p.12
Leukocytes and Immune Response
What was the understanding of basophils' functions until recently?
Poorly understood until around 2009.
p.29
Blood Vessel Structure and Types
What is the function of the free edges of valves in veins?
They allow blood to flow in the direction of the blood.
p.28
Blood Vessel Structure and Types
How do medium veins compare in size to muscular arteries?
They are comparable in size, but the muscle layer is much thinner.
p.33
Lymphatic System and Flow
What is a characteristic of lymph vessels?
They are permeable and blind-ending.
p.27
Blood Vessel Structure and Types
What is the structure of capillaries?
Thin-walled with endothelium on a basement membrane.
p.33
Lymphatic System and Flow
Where do lymph vessels form a network?
Within connective tissue.
p.26
Blood Vessel Structure and Types
How many layers of smooth muscle do arterioles have?
1 to 2 layers of smooth muscle only.
p.25
Blood Vessel Structure and Types
What is a key characteristic of the walls of elastic arteries?
They contain a large proportion of elastic fibers.
p.20
Haematopoiesis Process
Where does haematopoiesis primarily occur?
In bone marrow and lymphatic organs (e.g., spleen).
p.31
Lymphatic System and Flow
What is the structure of lymph vessels?
They have a single layer of endothelial cells.
p.26
Blood Vessel Structure and Types
What characterizes muscular arteries?
They have large amounts of smooth muscle and reduced elastic tissue.
p.29
Blood Vessel Structure and Types
Where do valves occur in blood vessels?
In many veins where the diameter is greater than 2 mm.
p.4
Erythrocytes and Their Functions
What is a key characteristic of erythrocytes regarding their shape?
They are very plastic and can conform to narrow vessels.
p.4
Erythrocytes and Their Functions
What is the composition of erythrocytes' cytoplasm?
60% water and 40% solid (hemoglobin).
p.15
Leukocytes and Immune Response
What is the primary function of NKC?
To identify and destroy infected or cancerous cells.
p.33
Lymphatic System and Flow
How do lymph vessels connect with each other?
They branch and anastomose.
p.27
Blood Vessel Structure and Types
How do sinusoids differ from capillaries?
Sinusoids are wider in diameter than capillaries.
What type of granules do eosinophils have?
Large, acidophilic granules that are red.
p.14
Leukocytes and Immune Response
What is the primary function of lymphocytes?
To serve as the body's immunological defense system.
p.6
Leukocytes and Immune Response
What is the primary function of leukocytes?
Responsible for the body's immune response.
How do the size of eosinophils compare to neutrophils?
Eosinophils are slightly larger, measuring 10 - 15μm.
p.34
Leukocytes and Immune Response
What is the main focus of Episode 3 of 'Cells at Work'?
The episode focuses on the influenza virus and the body's immune response.
p.17
Leukocytes and Immune Response
What are the two types of cells monocytes can differentiate into after leaving the blood?
Macrophages (free roaming) and histiocytes (fixed within tissue).
p.19
Thrombocytes and Blood Clotting
What is the lifespan of thrombocytes in the bloodstream?
Approximately 7 to 10 days.
p.22
Haematopoiesis Process
What is a haemocytoblast?
A type of stem cell that gives rise to blood cells.
p.6
Leukocytes and Immune Response
What factors can affect the number of leukocytes in the blood?
Infection and inflammation.
Name the types of granular leukocytes.
Basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils.
What is a unique characteristic of monocytes regarding nucleoli?
They may have 2 or more nucleoli.
p.28
Blood Vessel Structure and Types
What are the characteristics of large veins?
They have a thicker wall and larger lumen, but a similar structure to medium veins.
p.26
Blood Vessel Structure and Types
How do arterioles compare in size to muscular arteries?
Arterioles are much smaller than muscular arteries.
p.8
Leukocytes and Immune Response
How do neutrophils degrade the material they phagocytose?
Using enzymes contained within their granules.
What is a distinguishing feature of monocytes' nuclei?
They have a large, eccentric nucleus that is relatively pale-staining.
p.33
Lymphatic System and Flow
Where are lymph vessels located in relation to capillaries and venules?
They are close to capillaries and venules.
p.22
Haematopoiesis Process
What is a progenitor cell?
A cell that is derived from a stem cell and can differentiate into a specific type of cell.
What colors are associated with the different granular leukocytes?
Basophils (blue), neutrophils (white), eosinophils (red).
p.30
Differentiating Arteries from Veins
What is a key structural difference between artery walls and vein walls?
Artery walls are thicker.
What are the three classes of lymphocytes based on functional grounds?
T cells, B cells, and Natural killer cells.
p.25
Blood Vessel Structure and Types
What are elastic arteries?
Large vessels that transport blood from the heart.
p.27
Blood Vessel Structure and Types
In what areas are capillaries and sinusoids typically found?
In areas where there is a high exchange of solutes.
p.27
Blood Vessel Structure and Types
What do larger venules contain?
A layer of smooth muscle.
p.34
Leukocytes and Immune Response
What role do macrophages play in the immune response to influenza?
They engulf and digest pathogens, including the influenza virus.
p.19
Thrombocytes and Blood Clotting
Where are thrombocytes produced?
In the bone marrow from megakaryocytes.
p.24
Blood Vessel Structure and Types
What is the first type of blood vessel that blood encounters after leaving the heart?
Elastic arteries (e.g. aorta).
p.6
Leukocytes and Immune Response
How do leukocytes interact with other tissues?
They migrate to other tissues.
p.8
Leukocytes and Immune Response
What happens to neutrophils during an infection?
They are mobilized in large numbers to the focus of infection.
p.20
Haematopoiesis Process
Do blood cells have a limited life span?
Yes, blood cells have a limited life span.
What components are dissolved in plasma?
Gases, electrolytes, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, hormones.
p.10
Eosinophils and Their Functions
How do eosinophils respond to helminth parasites?
They kill helminth parasites and release granule contents onto them.
p.8
Leukocytes and Immune Response
What is the primary function of neutrophils?
To phagocytose bacteria and other particulate material.
p.17
Leukocytes and Immune Response
What is the primary function of monocytes in circulating blood?
They have little function in circulating blood.
What are the two main groups of leukocytes?
Granular and Non-granular leukocytes.
p.19
Thrombocytes and Blood Clotting
What is the primary function of thrombocytes?
To aid in blood clotting.
p.27
Blood Vessel Structure and Types
What do small venules resemble?
Capillaries, but are more expanded.
How does the nuclear shape of monocytes change as they mature?
It often becomes more horseshoe-shaped.
p.22
Haematopoiesis Process
What is a blast cell?
An immature precursor cell that is in the process of developing into a specific type of blood cell.
p.17
Leukocytes and Immune Response
What triggers monocytes to respond?
Necrotic tissue, microorganisms, and inflammation.
What are the types of non-granular leukocytes?
Lymphocytes and monocytes.
p.21
Haematopoiesis Process
From which type of stem cells are erythrocytes derived?
Myeloid stem cells in the bone marrow.
p.18
Thrombocytes and Blood Clotting
What is the primary function of thrombocytes?
Assist in the formation of blood clots (thrombi).
How commonly are basophils encountered?
They are rarely encountered.
p.10
Eosinophils and Their Functions
In what type of reactions are eosinophils implicated?
Hypersensitivity reactions.
p.24
Blood Vessel Structure and Types
What is the largest type of vein that returns blood to the heart?
Large veins (e.g. vena cava).
p.23
Lymph Composition and Function
How do lipids from digestion enter the lymphatic system?
Through lacteals in the intestinal villi.
What are neutrophils?
The most numerous type of granulocytes and leukocytes in carnivores.
p.19
Thrombocytes and Blood Clotting
How do thrombocytes contribute to hemostasis?
By aggregating at the site of a blood vessel injury.
p.34
Leukocytes and Immune Response
How does the body recognize the influenza virus?
Through specific receptors on immune cells that detect viral particles.
p.13
Leukocytes and Immune Response
What are some locations where lymphocytes are concentrated?
Lymph nodes, nodules, spleen, and Peyer’s patches in the intestine.
What is a distinctive feature of basophils' nucleus?
It is bilobed and often obscured by granules.
p.14
Leukocytes and Immune Response
What do B cells produce?
Antibodies, contributing to the humoral immune response.
p.3
Erythrocytes and Their Functions
What role does haemoglobin play in erythrocytes?
It carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.
p.18
Thrombocytes and Blood Clotting
What do the granules in thrombocytes store?
Factors associated with coagulation, inflammation, and immune function.
p.18
Thrombocytes and Blood Clotting
What are the two stages of thrombocyte response to damaged endothelium?
1. Aggregate to form an immediate plug; 2. Catalyse the formation of a fibrin clot.
p.23
Lymph Composition and Function
What happens to large lipid molecules that cannot enter the circulatory system?
They enter via the lymphatic system.
p.32
Lymphatic System and Flow
What type of capillaries are involved in the lymphatic system?
Blind-ending lymphatic capillaries.
p.31
Lymphatic System and Flow
What additional components are found in larger lymph vessels?
Collagen and elastin fibers, as well as smooth muscle.
How do neutrophils' granules appear?
Lightly staining and usually not visible ('white').
What is a characteristic feature of mature neutrophils?
They have a multilobed nucleus.
What do the granules in basophils contain?
Histamine, heparin, and serotonin.
p.12
Leukocytes and Immune Response
What role do basophils play in relation to T lymphocytes?
They are involved in the activation of a subset of T lymphocytes.
How are basophils visually characterized?
By many large, darkly basophilic granules.
p.23
Lymph Composition and Function
What are the main components of lymph?
Excess interstitial fluid, ions, proteins, cells, foreign matter, and lipids.
p.14
Leukocytes and Immune Response
How do T cells and Natural killer cells kill infected cells?
By releasing granules that target and destroy virus-infected & tumor cells.
p.5
Erythrocytes and Their Functions
Why is the proportion of reticulocytes clinically significant?
It indicates reticulocytosis, which can reflect the body's response to anemia or other conditions.
p.22
Haematopoiesis Process
What is the function of a myeloid stem cell?
To give rise to various types of blood cells, excluding lymphocytes.
p.30
Differentiating Arteries from Veins
How are arteries and veins positioned in relation to the same tissue?
They are usually side by side.
p.30
Differentiating Arteries from Veins
What is the function of elastic fibers in arteries?
They recoil and constrict the lumen of arteries.
p.34
Leukocytes and Immune Response
Which type of cell is primarily involved in fighting the influenza virus?
White blood cells (leukocytes).
p.13
Leukocytes and Immune Response
Where are lymphocytes primarily found?
In circulation in blood and lymph, and concentrated in lymphoid tissue.
p.14
Leukocytes and Immune Response
What is the role of T cells in the immune response?
Responsible for cell-mediated immune response and killing virus-infected & tumor cells.
p.13
Leukocytes and Immune Response
What is the abundance rank of lymphocytes among leukocytes in blood?
They are the second most abundant leukocyte after neutrophils.
p.12
Leukocytes and Immune Response
In what type of reactions are basophils implicated?
Hypersensitivity reactions such as asthma, hayfever, and anaphylactic shock.
p.21
Erythrocytes and Their Functions
What happens to the nucleus of a proerythroblast during erythropoiesis?
It undergoes chromatin condensation and is extruded.
p.14
Leukocytes and Immune Response
What is the function of Natural killer cells?
They are involved in cell-mediated immune response and kill virus-infected & tumor cells.
p.30
Differentiating Arteries from Veins
What type of muscle and fibers are more abundant in arteries?
More smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
p.10
Eosinophils and Their Functions
What is one of the primary functions of eosinophils?
Phagocytose antigen/antibody complexes.
p.18
Thrombocytes and Blood Clotting
Are thrombocytes whole cells?
No, they are cytoplasmic fragments of a large cell called megakaryocyte.
What are plasma cells?
A subset of B cells that produce antibodies.
p.5
Erythrocytes and Their Functions
How do reticulocytes differ from mature erythrocytes?
Reticulocytes are slightly larger and contain remnants of rRNA, which can be seen as stippling when stained with methylene blue.
p.34
Leukocytes and Immune Response
What is the significance of the immune response depicted in the episode?
It illustrates how the body defends itself against viral infections.
p.5
Erythrocytes and Their Functions
What is the main difference between mammalian and avian/reptilian erythrocytes?
Mammalian erythrocytes have no nucleus or organelles when mature, while those in birds and reptiles are nucleated.
p.21
Haematopoiesis Process
What triggers an increase in erythrocyte production?
Severe haemorrhage or haemolysis.
p.18
Thrombocytes and Blood Clotting
What is the purpose of the immediate plug formed by thrombocytes?
Temporarily stops hemorrhage.
p.10
Eosinophils and Their Functions
What do the granules of eosinophils contain?
Hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidases.
What is a Barr body?
An inactive X chromosome found in females.
What are the formed elements of blood?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.
p.30
Differentiating Arteries from Veins
How does the endothelium of arteries differ from that of veins?
Arterial endothelium is folded, while veins are smooth.
p.23
Lymph Composition and Function
What is the concentration of proteins in lymph compared to plasma?
Lower concentrations than plasma.
p.23
Lymph Composition and Function
What types of cells are found in lymph?
Lymphocytes and macrophages.
Why is the proportion of mature to immature neutrophils clinically important?
It can indicate health status or response to infection.
p.24
Blood Vessel Structure and Types
What are the sites of exchange between blood and tissues?
Capillaries and sinusoids.
