine.
p.13
Dosage Forms of Powders
What are topical powders used for?
They are applied directly to the skin for localized treatment.
p.13
Dosage Forms of Powders
What are bulk powders?
Large quantities of powder that can be measured and dispensed as needed.
p.21
Granules: Preparation and Properties
What are granules?
Agglomerates of smaller particles of powder.
p.21
Granules: Preparation and Properties
Why are granules more stable to atmospheric humidity than powders?
Because they have less surface area.
p.25
Definition and Purpose of Pharmaceutical Powders
What are pharmaceutical powders?
Intimate mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs and/or chemicals intended for internal or external use.
p.25
Granules: Preparation and Properties
What are granules?
Agglomerates of smaller particles of powder, larger than powders.
p.6
Comminution and Blending Techniques
What is comminution in the context of drugs?
Grinding a drug in a mortar to reduce its particle size.
p.11
Comminution and Blending Techniques
What mixing method is recommended for efflorescent powders?
A light, non-compacting method.
p.6
Comminution and Blending Techniques
Give an example of pulverization by intervention.
Camphor crystalline dissolved in alcohol, then evaporated to form fine powders.
p.20
Dosage Forms of Powders
What materials can powder papers be made from?
Vegetable paper, parchment paper, or other suitable materials.
p.13
Dosage Forms of Powders
What is the purpose of oral inhalation powders?
They are designed for delivery to the lungs via inhalation.
p.18
Dosage Forms of Powders
What active ingredients are found in Advair Diskus?
Fluticasone propionate and salmeterol.
p.19
Advantages and Disadvantages of Powders
Why are bulk powders inappropriate for potent drugs?
Because they are dispensed in bulk quantities and may not provide accurate dosing.
p.25
Dosage Forms of Powders
What are the dosage forms of powders?
Topical powders, insufflated powders, aerosol powders, bulk powders, or divided powders.
p.14
Dosage Forms of Powders
What are divided powders?
Powders that are pre-measured into individual doses.
p.18
Dosage Forms of Powders
What is Advair Diskus used for?
For chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
p.21
Granules: Preparation and Properties
Why are granules commonly used in tablet making?
They have better flow than powders.
p.19
Dosage Forms of Powders
What are some examples of bulk powders?
Antacids (e.g., sodium bicarbonates), laxatives (e.g., PEG), and douche powders (e.g., Massengill powder).
p.10
Desired Properties of Powders
What are hygroscopic and deliquescent powders?
Drugs or chemicals that absorb moisture from the air and can become liquefied.
p.15
Dosage Forms of Powders
What is the purpose of Gold Bond Body Powder?
To temporarily relieve pain and itching associated with minor cuts and scrapes.
p.21
Granules: Preparation and Properties
What forms can granules be used in for dispensing?
Tablets, capsules, and suspensions.
p.25
Comminution and Blending Techniques
What methods can be used to decrease particle sizes of powders?
Levigation, trituration, or pulverization.
p.25
Effervescent Granules and Their Composition
What happens when effervescent granules are dissolved in water?
They produce a carbonated solution that helps mask the bitter or salty taste of drugs.
p.10
Desired Properties of Powders
Can you name some examples of hygroscopic powders?
Calcium chloride, ephedrine sulfate, phenobarbital sodium.
p.25
Effervescent Granules and Their Composition
What are effervescent granules composed of?
Sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and tartaric acid.
