p.3
Thermal Regulation in Newborns
Why is brown adipose tissue (BAT) critical for maintaining body temperature in newborns?
Newborns have limited ability to shiver, so BAT is essential for maintaining body temperature through non-shivering thermogenesis.
p.2
Immune vs Non-Immune Hydrops
What is the pathophysiology of immune hydrops?
Maternal antibodies attack fetal RBCs, leading to hemolytic anemia, fetal heart failure, and edema.
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Congenital Infections: Group B Streptococcus and Parvovirus
How can Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection be prevented in neonates?
Intrapartum antibiotics for colonized mothers.
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Thermal Regulation in Newborns
What is the purpose of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in newborns?
BAT is specialized for non-shivering thermogenesis in response to cold.
p.2
Immune vs Non-Immune Hydrops
What are the causes of non-immune hydrops?
Structural cardiovascular defects, chromosomal anomalies (e.g., Turner syndrome), fetal anemia (e.g., parvovirus infection), or twin-to-twin transfusion.
p.3
Thermal Regulation in Newborns
How does brown adipose tissue (BAT) produce heat?
BAT produces heat by oxidizing fatty acids without generating ATP, facilitated by high mitochondrial content and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1).
p.1
Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
What are the fetal causes of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)?
Chromosomal abnormalities, congenital anomalies, infections (e.g., TORCH infections).
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Clinical Findings of Prematurity-related Conditions
What are the clinical findings of Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)?
Abdominal distension, bloody stools, feeding intolerance, and pneumatosis intestinalis (air in bowel wall) on imaging.
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Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)
What leads to Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)?
Insufficient surfactant production leads to atelectasis, hypoxemia, and respiratory failure.
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Congenital Infections: Group B Streptococcus and Parvovirus
What are the potential neonatal complications of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection?
Neonatal sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis.
p.1
Clinical Findings of Prematurity-related Conditions
What are the clinical findings of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)?
Tachypnea, nasal flaring, intercostal retractions, cyanosis, and ground-glass appearance on chest X-ray.
p.2
Congenital Infections: Group B Streptococcus and Parvovirus
How does Parvovirus B19 cause fetal infection?
Via transplacental route.
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Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
What are the maternal causes of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)?
Preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, malnutrition, smoking, alcohol use, drug abuse.
p.2
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Demographics and Definition
What factors are likely involved in the occurrence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
Genetic predisposition, critical developmental period, and environmental stressors.
p.1
Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
What are the placental causes of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)?
Uteroplacental insufficiency, abnormal umbilical cord, placental abruption.
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Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)
What are the complications of Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)?
Intestinal perforation, sepsis, and strictures.
p.2
Congenital Infections: Group B Streptococcus and Parvovirus
How is Group B Streptococcus (GBS) transmitted to neonates?
Vertical transmission during delivery from colonized maternal genital tract.
What are the causes of prematurity?
Premature rupture of membranes (PROM), intrauterine infection (e.g., chorioamnionitis), uterine, cervical, or placental structural abnormalities, multiple gestations (e.g., twins, triplets), preeclampsia/eclampsia.
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Demographics and Definition
What are the risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
Prone sleeping position, maternal smoking, prematurity, young maternal age, low socioeconomic status.
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Congenital Infections: Group B Streptococcus and Parvovirus
What are the consequences of Parvovirus B19 infection in fetuses?
Severe fetal anemia, hydrops fetalis, and possible fetal death.
p.2
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Demographics and Definition
How is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) defined?
Sudden, unexplained death of an infant <1 year old, typically during sleep, after thorough autopsy and investigation.
p.2
Immune vs Non-Immune Hydrops
What causes immune hydrops?
Rh incompatibility leading to maternal alloimmunization.
p.1
Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)
What are the causes of Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)?
Multifactorial condition with intestinal ischemia, bacterial colonization, and formula feeding.
p.1
Long-term Complications of Prematurity
What are the long-term complications of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)?
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).
