p.2
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What may preauricular appendages contain?
Small pieces of cartilage.
p.5
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What is Anotia?
The complete absence of the pinna.
p.1
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
When can the deformity of Bat ear be surgically corrected?
Any time after the age of 6 years.
p.7
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
How does the degree of microtia vary?
It may vary from mild to severe.
p.3
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What are other names for preauricular sinuses?
Preauricular cysts, fissures, or sinuses.
p.9
Types of Congenital Ear Deformities
What are the implications of atresia of the external canal?
It can lead to hearing loss and may require surgical intervention.
p.8
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What is atresia of the external auditory canal?
A congenital condition where the external canal is either absent or obstructed.
p.11
Types of Congenital Ear Deformities
What anatomical structure does the track of the collaural fistula traverse?
Through the parotid gland in close relation to the facial nerve.
p.13
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
What may need to be repeated if aspiration fails?
Aspiration itself may need to be repeated.
p.13
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
What should all cases receive as a precaution?
Prophylactic antibiotics.
p.17
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What are the characteristics of Bat ear?
Large concha, poorly developed antihelix, and poorly developed scapha.
p.16
Trauma to the Auricle
What should be applied for superficial infection in frostbite treatment?
0.5% silver nitrate soaks.
p.6
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What is macrotia?
It is an excessively large pinna.
p.3
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What is the treatment for a repeatedly infected preauricular sinus?
Surgical excision of the track.
p.7
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
Can microtia be unilateral or bilateral?
Yes, it may be unilateral or bilateral.
p.9
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
What are common treatments for atresia of the external canal?
Surgical reconstruction or hearing aids may be used to manage the condition.
p.8
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What happens to the outer meatus in cases of isolated atresia?
It is obliterated with fibrous tissue or bone.
p.14
Trauma to the Auricle
What special care is taken during the repair of lacerations?
To prevent stripping of the perichondrium from cartilage to avoid avascular necrosis.
p.15
Trauma to the Auricle
What is the usual outcome of primary reattachment of the pinna?
It is usually successful.
p.24
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
What should be avoided to prevent complications in ear treatment?
Avoid blowing the nose violently.
p.21
Trauma to the Auricle
What does autophony refer to?
The unusually loud perception of one’s own voice, breathing, or other internal sounds.
p.27
Ear Wax and Its Composition
What anatomical feature can facilitate ear wax retention?
A narrow and tortuous ear canal.
p.33
Otalgia (Earache) Causes and Treatment
What is secondary otalgia?
Pain referred from the head and neck regions.
p.5
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What causes Anotia?
Failure of migration during the development of the first pharyngeal arch.
p.7
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
With which other anomalies is microtia frequently associated?
Anomalies of the external auditory canal, middle, and internal ear.
p.13
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
What procedure should be done when aspiration fails?
Incision and drainage should be performed.
p.16
Trauma to the Auricle
What is the first step in treating a frostbitten ear?
Rewarming with moist cotton at a temperature of 38-42° C.
p.16
Trauma to the Auricle
When should surgical debridement be considered in frostbite treatment?
It should wait several months until true demarcation between dead and living tissues appears.
p.23
Trauma to the Auricle
What is the shape of a traumatic perforation?
Irregular or triangular with a thin edge and surrounded by blood clots.
p.21
Trauma to the Auricle
What can cause sudden water compression in the ear?
Unskilled ear wash, diving, or water polo.
p.23
Trauma to the Auricle
What are the characteristics of TM remnants in traumatic perforation?
Normal, thick, and opaque.
p.25
Ear Wax and Its Composition
What happens when excessive ear wax is secreted?
It can be deposited as a plug in the outer external auditory canal (EAC).
p.27
Ear Wax and Its Composition
What is exostosis and how does it relate to ear wax problems?
Exostosis can facilitate retention of wax, leading to hard impacted masses.
p.3
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What is a preauricular pit or sinus?
A condition commonly seen at the root of the helix due to incomplete fusion of tubercles.
p.8
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What remains normal in cases of isolated atresia?
The deep meatus and the tympanic membrane.
p.12
Trauma to the Auricle
What can happen if a haematoma gets infected?
Severe perichondritis may set in.
p.15
Trauma to the Auricle
What is done to the skin of the avulsed segment of the pinna in some cases?
It is removed and cartilage implanted under the postauricular skin for reconstruction.
p.26
Ear Wax and Its Composition
What is the primary secretion from sebaceous glands found in ear wax?
Sebaceous gland’s secretion, which is rich in fatty acids.
p.21
Trauma to the Auricle
What are some symptoms that may occur after an ear rupture?
Deafness, tinnitus, and autophony.
p.37
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What are some conditions related to the facial nerve?
Geniculate neuralgia, Bell’s palsy, and herpes zoster oticus.
p.32
Otalgia (Earache) Causes and Treatment
What should be assessed before performing syringing?
Past history of ear discharge or an existing perforation.
p.39
Otorrhea (Ear Discharge) Types and Causes
What is a common occurrence after myringotomy tube insertion?
Otorrhea is common after grommet insertion.
p.36
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What conditions can affect the esophagus related to the vagus nerve?
Malignancy, ulcerative lesions, and hiatus hernia with gastroesophageal reflux.
p.40
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What is required for meticulous evaluation of ear discharge?
Suctioning of secretions under a microscope.
p.36
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What cardiac/pulmonary conditions are related to the vagus nerve?
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and aneurysmal dilation of great vessels.
p.5
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What are some examples of syndromes related to first arch syndrome?
Pierre Robin syndrome, Collins syndrome, Treacher Collins syndrome.
p.9
Types of Congenital Ear Deformities
What is atresia of the external canal?
A congenital condition where the external auditory canal is absent or closed.
p.8
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What causes atresia of the external canal when it occurs alone?
Failure of canalization of the ectodermal core that fills the dorsal part of the first branchial cleft.
p.11
Types of Congenital Ear Deformities
What is a collaural fistula?
An abnormality of the first branchial cleft.
p.8
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
How common is atresia associated with microtia?
It is more common than isolated atresia.
p.12
Trauma to the Auricle
What often causes a haematoma of the auricle?
Blunt trauma, commonly seen in boxers and players.
p.14
Trauma to the Auricle
What is the primary goal in repairing lacerations?
To repair them as early as possible.
p.14
Trauma to the Auricle
What type of medication is given post-surgery for lacerations?
Broad spectrum antibiotics for one week.
p.22
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What indicates self-inflicted perforation in the ear?
Hesitation marks on the skin of the deep meatus.
p.26
Ear Wax and Its Composition
What is desquamated epithelial debris in ear wax derived from?
Shed from the tympanic membrane (TM) and bony meatus.
p.32
Otalgia (Earache) Causes and Treatment
What can happen if too much force is used during syringing?
It can rupture the tympanic membrane (TM) and lead to intense pain, dizziness, and fainting.
p.27
Ear Wax and Its Composition
How does excessive secretion of wax contribute to ear wax problems?
It results in an increased amount of wax.
p.27
Ear Wax and Its Composition
What role do dusty occupations play in ear wax problems?
They can lead to an increased amount of wax due to environmental exposure.
p.41
Infections and Inflammatory Conditions of the Ear
What are the most common microorganisms causing otitis externa (OE)?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.
p.40
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
What conditions can affect the tympanic membrane?
Perforation, granulation, tympanostomy tube, retraction, tympanic sclerosis, and cholesteatoma.
p.19
Trauma to the Auricle
What type of skull injury can cause tympanic membrane perforation?
Fractured base of skull extending to the attachment of the tympanic membrane.
p.18
Trauma to the Auricle
What is the typical outcome of surgical excision of a keloid?
It usually results in recurrence.
p.18
Trauma to the Auricle
How can recurrence of keloids be avoided?
By pre- and post-operative radiation with a total dose of 600-800 rads delivered in four divided doses.
p.1
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What is Bat ear (Lop ear)?
An abnormally protruding ear characterized by a large concha and poorly developed antihelix and scapha.
p.9
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
How is atresia of the external canal diagnosed?
Through physical examination and imaging studies like CT scans.
p.11
Types of Congenital Ear Deformities
Where is one opening of the collaural fistula located?
In the neck just below and behind the angle of the mandible.
p.8
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What other abnormalities may be associated with atresia and microtia?
Abnormalities of the middle ear, internal ear, and other structures.
p.13
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
What should be done to prevent reaccumulation of a hematoma?
Carefully pack all concavities of the auricle.
p.14
Trauma to the Auricle
How is the skin closed after laceration repair?
With fine non-absorbable sutures.
p.16
Trauma to the Auricle
What are the varying injuries caused by frostbite?
Injuries range from erythema and edema to bullae formation, necrosis, and complete necrosis with loss of the affected part.
p.22
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What is the shape of the perforation in the membrana tensa?
Irregular or triangular shape.
p.24
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
What should be done if the perforation is still present after 3-6 months?
Perform a myringoplasty operation.
p.31
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
What is an aural syringe?
A metal syringe consisting of a cylinder with a well-fitting piston and a nozzle.
p.39
Otorrhea (Ear Discharge) Types and Causes
What are the characteristics of otorrhea?
It may be profuse or scanty and continuous or intermittent.
p.29
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
What is the preferred method for instrumental removal of ear wax?
It should be done by skilled hands preferably under ear microscopy.
p.29
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
Which instruments are commonly used for ear wax removal?
Cerumen hook, scoop, Jobson-Horne probe, wax hook, and vectis.
p.2
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What are preauricular appendages?
Skin-covered tags that appear on a line drawn from the tragus to the angle of the mouth.
p.2
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
How can preauricular appendages be treated?
They can be corrected surgically.
p.1
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What are the key characteristics of Bat ear?
Large concha, poorly developed antihelix, and poorly developed scapha.
p.12
Trauma to the Auricle
What is a haematoma of the auricle?
A collection of blood between the auricular cartilage and its perichondrium.
p.13
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
What is the initial treatment for a hematoma?
Aspiration under strict aseptic precautions and a pressure dressing.
p.24
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
What is myringoplasty?
A surgical procedure to repair a perforation in the tympanic membrane.
p.24
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
How long does it usually take for a perforation to heal?
Usually within 3 weeks, but can take 3-6 months.
p.31
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
What are the main components of an aural syringe?
A cylinder, a well-fitting piston, and a nozzle.
p.37
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What conditions are associated with C2 and C3 spinal nerves?
Cervical arthritis, disc disease, cervical spondylosis, injuries of the cervical spine, and caries spine.
p.36
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What is glossopharyngeal neuralgia?
A condition characterized by severe pain in the areas supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
p.36
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What areas are supplied by the vagus nerve (CN X)?
Vallecula, larynx, laryngopharynx, and esophagus.
p.38
Otorrhea (Ear Discharge) Types and Causes
What does watery otorrhea suggest?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage.
p.35
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What is periauricular lymphadenopathy associated with?
Infections from the scalp or neck.
p.18
Trauma to the Auricle
What can cause a keloid of the auricle?
Trauma or piercing of the ear for ornaments.
p.3
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What complications can arise from a preauricular pit or sinus?
It may get repeatedly infected, causing purulent discharge and abscess formation.
p.7
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What is microtia?
A major developmental anomaly of the ear.
p.15
Trauma to the Auricle
What technique can be used for a completely avulsed pinna in selected cases?
Microvascular techniques.
p.24
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
What type of medication is recommended prophylactically?
Prophylactic antibiotics.
p.22
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
Where is the self-inflicted perforation usually located?
In the postero-inferior quadrant of the D.M.
p.28
Otalgia (Earache) Causes and Treatment
What can cause sudden hearing loss while bathing or swimming?
Water entering the external auditory canal (EAC) causing wax to swell up.
p.28
Otalgia (Earache) Causes and Treatment
What is a wax granuloma?
A condition where impacted wax ulcerates the meatal skin, leading to granuloma formation.
p.42
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
Why is preoperative CT imaging important in cases of EAC stenosis?
It helps in assessing congenital, traumatic, or neoplastic conditions with cholesteatoma.
p.42
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What is the purpose of a biopsy in the context of neoplasms?
To determine the nature of the neoplasms.
p.35
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What area is supplied by the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?
Oral cavity, salivary glands, temporomandibular joint, nose, and nasopharynx.
p.35
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What are some dental and periodontal diseases associated with CN V?
Caries tooth, apical abscess, impacted 3rd molar, malocclusion.
p.40
Infections and Inflammatory Conditions of the Ear
What condition can delay a thorough ear microscopic examination?
Otitis externa due to edema, debris, and tenderness.
p.35
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What infections can occur in the nasopharynx?
Infection and tumors, especially after adenoidectomy.
p.1
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What is the significance of the antihelix in ear anatomy?
It is a normal structure that is poorly developed in Bat ear.
p.11
Types of Congenital Ear Deformities
Where is the second opening of the collaural fistula located?
In the external canal or the middle ear.
p.25
Ear Wax and Its Composition
How do sebaceous and ceruminous glands contribute to ear wax formation?
Their secretions mix with desquamated epithelial cells and keratin to form wax.
p.26
Ear Wax and Its Composition
What other components are found in ear wax?
Hairs, desquamated epithelial debris, and keratin.
p.36
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What areas are supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?
Oropharynx, including acute tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess, post-tonsillectomy conditions, benign and malignant ulcers of the soft palate, tonsil, and base of the tongue.
p.29
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
What are the two methods for wax removal mentioned?
Syringing and other ear instruments.
p.29
Ear Wax and Its Composition
What is the purpose of wax softening agents?
To soften hard impacted mass before removal.
p.32
Otalgia (Earache) Causes and Treatment
What conditions are contraindications for syringing?
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and fungal infections.
p.19
Trauma to the Auricle
What are self-inflicted injuries in the context of tympanic membrane perforation?
Injuries caused by the individual themselves.
p.19
Trauma to the Auricle
How can unskilled attempts to remove a foreign body affect the tympanic membrane?
They can lead to perforation of the tympanic membrane.
p.18
Trauma to the Auricle
What is an alternative treatment after excision of a keloid?
Local injection of steroids.
p.9
Types of Congenital Ear Deformities
What are the potential causes of atresia of the external canal?
It can be caused by genetic factors or environmental influences during fetal development.
p.7
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
Is hearing loss common in individuals with microtia?
Yes, hearing loss is frequent.
p.13
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
What is applied after incision and drainage?
Pressure applied by dental rolls tied with through and through sutures.
p.17
Congenital Disorders of Pinna
What is the scapha in relation to Bat ear?
It is also poorly developed.
p.20
Trauma to the Auricle
What is otitic barotrauma?
A condition caused by sudden changes in pressure affecting the ear.
p.24
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
What should patients do to prevent water from entering the ear?
Put cotton with vaseline during bathing and avoid ear drops.
p.23
Trauma to the Auricle
What characterizes a pathological perforation?
Regular, rounded or kidney-shaped with a thick edge and may be surrounded by pus.
p.25
Ear Wax and Its Composition
What types of glands produce ear wax?
Sebaceous and ceruminous (modified sweat) glands.
p.25
Ear Wax and Its Composition
What is the primary function of ear wax?
To lubricate the ear canal and entrap foreign material.
p.21
Trauma to the Auricle
What happens when air comes out of the ear during nose blowing?
It may indicate a rupture in the ear.
p.22
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What are the two types of perforation mentioned?
Self-inflicted perforation and pathological perforation.
p.37
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What type of causes can psychogenic conditions have?
Psychogenic causes can be related to psychological factors affecting physical health.
p.38
Otorrhea (Ear Discharge) Types and Causes
What condition is indicated by serous discharge?
Eczematous otitis externa (OE).
p.38
Otorrhea (Ear Discharge) Types and Causes
What does sanguineous discharge indicate?
ASOM, granulations, trauma, or tumors.
p.38
Otorrhea (Ear Discharge) Types and Causes
What type of discharge is associated with cholesteatoma?
Purulent foul smelling discharge.
p.35
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What types of infections can occur in the oral cavity?
Infection, trauma, aphthous ulcers, or malignant ulcers.
p.35
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What issues can arise in the nose and paranasal sinuses?
Trauma, infection, tumors, and contact points between turbinates and septal spur.
p.4
Infections and Inflammatory Conditions of the Ear
ما هو السبب وراء تكرار الإصابة بالتهابات الأذن؟
يمكن أن يكون بسبب وجود مشاكل هيكلية أو ضعف في جهاز المناعة.
p.26
Ear Wax and Its Composition
What do ceruminous glands secrete that contributes to ear wax?
Ceruminous gland’s secretion, which is rich in lipids and pigment granules.
p.33
Otalgia (Earache) Causes and Treatment
What does otalgia refer to?
Pain in and around the ear.
p.33
Otalgia (Earache) Causes and Treatment
What are the causes of primary otalgia?
Inflammatory, traumatic, and neoplastic conditions of the ear.
p.39
Otorrhea (Ear Discharge) Types and Causes
What type of otorrhea can occur from acute suppurative otitis media?
It may be bloody, mixed with mucus, or mucopurulent and typically short-lived.
p.33
Otalgia (Earache) Causes and Treatment
Why can secondary otalgia occur?
Because the head and neck regions are innervated by nerves that also supply the ear.
p.39
Otorrhea (Ear Discharge) Types and Causes
What is a potential complication of neurotologic surgery?
Immediate or delayed CSF otorrhea.
p.32
Otalgia (Earache) Causes and Treatment
What should be applied if there is ulceration in the meatal wall?
Broad-spectrum antibiotic ointment.
p.32
Otalgia (Earache) Causes and Treatment
What is a contraindication for syringing?
Perforation of the tympanic membrane (TM).
p.35
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What diseases can affect the salivary glands?
Parotid and submandibular inflammatory and malignant diseases.
p.40
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
What must be differentiated in a postoperative mastoid cavity?
Infection must be differentiated from recurrent or residual cholesteatoma.
p.39
Otorrhea (Ear Discharge) Types and Causes
What can past ear surgery lead to in terms of otorrhea?
Recurrence of middle ear disease or infection in the mastoid cavity.
p.41
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What should be done before taking a sample for culture and sensitivity?
Topical antibiotics should be stopped as they will affect culture growth.
p.41
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
Where should samples be taken in refractory cases of infective otorrhea?
From deep in the external auditory canal (EAC) or from a perforation.
p.42
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What is a contraindication for performing a biopsy?
In cases of glomus tumors, as it can result in profuse bleeding.
p.42
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What should be considered in refractory cases of ear disorders?
Identifying underlying immunodeficiency or allergy.
p.35
Diagnosis and Management of Ear Disorders
What conditions can affect the temporomandibular joint?
Myofascial pain dysfunction, osteoarthritis, recurrent dislocation, ill-fitting denture, malocclusion, Costen’s syndrome.
p.4
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
متى يُعتبر التدخل الجراحي ضروريًا لعلاج التهابات الأذن؟
عندما تكون التهابات الأذن متكررة وتؤثر على جودة الحياة.
p.32
Otalgia (Earache) Causes and Treatment
What effect can too cold or too hot water have during syringing?
It can stimulate the labyrinth and result in vertigo.
p.27
Ear Wax and Its Composition
How can self-cleaning of ear wax be problematic?
It may push wax deeper into the bony external auditory canal.
p.29
Ear Wax and Its Composition
Name a wax softening agent that consists of 5% sodium bicarbonate.
A mixture of 5% sodium bicarbonate in equal parts of glycerin and water.
p.29
Ear Wax and Its Composition
What is liquid paraffin used for?
As a wax softening agent.
p.4
Surgical Treatments for Ear Conditions
ما هي الخيارات المتاحة لعلاج التهابات الأذن المتكررة؟
يمكن أن تشمل الأدوية، العلاج الطبيعي، أو الجراحة.
