p.8
Role of Microbes in Food Production
How do microbes enhance food production in animals?
Microbes aid in digestion, improve nutrient absorption, and boost overall animal health, leading to better growth and productivity.
p.15
Zoonosis and Its Implications
What is zoonosis?
Human infection arising from animals.
p.24
Gut Microbiome and Human Health
How is the gut microbiome now considered in terms of the human body?
It is considered a separate body 'organ'.
p.24
Gut Microbiome and Human Health
What is the current status of microbiome analysis in the market?
Microbiome analysis is now big business.
p.18
Types of Microbial Relationships
What is the relationship between mother cells and daughter cells in yeast?
Mother cells produce daughter cells.
p.16
Fermentation Processes in Food
What are the two main meanings of 'fermentation'?
Microbial transformation of foods by fungi or bacteria, and anaerobic metabolism of sugars into alcohols, acids, and CO2.
p.14
Zoonosis and Its Implications
What is zoonosis?
Human infection arising from animals.
p.22
Food Spoilage vs. Food Poisoning
How does storage and preparation affect food poisoning risk?
Factors such as refrigeration and whether the food is raw or cooked play a role.
p.24
Gut Microbiome and Human Health
What are the most important elements of our normal flora?
Gut microbes, primarily bacteria.
p.9
Mutualism in Microbial Interactions
What role do Rhizobium bacteria play in legume roots?
Rhizobium bacteria fix nitrogen in legume roots and receive sugars in return.
p.19
Economic Impact of Microbial Spoilage
What is the estimated economic loss due to microbial food spoilage?
Approximately $1 trillion.
p.11
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
Why do Sigatoka fungi threaten the survival of bananas globally?
Because modern Cavendish bananas are genetically identical and equally susceptible to the fungi.
p.9
Mutualism in Microbial Interactions
How do microbes promote plant growth via mutualism?
Microbes promote plant growth by enhancing nutrient uptake and water retention, and by converting inorganic substances to organic forms through photosynthesis.
p.19
Food Spoilage vs. Food Poisoning
What are some methods to prevent food spoilage?
Refrigeration, preservatives, and fermentation.
p.11
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
Why are all modern Cavendish bananas equally susceptible to Sigatoka fungi?
Because they are genetically identical.
p.5
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
What can happen to factories due to microbes?
Factories can be contaminated by microbes.
p.10
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
Which crops can be infected by the Tobacco mosaic virus?
Tobacco, tomato, and cannabis.
p.7
Role of Microbes in Food Production
What is the environmental impact of CH4 produced by ruminants?
CH4 from ruminants contributes to climate change and is more hazardous than CO2.
p.8
Role of Microbes in Food Production
What role do microbes play in the digestive systems of animals?
Microbes help break down complex food substances, making nutrients more accessible for absorption.
p.24
Gut Microbiome and Human Health
Approximately how many bacteria are in the gut microbiome?
Around 40 trillion bacteria.
p.23
One Health Concept in Food Safety
Which stages in the production chain are crucial for maintaining a safe food supply according to the One Health concept?
Soil, plants, animals, people, factory, and kitchen.
p.23
One Health Concept in Food Safety
What are the key stages in the food production chain where microbes must be managed?
Production, processing, distribution, and retail.
p.11
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
How are modern Cavendish bananas grown?
They are grown from cuttings, not seeds, making them genetically identical.
p.17
Fermentation Processes in Food
What role do hops play in beer production?
Hops act as a natural preservative and provide bitterness.
p.12
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
What is 'Foot and mouth' virus?
A devastating viral disease infecting many farm animals.
p.7
Role of Microbes in Food Production
What happens to the organic acids and microbial cells produced by rumen microbes?
They are digested by the animal as nutrients.
p.5
Gut Microbiome and Human Health
How does poor gut microbiota affect health?
Poor gut microbiota causes poor health.
p.25
Gut Microbiome and Human Health
What type of diet increases Firmicutes in the gut microbiome?
High protein and fat diet.
p.26
Gut Microbiome and Human Health
What type of analysis was used in the study by Dominguez-Bello et al. (2010)?
Culture-independent analysis.
p.20
Food Spoilage vs. Food Poisoning
What types of food can be dangerous and cause food poisoning?
Both spoiled food and fresh food can be dangerous and cause food poisoning.
p.12
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
What types of organisms can be animal pathogens?
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, or protists.
p.21
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
Why is Clostridium botulinum extremely dangerous?
It produces a neurotoxin.
p.5
Food Spoilage vs. Food Poisoning
What can poor hygiene lead to in food production?
Poor hygiene can lead to food poisoning.
p.5
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
How can irrigation water affect food safety?
Irrigation water can be contaminated with pathogens.
p.4
Role of Microbes in Food Production
How do soil microbes contribute to nutrient cycling?
They recycle wastes into nutrients.
p.9
Mutualism in Microbial Interactions
What is mutualism in ecological interactions?
Mutualism is an ecological interaction where both partners benefit.
p.20
Food Spoilage vs. Food Poisoning
Are the microbes responsible for food spoilage the same as those responsible for food poisoning?
No, different sets of microbes are responsible for food spoilage and food poisoning.
p.21
Food Spoilage vs. Food Poisoning
What are the two types of food poisoning?
Infection and Intoxication.
p.21
Food Spoilage vs. Food Poisoning
What characterizes a food-borne infection?
Microbes grow in the gut.
p.5
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
How can pathogens affect animals and plants?
Pathogens can infect animals and plants.
p.4
Mutualism in Microbial Interactions
What role do symbiotic fungi play in plant growth?
They enhance plant growth.
p.13
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
What are the symptoms of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) in animals?
Fever, blisters, and lameness, leading to reduced milk and meat production.
p.2
Fermentation Processes in Food
What is fermentation in food production?
Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol, used in making products like bread and beer.
p.2
Gut Microbiome and Human Health
Why are microbes important in the gut microbiome and human health?
Microbes in the gut microbiome aid in digestion, produce vitamins, and protect against pathogens, contributing to overall health.
p.17
Fermentation Processes in Food
What is the function of yeast in beer production?
Yeast ferments sugars to produce alcohol and CO2.
p.9
Mutualism in Microbial Interactions
How do mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants?
Mycorrhizal fungi enhance water and inorganic nutrient uptake in plants and receive sugars from the plant in return.
p.26
Gut Microbiome and Human Health
Which publication featured the study by Dominguez-Bello et al. (2010)?
PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences).
p.21
Food Spoilage vs. Food Poisoning
What characterizes a food-borne intoxication?
Microbes make toxins in food.
p.14
Zoonosis and Its Implications
What is an example of a human pathogen that is normal flora for animals?
Salmonella bacteria in chickens.
p.7
Role of Microbes in Food Production
How do microbes enable animals to digest cellulose?
By breaking down cellulose into simpler compounds that can be digested by the animal.
p.6
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
How do microbes help in breaking down organic wastes?
They convert organic wastes into inorganic nutrients.
p.4
Fermentation Processes in Food
Why are some foods dependent on fermentation?
Many foods require fermentation for their production.
p.13
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
What is Bovine Tuberculosis and which pathogen causes it?
Bovine Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium bovis.
p.13
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
What are the symptoms of Bovine Tuberculosis in animals?
Respiratory issues and weight loss.
p.20
Food Spoilage vs. Food Poisoning
Can food poisoning occur from both spoiled and fresh food?
Yes, food poisoning can occur from both spoiled food and fresh food.
p.8
Role of Microbes in Food Production
Why is microbial health important for animal productivity?
Healthy microbial populations in animals can lead to improved digestion, better nutrient uptake, and enhanced growth rates.
p.12
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
What impact do pathogens infecting animals have?
They inflict suffering, death, and massive economic losses (~20% of total production).
p.27
Gut Microbiome and Human Health
Why is a healthy gut microbiome important?
For proper food digestion, resistance to pathogens, immune functioning, and mental health.
p.27
Gut Microbiome and Human Health
What health issues are linked to a 'bad' microbiome?
Allergies, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and obesity.
p.7
Role of Microbes in Food Production
What is cellulose?
A sugar polymer, abundant in plants, carbon-rich, but difficult to digest.
p.16
Fermentation Processes in Food
Name three food products that are made using fermentation.
Beer, yogurt, and cheese.
p.6
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
What is the process of nitrogen fixation by microbes?
Converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH4+).
p.2
Role of Microbes in Food Production
How are microbes involved in food production in positive ways? Give an example.
Microbes are involved in fermentation processes, such as the production of yogurt by Lactobacillus bacteria.
p.2
Types of Microbial Relationships
What is a mutualist relationship between organisms and microbes? Give an example.
A mutualist relationship is when both organisms benefit, such as gut bacteria aiding in digestion while receiving nutrients.
p.13
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
Can Bovine Tuberculosis be transmitted to humans?
Yes, it can be transmitted to humans.
p.19
Food Spoilage vs. Food Poisoning
What causes food spoilage?
The growth of fungi or bacteria, and/or the enzymes they secrete.
p.26
Gut Microbiome and Human Health
What method was used to sequence DNA in the study by Dominguez-Bello et al. (2010)?
DNA sequencing of PCR-amplified ribosomal genes.
p.12
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
How can modern agricultural practices affect microbial problems?
They can aggravate the microbial problems.
p.27
Gut Microbiome and Human Health
What is the impact of antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics on the human microbiome?
The impact is controversial.
p.7
Role of Microbes in Food Production
How do rumen microbes help in the digestion of cellulose?
Rumen microbes break down cellulose into sugars, which are then converted into organic acids, CO2, and CH4.
p.14
Zoonosis and Its Implications
How can animals act as vectors for diseases?
Animals like ticks can carry Borrelia bacteria, which causes Lyme disease.
p.4
Mutualism in Microbial Interactions
How do rumen microbes help cows?
They help cows digest grass.
p.4
Role of Microbes in Food Production
At what points do microbes affect food production?
Microbes affect every point in food production.
p.13
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
What illness can Salmonella spp. cause in humans?
Gastrointestinal illness.
p.13
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
Why is Salmonella spp. a major food safety concern?
Due to its potential transmission to humans through contaminated meat and eggs.
p.15
Zoonosis and Its Implications
What are some examples of other intermediates for SARS-CoV-2?
Minks, cats, dogs, raccoon dogs.
p.10
Economic Impact of Microbial Spoilage
What is the estimated economic impact of crop pathogens on global yield?
Approximately $1 trillion.
p.11
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
What challenge is posed by the rapid evolution of Sigatoka fungi?
The fungi are rapidly evolving resistance to fungicides.
p.6
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
How do microbes maintain soil health?
By fixing nitrogen, breaking down organic wastes into inorganic nutrients, suppressing animal and plant pathogens, and breaking down toxins like pesticides.
p.6
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
What role do microbes play in the nitrogen cycle?
They convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which can be taken up by plants.
p.6
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
What would happen if there were no microbes in the soil?
There would be a lot of waste accumulated.
p.2
Types of Microbial Relationships
What is a pathogenic relationship between organisms and microbes? Give an example.
A pathogenic relationship is when microbes cause disease in the host, such as Salmonella causing food poisoning.
p.2
One Health Concept in Food Safety
What is the concept of One Health in food production?
One Health is an approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health in food production.
p.11
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
What broader issue does the threat of Sigatoka fungi to bananas illustrate?
The issue of plant pathogens and emerging diseases due to lack of genetic diversity.
p.5
Food Spoilage vs. Food Poisoning
Why is refrigeration important in food production?
Refrigeration is needed to stop microbial growth.
p.2
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
Give an example of a microbe that causes food poisoning through infection.
Salmonella is a bacterium that causes food poisoning through infection.
p.5
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
What is a consequence of post-harvest contamination?
Post-harvest contamination can ruin crops.
p.6
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
What is one way microbes suppress pathogens in soil?
By suppressing animal and plant pathogens.
p.2
Role of Microbes in Food Production
How are microbes involved in food production in negative ways? Give an example.
Microbes can cause food spoilage, such as mold growth on bread by fungi like Aspergillus.
p.2
Zoonosis and Its Implications
What is zoonosis?
Zoonosis is the transmission of diseases from animals to humans.
p.2
Food Spoilage vs. Food Poisoning
What is the difference between food spoilage and food poisoning?
Food spoilage is the deterioration of food quality, while food poisoning is illness caused by consuming contaminated food.
p.2
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
Give an example of a microbe that causes food poisoning through intoxication.
Clostridium botulinum produces toxins that cause food poisoning through intoxication.
p.5
One Health Concept in Food Safety
At what points in food production do microbes have an impact?
Microbes affect every point in food production.
p.4
Gut Microbiome and Human Health
How is gut microflora beneficial to health?
Gut microflora is beneficial to health by aiding in digestion and supporting the immune system.
p.13
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
What are the effects of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) on birds?
Sudden death, respiratory distress, and reduced egg production.
p.6
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
How do microbes contribute to the degradation of toxins in soil?
They break down toxins such as pesticides.
p.13
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
What animals are affected by Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV)?
Cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and other cloven-hoofed animals.
p.13
Microbial Pathogens in Agriculture
Which viral infection affects poultry and includes highly pathogenic strains?
Avian Influenza Virus (HPAI - Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza).
p.3
Role of Microbes in Food Production
How do microbes impact food production?
<p>Microbes affect every point in food production.</p><p>From production, processing, distribution, retail/ restaurant, home preparation/ restaurant preparation, home consumers/ restaurant consumers.</p>
