p.8
Salivary Glands Anatomy
What are the major salivary glands involved in saliva production during the oral preparatory phase?
Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands.
What role does the tongue play during chewing?
It keeps ingested food between the occluding teeth.
p.5
Innervation of Mastication Muscles
Which nerve innervates all muscles of facial expression?
The motor branch of the facial nerve (CN VII).
p.11
Swallowing Mechanisms
What are the two mechanisms for airway closure during swallowing?
Closure of the laryngeal inlet and closure of the glottis.
p.10
Phases of Deglutition
What occurs at the end of the oral preparatory phase?
Voluntary movements of the tongue position the food bolus against the uvula of the soft palate.
p.4
Innervation of Mastication Muscles
Where does the inferior alveolar nerve enter the mandible?
At the mandibular foramen.
p.3
Muscles of Mastication
What primarily causes the depression of the mandible?
Largely a function of gravity.
p.3
Muscles of Mastication
How does the medial pterygoid assist in the protrusion of the mandible?
It can assist the lateral pterygoid in this action.
p.9
Innervation of Mastication Muscles
Where do preganglionic parasympathetic neurons for the sublingual gland synapse?
On the submandibular ganglion in the floor of the mouth.
p.2
Muscles of Mastication
Where does the medial pterygoid muscle arise from?
From the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate to the surface of the angle, ramus, and coronoid process of the mandible.
p.12
Clinical Correlate: Dysphagia
How does stroke affect swallowing?
It can lead to swallowing difficulty, with most patients recovering within one week.
p.11
Swallowing Mechanisms
Which nerves provide sensory innervation for the cough reflex?
The internal and recurrent laryngeal nerves.
p.10
Phases of Deglutition
What is the function of the upper esophageal sphincter during swallowing?
It actively dilates to allow the bolus to pass from the pharynx into the upper esophagus.
p.6
Muscles of Facial Expression
What happens to the motor branch after it emerges from the stylomastoid foramen?
It enters the parotid gland and ramifies into several named branches.
p.2
Muscles of Mastication
What role does the bolus play during chewing?
It is placed between the occluding mandibular and maxillary dentitions to be reduced in size and consistency for swallowing and digestion.
What are the two groups of tongue musculature?
Intrinsic and extrinsic muscle groups.
What additional fibers does the hypoglossal nerve carry while in the neck?
Fibers from the C1 spinal nerve.
p.10
Phases of Deglutition
What role does pharyngeal peristalsis play during swallowing?
It assists in velopharyngeal closure and propels the bolus through the oropharynx.
p.10
Phases of Deglutition
What happens during the esophageal phase of swallowing?
The bolus is propelled through the thoracic esophagus via peristaltic contractions.
p.4
Innervation of Mastication Muscles
What does the auriculotemporal nerve provide sensory innervation to?
Skin anterior to the ear and the skin over the temple.
p.3
Muscles of Mastication
What muscles primarily elevate the mandible?
The masseter and medial pterygoid muscles.
p.3
Muscles of Mastication
What muscle is most capable of protruding the mandible?
The lateral pterygoid muscle (superior head).
What is the primary function of the tongue in preparation for swallowing?
Positioning the bolus in the mouth.
p.2
Muscles of Mastication
Where do the heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle attach?
To the capsule and articular disc of the TMJ, and the surrounding bone of the mandibular condyle.
p.11
Swallowing Mechanisms
What triggers a strong cough response during swallowing?
Contact of fluids or foods with the mucosal surfaces of the laryngeal inlet.
p.4
Innervation of Mastication Muscles
Which nerve innervates all four muscles of mastication?
The mandibular nerve (CN V3).
p.1
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Anatomy
What are the two components of the TMJ?
Right and left articulations between the mandible and the temporal bones.
p.5
Muscles of Facial Expression
Where are the muscles of facial expression located?
In the superficial face, neck, and scalp.
p.2
Muscles of Mastication
Where does the masseter muscle extend from and to?
From the inferior surface of the zygomatic arch to the lateral surface of the angle, ramus, and coronoid process of the mandible.
p.5
Muscles of Facial Expression
What is the function of the orbicularis oris muscle?
It is the primary sphincter muscle of the mouth and lips, preventing drooling and maintaining oral competence.
p.10
Phases of Deglutition
What triggers the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?
The glossopharyngeal nerve when the food bolus contacts the posterior third of the tongue.
p.10
Clinical Correlate: Dysphagia
How can the vagus nerve be tested?
By asking the patient to produce an 'ahh', 'zah', or 'kah' sound.
p.10
Phases of Deglutition
What is the duration of esophageal transit?
Varies from 8 to 20 seconds.
p.1
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Anatomy
What is the function of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) during chewing?
It allows for the movement of the mandible necessary for processing food.
p.2
Muscles of Mastication
What is the origin of the temporalis muscle?
From the floor of the temporal fossa of the skull and the overlying temporalis fascia.
p.9
Salivary Glands Anatomy
Where does the submandibular gland wrap around?
The posterolateral free edge of the mylohyoid muscle.
p.9
Salivary Glands Anatomy
What is the location of the sublingual salivary gland?
In the floor of the mouth, deep to the mucosa and lateral to the lingual frenulum.
p.8
Innervation of Mastication Muscles
How do postganglionic parasympathetic neurons reach the parotid gland?
By joining the auriculotemporal nerve of the mandibular nerve.
Which cranial nerve innervates most of the tongue muscles?
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).
p.11
Swallowing Mechanisms
What is the effect of the contact between the epiglottis and the pharyngeal tongue?
The epiglottis bends posteriorly (retroflex) over the laryngeal inlet.
p.11
Swallowing Mechanisms
What is the role of the laryngeal musculature during swallowing?
To tightly adduct the vocal ligaments to prevent aspiration of the bolus.
p.4
Innervation of Mastication Muscles
What is unique about the mandibular nerve compared to other divisions of the trigeminal nerve?
It carries efferent fibers to skeletal muscles.
p.4
Innervation of Mastication Muscles
What is the function of the inferior alveolar nerve?
Provides sensory innervation from the teeth and gingivae of the lower jaw.
p.8
Salivary Glands Anatomy
How does the duct of the parotid gland function?
It emerges from the anterior surface, crosses superficially in the face, and opens in the vestibule of the mouth adjacent to the second maxillary molar.
p.5
Muscles of Facial Expression
What is the role of the buccinator muscle?
It forms the skeleton of the cheek and maintains muscular tension in the cheeks.
p.5
Oral Preparatory Phase
How does the buccinator muscle aid in the oral preparatory phase?
It prevents ingested food items from collecting in the vestibule of the mouth.
p.11
Swallowing Mechanisms
What happens to the epiglottis during the elevation of the laryngeal apparatus?
It is elevated and pressed against the posterior aspect of the tongue.
p.10
Phases of Deglutition
What is velopharyngeal closure?
The elevation of the soft palate and uvula to close off the nasopharynx.
p.1
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Anatomy
What actions are permitted by the superior capsule of the TMJ?
Anterior and posterior gliding movements of the mandibular condyle, recognized as protrusion and retraction.
p.6
Muscles of Facial Expression
What areas do the branches of the motor branch of the facial nerve distribute to?
Muscles of facial expression in the face, neck, and scalp.
p.12
Clinical Correlate: Dysphagia
What is dysphagia?
A general term used to describe difficulty in swallowing.
p.12
Clinical Correlate: Dysphagia
What is cricopharyngeal achalasia?
A condition where a prominent cricopharyngeus muscle fails to open adequately, causing dysphagia.
p.10
Phases of Deglutition
How long does the oral phase of swallowing last?
Approximately one second.
p.10
Phases of Deglutition
What happens to the airway during the pharyngeal phase?
The airway closes to prevent aspiration of the swallowed bolus.
p.10
Clinical Correlate: Dysphagia
What is the role of the glossopharyngeal nerve in the gag reflex?
It is the afferent limb of the gag reflex.
p.6
Innervation of Mastication Muscles
Where do the skeletal motor fibers exit the facial canal?
Via the stylomastoid foramen.
p.2
Muscles of Mastication
What is the primary function of the muscles of mastication?
To bring the mandibular dentition into occlusion with that of the maxilla.
p.9
Salivary Glands Anatomy
How do the ductules of the sublingual gland function?
They open directly into the sublingual fold.
What is the function of extrinsic tongue muscles?
Move the tongue within the oral cavity.
Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit the cranial cavity?
Via the hypoglossal foramen in the anterolateral aspect of the foramen magnum.
What are the three phases of deglutition?
Oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal.
p.3
Muscles of Mastication
Which muscle is involved in the depression of the mandible if muscle action is needed?
The lateral pterygoid muscle (inferior head) and suprahyoid muscles of the neck.
p.8
Innervation of Mastication Muscles
Which cranial nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic neurons to the parotid gland?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).
p.2
Muscles of Mastication
What are the two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle?
One arises from the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone, and the other from the greater wing of the sphenoid.
Which extrinsic muscle of the tongue is innervated by a different cranial nerve?
Palatoglossus, innervated by CN X.
p.12
Clinical Correlate: Dysphagia
What are some diseases that can cause dysphagia?
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, and myasthenia gravis.
p.11
Swallowing Mechanisms
What happens at the cricoarytenoid joints during swallowing?
They rotate or glide the arytenoid cartilages, resulting in adduction of the vocal ligaments.
p.1
Oral Preparatory Phase
What occurs during the oral preparatory phase?
Ingested food is processed into a semisolid state, known as the 'bolus', with the help of salivary secretions.
p.6
Innervation of Mastication Muscles
How do skeletal motor fibers of the facial nerve enter the facial canal?
Via the internal acoustic meatus.
p.8
Salivary Glands Anatomy
Where is the parotid gland located?
Lateral and posterior to the mandibular ramus and masseter muscle, and anterior to the external ear.
p.3
Muscles of Mastication
Which muscle retracts the mandible?
The posterior fibers of the temporalis muscle.
p.8
Salivary Glands Anatomy
What is the role of minor salivary glands?
They are scattered throughout the oral mucosa and submucosa, contributing to saliva production.
p.11
Swallowing Mechanisms
What primarily produces the closure of the laryngeal inlet?
Active contraction of the suprahyoid musculature.
p.12
Clinical Correlate: Dysphagia
What can happen with brainstem strokes regarding swallowing?
They can lead to persistent impairment of glottis closure and loss of coordination of muscular activity during swallowing.
p.4
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Anatomy
How does the mandibular nerve enter the infratemporal fossa?
Via the foramen ovale of the middle cranial fossa.
p.4
Innervation of Mastication Muscles
What area does the lingual nerve provide sensory innervation to?
The mucosa covering the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
p.3
Muscles of Mastication
What role does the temporalis muscle play in the elevation of the mandible?
The anterior fibers of the temporalis muscle can also elevate the mandible.
p.9
Innervation of Mastication Muscles
Which nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic neurons to the submandibular gland?
The chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (CN VII).
p.12
Clinical Correlate: Dysphagia
What are common causes of dysphagia?
Ingestion of foreign bodies, cricopharyngeal achalasia, laryngeal or pharyngeal cancer, stroke, and various skeletal muscle diseases.
p.4
Innervation of Mastication Muscles
What areas do the sensory branches of the mandibular nerve supply?
Face, scalp, cranial dura, and oral cavity.
p.1
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Anatomy
What actions are permitted by the inferior capsule of the TMJ?
Rotation of the condyle against the articular disc, recognized as depression and elevation of the mandible.
p.6
Muscles of Facial Expression
Which nerve innervates all muscles of facial expression?
The motor branch of the facial nerve (CN VII).
p.9
Salivary Glands Anatomy
Where does the duct of the submandibular gland open?
On the frenulum of the tongue.
p.5
Muscles of Facial Expression
What is the primary function of the muscles of facial expression?
To produce facial expressions and serve as sphincters for the eyes, mouth, and nasal cavity.
What do intrinsic tongue muscles do?
Alter the shape of the tongue.
p.11
Swallowing Mechanisms
What is the role of the retroflexed position and beaked shape of the epiglottis?
To drive the swallowed bolus into the piriform recesses of the laryngopharynx.
p.1
Oral Preparatory Phase
What role do salivary glands play in the oral preparatory phase?
They secrete fluids that begin the digestion of carbohydrates and fats.
