p.11
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
How often do fever spikes occur in malaria?
Every 2-3 days, depending on the plasmodial species.
p.30
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
Is Trichinella spiralis still commonly found in the US?
No, it is now very rare in the US.
p.13
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What is one way to protect yourself while sleeping to prevent malaria?
Sleeping under bed netting.
p.37
Arthropod Infestations
What is a defining characteristic of arthropods?
They have an exoskeleton, segmented body, and jointed appendages.
p.26
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
Where can Ascaris lumbricoides be found in the body?
In the lung and intestine.
p.34
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
Is Schistosomiasis found in the United States?
No, it is not found in the US.
p.26
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What treatment options are available for Ascariasis?
Mebendazole (Vermox), Albendazole, or Ivermectin.
p.6
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
What impact do NTDs have on mother and child health?
They contribute to mother and child illness and death.
p.29
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What unique process can occur with Strongyloides infection?
Auto-infection, where hatched larvae in stool attach to the intestine or burrow into skin around the anus.
p.11
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are the symptoms associated with malaria?
Paroxysms of fever and rigors (shaking) with coldness.
p.30
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
How is Trichinella spiralis primarily transmitted?
Through ingestion of undercooked wild game, such as bear meat.
p.33
Transmission of Parasitic Infections
What is a common food source that can lead to fluke infection?
Contaminated water plants, such as watercress.
p.32
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
How does cysticercosis occur?
Through ingestion of flesh containing larvae.
How does pinworm infestation typically spread within families?
Often spreads from child to whole family.
p.32
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
What happens when a classic tapeworm attaches to the gut?
It grows in the intestinal lumen and releases ova into stool.
What behavior do female pinworms exhibit at night?
They migrate outside the anus to lay eggs, causing intense itching.
p.32
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What can be a consequence of tapeworm infections?
Profound malnutrition and growth retardation.
p.37
Arthropod Infestations
How do arthropods impact human health?
Some can be vectors for diseases and cause infestations.
p.18
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
In which regions does Leishmaniasis occur?
Middle East, Asia, Africa, Central/South America.
How is Trichomonas vaginalis primarily transmitted?
Through sexual transmission.
p.32
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
Where do ova develop into larvae in cases of Neurocysticercosis?
In human tissues, typically in neuro tissue.
p.3
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
Why are mosquitoes considered the deadliest animal?
They transmit diseases such as malaria, dengue, and Zika virus.
p.33
Transmission of Parasitic Infections
How are flukes typically transmitted to humans?
By eating contaminated fish, shellfish, and water plants like watercress.
p.32
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are the two types of infections caused by tapeworms?
Cysticercosis and Neurocysticercosis.
p.17
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
What is the primary vector for Chagas Disease?
The assassin bug, also known as the 'kissing bug'.
p.10
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
Which population is most vulnerable to malaria?
People living in the poorest countries.
p.13
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What is chemoprophylaxis in the context of malaria?
A preventive treatment taken after exposure to malaria.
p.40
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What is a travel-related rule for preventing parasite infection?
Don't leave the United States.
p.18
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
What is the vector for Leishmaniasis?
Phlebotomous (blood-eating) sandflies.
p.13
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What is a key method to prevent malaria transmission?
Preventing mosquito blood meals.
p.39
Arthropod Infestations
How is Crab Louse transmitted?
By sexual contact or contact with intimate items used by an infested person.
p.10
Malaria and its Impact
What proportion of the world's population is at risk of malaria?
Half of the world's population.
p.12
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What is black water fever?
A severe complication of malaria characterized by hemolysis and hemoglobinuria.
p.39
Arthropod Infestations
Where are Crab Lice typically found on the body?
In pubic or other coarse hair, such as eyebrows, eyelashes, axillary hair, and facial hair.
p.12
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What severe complications can arise from malaria?
Respiratory failure, renal failure, DIC, and shock.
p.39
Arthropod Infestations
What does the presence of Crab Lice in a child's eyebrows or eyelashes indicate?
It may indicate sexual exposure or abuse.
p.12
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What defines severe malaria?
Infections complicated by serious organ failures or abnormalities in blood or metabolism.
p.39
Arthropod Infestations
What should persons infested with Crab Lice be screened for?
Other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
p.8
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
What is the primary mode of transmission for protozoan infections?
Through contaminated water, food, or vectors like mosquitoes.
What is the most common roundworm in the United States?
Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis).
p.4
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What is a safe practice regarding drinking water?
Don't drink from streams.
p.38
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
Which areas of the body are commonly affected by scabies?
Wrists, webs of fingers and toes, axillae, and beltline.
p.3
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
What diseases are commonly transmitted by mosquitoes?
Malaria, dengue, and Zika virus.
p.15
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
What are the key components to include in the presentation of parasitic diseases?
Parasitic Disease Name, Parasite genus/species, Vector or mode of transmission, Life cycle, Distribution/epidemiology, Clinical details, Other details.
What are the four types of flukes that affect humans?
Liver, Lung, Intestinal, and Blood flukes.
What are the four types of flukes that can infect humans?
Liver, Lung, Intestinal, and Blood flukes.
p.7
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
What are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)?
Infectious diseases that primarily affect impoverished populations in tropical and subtropical regions.
p.40
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What is a safe practice regarding drinking water?
Don't drink from streams.
p.38
Arthropod Infestations
How is scabies typically transmitted?
Through direct, prolonged skin-to-skin contact.
p.34
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
How do larvae of blood flukes enter the human body?
They penetrate the skin in freshwater.
p.17
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
Where is the natural habitat of the vector for Chagas Disease?
Thatched roofs and walls.
p.19
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What characterizes cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Skin lesions that are usually ulcerative and can last months to years, resulting in atrophic skin scarring.
p.26
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What happens several hours after medication for Ascariasis is ingested?
Dead worms are voided through defecation into the toilet.
p.7
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
What is the relationship between parasites and NTDs?
Several parasites are classified as Neglected Tropical Diseases.
p.6
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
What is the impact of NTDs on workplace productivity?
They limit productivity in the workplace.
p.15
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
What should be omitted in the presentation of parasitic diseases?
Details that are not presented or necessary for the course.
p.6
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
What are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)?
A group of parasitic, viral, and bacterial diseases that cause substantial illness for over one billion people globally.
How do protozoa reproduce?
They can reproduce asexually through binary fission or sexually through gamete formation.
p.40
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What type of repellent should you wear to prevent mosquito bites?
DEET-containing mosquito repellent.
What are some common diseases caused by protozoa?
Malaria, amoebic dysentery, and giardiasis.
What are the two main types of parasites that cause diseases?
Protozoa and metazoan parasites.
p.19
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
How does mucocutaneous leishmaniasis develop?
It usually develops from untreated cutaneous leishmaniasis.
p.26
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What was a notable observation in Afghan soldiers regarding Ascariasis?
Many intestinal 'worm balls' were removed.
p.31
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
How do Trichinella larvae enter the body?
By ingesting encysted larvae from infected meat.
p.4
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What is a travel-related rule for preventing parasite infection?
Don't leave the United States.
p.14
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What is chemoprophylaxis in relation to malaria?
It involves taking preventive medication to deal with Plasmodium once in the body.
p.22
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
Who is at risk from Toxoplasmosis?
Fetuses and immunocompromised individuals.
p.21
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
What is a common source of infection for Giardiasis?
Drinking raw water from mountain streams or lakes contaminated with animal feces.
p.34
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
Where do blood flukes live in the human body?
In the portal blood system.
What is the causative agent of Strongyloidiasis?
Strongyloides stercoralis.
p.38
Arthropod Infestations
In what context is scabies often transmitted?
Often during sexual contact.
p.4
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
Why is it important to wear shoes outside?
To prevent parasite infection.
p.38
Arthropod Infestations
Where does the mite Sarcoptes scabiei reproduce?
On the skin surface before burrowing into the skin.
p.32
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
How does Neurocysticercosis occur?
By consuming ova (eggs) in infected flesh or through fecal-oral transmission.
What are the two main species of hookworms?
Necator americanus and Ancylostoma.
p.29
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
Who is at risk for severe disease from Strongyloides infection?
Immunocompromised individuals.
p.36
Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Strategies
Which specific helminths are targeted by MDA?
Hookworm, Ascaris, and whipworm.
p.36
Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Strategies
In which areas is MDA typically implemented?
Endemic areas of the developing world.
p.16
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are the symptoms of Amebiasis?
Diarrhea or dysentery (blood and mucus in stool).
p.40
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
Why is it important to wear shoes outside?
To prevent parasite infections.
p.13
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
How does preventing mosquito blood meals help in malaria prevention?
It prevents mosquitoes from depositing Plasmodium in the host.
p.6
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
What organizations are involved in the effort against NTDs?
WHO (World Health Organization) and CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).
p.13
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What type of repellent should be used on the skin to prevent mosquito bites?
DEET-containing mosquito repellent.
p.7
Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Strategies
What does Mass Drug Administration (MDA) involve?
The distribution of medications to entire populations to control NTDs.
p.1
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
What is a parasitic disease?
A disease caused by parasites that live on or in a host organism.
p.12
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What is anemia in the context of malaria?
A condition resulting from the destruction of red blood cells.
p.17
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
How does Trypanosoma cruzi spread in the body?
It spreads systemically in the blood and lodges in muscle.
List the four species of Plasmodium that are of human interest.
P. falciparum, P. ovale, P. vivax, P. malariae.
p.36
Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Strategies
What is Mass Drug Administration (MDA) primarily used for?
For soil-transmitted helminths and some other Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs).
p.28
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
How do hookworm eggs develop in the environment?
Eggs hatch into larvae in the soil.
p.23
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
How can infected feces contribute to the spread of Cryptosporidiosis?
They run off into surface water sources.
p.5
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
What is a vector in the context of parasites?
A transmitter of the parasite between hosts.
p.28
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What symptoms can occur due to hookworm infection?
Pulmonary symptoms, sore throat, and cough.
p.25
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
What is the first step in the life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides?
Eggs in soil are ingested.
p.7
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
What is one of the key mitigation efforts for NTDs?
Controlling vectors such as mosquitoes, black flies, and sandflies.
What are protozoa?
Single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can be free-living or parasitic.
p.7
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
How can basic water, sanitation, and hygiene improve NTD outcomes?
By reducing transmission and improving overall health.
p.29
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
How do Strongyloides larvae enter the bloodstream?
They burrow through the skin.
p.6
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
How do NTDs affect physical and cognitive development?
They impair physical and cognitive development.
p.29
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
How do Strongyloides eggs differ from those of other soil-transmitted helminths?
Strongyloides eggs hatch into larvae in the intestines, not in soil.
p.8
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
What is a characteristic feature of protozoa?
They often have complex life cycles involving multiple hosts.
What disease is caused by Trichinella spiralis?
Trichinellosis (formerly trichinosis).
p.17
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What severe condition can Chagas Disease often cause?
Acute severe myocarditis/necrosis.
p.31
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What kind of reaction do Trichinella larvae cause in filtration organs like the spleen?
An intense inflammatory reaction.
p.36
Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Strategies
What is a characteristic of the drugs used in MDA?
They are inexpensive and safe, including Ivermectin.
p.14
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
Does chemoprophylaxis prevent mosquito blood meals?
No, it does not prevent mosquito blood meals.
p.23
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
Why can diarrhea from Cryptosporidiosis be life-threatening?
It can be particularly severe in immunocompromised individuals.
p.33
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
What characterizes the life cycles of flukes?
They have complex life cycles with intermediate hosts.
p.21
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are common symptoms of Giardiasis?
Abdominal bloating, gas, and foul-smelling greasy diarrhea.
p.39
Arthropod Infestations
What items can transmit Crab Louse?
Towels, bedclothes, and clothing.
p.26
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What conditions can Ascariasis cause?
Pneumonitis or intestinal obstruction.
p.37
Arthropod Infestations
Can you name some examples of arthropods?
Insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and myriapods.
What are the multiple forms of leishmaniasis?
Cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral.
p.37
Arthropod Infestations
What role do arthropods play in ecosystems?
They are important for pollination, decomposition, and as a food source for other animals.
p.28
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
What type of fertilizer is associated with hookworm infection?
Nightsoil fertilizer, which is human feces.
p.20
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What symptoms does Trichomonas cause in females?
Inflammation of the vaginal vault and a profuse, foul-smelling, frothy discharge.
p.31
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
What happens when Trichinella worms burrow into the intestinal mucosa?
They produce larvae that enter circulation.
p.1
Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Strategies
What is Mass Drug Administration (MDA)?
A strategy to distribute medications to entire populations to control or eliminate parasitic diseases.
p.5
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
Where are endemic parasite diseases often found?
In areas with poor sanitation.
p.28
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are some health issues associated with hookworm infection?
Iron-deficiency anemia, malnutrition, and low albumin levels.
What is Leishmaniasis caused by?
Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania.
p.17
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are common symptoms around the bite site of Chagas Disease?
Swelling of the eyelid or corner of the mouth.
p.6
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
How do NTDs affect economic activities?
They make it difficult to farm or earn a living.
p.19
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What areas of the body are affected by mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
Lesions destroy tissue in the nasopharynx, starting with the nose.
What is Cryptosporidiosis caused by?
Multiple Cryptosporidium species.
What is visceral leishmaniasis?
An advanced form of leishmaniasis affecting the entire body, often with immunosuppression.
p.4
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What type of repellent should you wear to prevent mosquito bites?
DEET-containing mosquito repellent.
p.29
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What severe conditions can arise from Strongyloides infection?
Hyperinfection or disseminated disease.
p.5
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
What is a definitive host?
The ultimate host for the adult form of the parasite.
p.14
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
When should preventive medication for malaria be taken?
Days before and during the duration of exposure.
p.22
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are potential outcomes of Toxoplasmosis in pregnant women?
Miscarriage or stillbirth.
p.22
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
How can Toxoplasmosis manifest in infants?
It may be apparent at birth or later with CNS issues.
p.2
Arthropod Infestations
What is scabies?
A skin infestation caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei.
p.1
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
How do parasites typically transmit from one host to another?
Through various routes such as contaminated food, water, or vectors.
p.5
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
What are parasites?
Organisms that need a host to live.
p.1
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are common clinical manifestations of parasitic diseases?
Symptoms can include fever, fatigue, gastrointestinal issues, and anemia.
p.16
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
How is Amebiasis transmitted?
By ingesting cysts in food or water.
p.5
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
What is an intermediate host?
A transitory host for a period of the parasite's life cycle.
p.20
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What should be done regarding treatment for Trichomonas infection?
Treat both/all sexual partners.
p.23
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
Can Cryptosporidiosis be contracted from recreational water sources?
Yes, infection can come from recreational water sources.
p.28
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What complications can arise from a large worm load in the small intestine?
Small intestinal bleeding.
p.22
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What complications may arise from Toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients?
Toxoplasmosis encephalitis.
What is Strongyloidiasis caused by?
The roundworm Strongyloides stercoralis.
p.23
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
How is Cryptosporidiosis primarily transmitted?
Through fecal-oral transmission.
p.1
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
What role do neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) play in public health?
They disproportionately affect impoverished populations and can lead to significant morbidity.
p.1
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What is one strategy for preventing parasitic infections?
Improving sanitation and hygiene practices.
p.36
Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Strategies
How often are drugs administered in MDA?
Periodically, typically annually.
p.22
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
How is Toxoplasmosis commonly contracted?
Through raw, infected meat or oocysts in cat feces.
p.5
Transmission of Parasitic Infections
How is parasite transmission often facilitated?
Often includes defecation of eggs from the intermediate host.
p.36
Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Strategies
Who receives medication during MDA?
Every person in a geographic area with minimal screening.
p.25
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
What type of life cycle does Ascaris lumbricoides exhibit?
The metazoan archetypal life cycle.
What is Giardiasis caused by?
The protozoan Giardia lamblia.
p.2
Arthropod Infestations
What is a crab louse infection?
An infestation caused by the crab louse, affecting the pubic area.
p.5
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
What characterizes the life cycle of parasites?
Typically have a complex life cycle.
p.28
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
How do hookworm larvae enter the human body?
They burrow through the skin into the bloodstream.
p.23
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
How does Cryptosporidiosis affect healthy individuals?
They typically experience self-limited diarrhea.
p.14
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
How long should medication continue after exposure to malaria?
For several days after exposure, depending on the medication.
p.36
Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Strategies
What is often given simultaneously during MDA?
Multiple drugs for multiple NTDs.
p.2
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
What are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)?
A group of infectious diseases that primarily affect impoverished populations in tropical and subtropical regions.
What are tapeworms?
Flatworms that can infect the intestines of humans and animals.
p.35
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
Why is treatment of parasitic infections important in the developing world?
To reduce morbidity and improve quality of life.
p.19
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What does 'Kala azar' mean and what does it refer to?
Kala azar means 'black fever' in Hindi and typically refers to advanced visceral leishmaniasis.
p.25
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
How is Ascariasis transmitted?
Through fecal-oral transmission.
p.16
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What can happen if cysts from Amebiasis enter portal circulation?
They can cause hepatitis or hepatic abscess.
p.25
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
What happens after the eggs are ingested?
Larval worms are released in the intestines and burrow through the intestinal wall into portal circulation.
p.36
Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Strategies
What is a consequence of the MDA approach?
Unaffected individuals end up receiving medication.
p.14
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What are the two types of prevention mentioned for malaria?
Blood meal prevention (before) and chemoprophylaxis (after).
What type of infections does Trichomonas cause?
Genital tract infections.
What are roundworms?
A type of metazoan parasite including Ascaris, pinworms, and hookworms.
What is the disease caused by hookworms?
Hookworm infection, which can lead to anemia.
p.35
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What is the significance of community health programs in treating parasitic infections?
They facilitate access to treatment and promote preventive measures.
p.31
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are the initial symptoms of trichinellosis?
Fairly severe with protean symptoms.
p.25
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
Where do the larvae travel after entering the portal circulation?
They pass through the liver to the lungs.
p.14
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What does Primaquine do?
It eliminates all life stages of Plasmodium.
What are pinworms known for causing?
Enterobiasis, commonly known as pinworm infection.
p.25
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
What occurs after the larvae reach the lungs?
Larval worms are coughed up and swallowed.
p.22
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
Is Toxoplasmosis significant in healthy adults?
It is generally insignificant.
What is Trichinella known for?
Causing trichinosis, a disease from undercooked meat.
p.35
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What role does education play in treating parasitic infections?
Education helps in prevention and awareness of parasitic diseases.
What is Ascaris?
A type of roundworm that causes ascariasis.
p.35
Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Strategies
What is a common approach to treating parasitic infections in the developing world?
Mass Drug Administration (MDA) strategies.
p.25
Life Cycle and Transmission of Parasites
How are the eggs released back into the environment?
They are released into the gut lumen and defecated out into the soil.
What is the causative agent of Malaria?
Protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium.
What is Cryptosporidiosis caused by?
The protozoan Cryptosporidium.
What are flukes?
Flatworms that can cause various diseases in humans.
p.35
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
What are some challenges in treating parasitic infections in developing countries?
Limited access to healthcare, lack of resources, and drug resistance.
