What are the main properties of metals?
Metals typically exhibit high electrical and thermal conductivity, malleability, ductility, and luster.
p.1
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What is the definition of an alloy?
An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements, where at least one is a metal, designed to enhance certain properties.
p.1
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What is the purpose of creating alloys?
To improve properties such as strength, corrosion resistance, and hardness compared to pure metals.
p.1
Classification of Alloys
How are alloys classified?
Alloys can be classified into ferrous (containing iron) and non-ferrous (not containing iron) alloys.
p.1
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
What are some industrial applications of steel alloys?
Steel alloys are used in construction, automotive, and machinery industries due to their strength and durability.
What are the theories of corrosion?
Theories of corrosion include electrochemical corrosion, galvanic corrosion, and pitting corrosion.
p.1
Preventive Measures Against Corrosion
What is cathodic protection?
A method used to prevent corrosion by making the metal surface the cathode of an electrochemical cell.
p.1
Preventive Measures Against Corrosion
What are inhibitors in the context of corrosion prevention?
Inhibitors are substances that, when added to a corrosive environment, decrease the corrosion rate of metals.
p.2
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What role do metals and their alloys play in modern civilization?
They are the backbone of modern civilization.
p.54
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What happens to metallic ions at the anodic part and ions formed at the cathodic part?
They diffuse towards each other through the conducting medium to form a corrosion product.
p.50
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
Which metals are not attacked by oxygen?
Noble metals such as silver (Ag), gold (Au), and platinum (Pt).
p.4
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What is the purpose of creating alloys?
To improve strength, corrosion resistance, and other physical properties.
p.50
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What is the general reaction for oxidation corrosion?
Metal + O2 → Metal oxide.
p.60
Theories of Corrosion
What happens in neutral or slightly alkaline solutions during galvanic corrosion?
Oxygen absorption occurs.
p.27
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What is the role of coke in steel production?
To provide carbon and heat for the reduction of iron ore.
p.35
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is the chromium content range in heat-treatable stainless steels?
Generally 12 to 16 percent, less than 18 percent.
p.10
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What factors determine the method of metal extraction?
The chemical and physical properties of the metals concerned.
p.19
Classification of Alloys
What is the difference between a metal and an alloy?
A metal is a pure element, while an alloy is a combination of metals or a metal with other elements.
p.53
Theories of Corrosion
How does impure metal behave in contact with an aqueous medium?
It behaves like an electrolytic or galvanic cell and is oxidized.
p.57
Theories of Corrosion
Name some gases involved in chemical corrosion.
Oxygen, halogen, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen.
p.45
Theories of Corrosion
How is corrosion related to the extraction of metals?
Corrosion is the reverse process of the extraction of metals.
p.61
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What usually causes pitting corrosion?
The breakdown or cracking of the protective film on a metal.
p.27
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
What is the primary purpose of a steel making plant?
To produce steel from raw materials.
p.13
Physical Properties of Metals
What is elasticity in materials?
The property that allows a material to regain its initial shape when the load causing deformation is removed.
p.4
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What are alloys?
Mixtures of two or more elements, where at least one is a metal, designed to enhance properties.
p.34
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are stainless steels primarily known for?
Their resistance to corrosion by atmosphere and chemicals.
p.19
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What is an alloy?
A mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and another element.
p.7
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What are some examples of hydroxide ores?
Talc (Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2) and Brucite (Mg(OH)2).
p.53
Theories of Corrosion
What role does moisture or an aqueous medium play in corrosion?
It acts as an electrolyte.
p.28
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
What is the primary purpose of a steel making plant?
To produce steel from raw materials.
p.55
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What occurs if the corrosion product is a gas or dissolves in the solution?
The phenomenon of corrosion continues unaltered.
p.45
Theories of Corrosion
What is corrosion?
A process of deterioration or destruction of a solid metallic material due to unwanted chemical or electro-chemical environments.
p.51
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What occurs first in the mechanism of corrosion?
Oxidation at the surface of the metal.
What type of attraction exists between positive ions and negative electrons in metals?
Strong electrostatic attraction.
p.50
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What causes oxidation corrosion?
The attack of oxygen on the metal surface, usually in the absence of moisture.
p.61
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What can produce corrosion current in pitting corrosion?
The correct environment with small anodic and large cathodic areas.
p.51
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
Which diffusion process contributes more to corrosion?
The outward diffusion of metal.
p.46
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What conditions lead to the corrosion of copper?
Exposure to moist air containing carbon dioxide.
p.62
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What is pitting corrosion?
A localized form of corrosion that leads to the creation of small holes or pits in a material.
p.31
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are alloy steels?
Steels that have small amounts of one or more metals added to impart special properties.
p.57
Theories of Corrosion
How does chemical corrosion occur?
Through the interaction of gases with metal surfaces in immediate proximity.
p.8
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What does metallurgy deal with?
The extraction of metal from ores and the preparation of alloys.
p.32
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are the benefits of adding Molybdenum to alloys?
Increases strength at elevated temperatures, corrosion resistance, and abrasion resistance while eliminating temper brittleness.
p.5
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is the structure of a body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal?
Metal atoms occupy the eight corners of a cube and one atom in the center.
p.13
Physical Properties of Metals
What is plasticity?
The inability of a material to regain its initial shape when the load causing deformation is removed.
Which metals are exceptions to the general hardness of metals?
Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), and Mercury (Hg).
p.12
Physical Properties of Metals
What is specific gravity in relation to metals?
It is the relative mass of a certain volume of a material compared to the mass of the same volume of water.
p.32
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is the composition of Nichrom alloy?
Contains 60% Nickel, 1.2% Chromium, and the rest Iron.
p.19
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
Why are alloys created?
To enhance certain properties such as strength, corrosion resistance, or ductility.
p.51
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What does the extent of corrosion caused by other gases depend on?
The nature of the corrosion product.
p.56
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What happens to atoms in regions that have undergone stress?
They tend to have higher free energies and become anodic.
What are metals?
Elements that are typically shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, and malleable.
p.43
Theories of Corrosion
What is corrosion?
The gradual eating away of metals and alloys.
p.12
Physical Properties of Metals
What does specific heat measure?
The quantity of heat in calories required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a material by one degree Centigrade.
p.57
Theories of Corrosion
What is one type of chemical corrosion?
Dry or chemical corrosion.
p.61
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What is pitting corrosion?
A localized accelerated attack resulting in the formation of cavities in the metal.
p.38
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What characteristics do tool steels generally possess?
Great strength, toughness, hardness, and resistance to wear and softening.
p.38
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What elements are commonly found in tool steels?
Tungsten (4-21%), chromium (4-4.5%), vanadium (1-2%), and 0.5 to 0.75% carbon.
p.49
Theories of Corrosion
What is dry corrosion?
Corrosion that occurs without the presence of moisture or water.
p.59
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
How does moisture contribute to corrosion between dissimilar metals?
Moisture acts as an electrolyte, forming a cell where the two metals serve as electrodes.
p.9
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What is the first step in the preparation of ores?
Concentration or ore dressing.
p.54
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What are the two main components involved in electrochemical corrosion?
The formation of anodic and cathodic areas in contact with each other, and the presence of a conducting medium.
p.44
Consequences of Corrosion
What is a common action taken to address corroded equipment?
Replacement of corroded equipment.
p.49
Theories of Corrosion
What types of materials are most affected by dry corrosion?
Metals, particularly those that form oxides easily.
p.4
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is an example of a common alloy?
Steel, which is primarily made of iron and carbon.
p.45
Theories of Corrosion
Where does corrosion typically start?
At the surface of the metallic material.
What impurities may be found in metals after initial extraction?
Silica, Phosphorous, Carbon, Oxides of certain metals, etc.
What does the strong attraction between particles in metals result in?
High melting and boiling points.
p.46
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What is a common example of corrosion on copper?
Formation of a green film of basic carbonate [CuCO3 + Cu(OH)2].
What happens when two dissimilar metals are electrically connected and exposed to an electrolyte?
The metal higher in the electro-chemical series undergoes corrosion.
p.32
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What improvements does Vanadium provide in alloys?
Increases tensile strength, ductility, and shock resistance.
What are the primary characteristics of metals?
Metals are typically malleable, ductile, conductive, and have a shiny appearance.
p.50
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
How do alkali metals react to oxidation corrosion?
They are rapidly oxidized even at low temperatures.
p.9
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What equipment is used to grind ores for better identification of particles?
Ball mill or roller mill.
p.33
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is the primary use of spring steel?
Used in situations where sudden shock absorption is required.
p.27
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What is the significance of limestone in steel making?
It acts as a flux to remove impurities.
p.52
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What causes Electrochemical Corrosion?
The existence of separate anodic and cathodic areas between which current flows through a conducting solution.
p.54
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What reaction occurs at cathodic areas during electrochemical corrosion?
Reduction reaction (gain of electrons).
p.54
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What do dissolved constituents in the conducting medium do at the cathodic part?
They accept electrons to form ions (e.g., OH−, O2−).
What are metals?
Elements that are typically shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, and malleable.
p.38
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are high-speed steels used for?
Making cutting tools that require resistance to wear and softening at high temperatures.
p.44
Consequences of Corrosion
What is a consequence of corrosion that can lead to operational issues?
Plant shutdown due to failure.
What is a key property of mild steels regarding corrosion?
They undergo corrosion quickly.
p.53
Theories of Corrosion
What happens when a positively charged metal ion combines with negative electrons?
Equilibrium is reached and further reaction stops.
p.27
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What process is commonly used in steel making?
The blast furnace process.
p.59
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
Why do cars rust quickly in areas where salt is used on roads?
Salt creates conditions that promote rapid corrosion due to moisture and conductive paths.
p.18
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What is an alloy?
A mixture of two or more elements, where at least one is a metal.
p.10
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What is metal extraction?
The process of obtaining metals from concentrated ores.
p.62
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What causes pitting corrosion?
It is often caused by the presence of chlorides and other aggressive ions in the environment.
How are mild steels affected by saline water?
They are not much affected by saline water.
p.3
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What are ores?
Minerals from which metals can be conveniently and economically obtained.
p.13
Physical Properties of Metals
What is porosity?
The ratio of volume occupied by pores to the volume of a material.
p.38
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are tool steels used for?
Making tools such as hammers, shears, drills, and dies for drawing wires.
p.59
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What is a common cause of corrosion involving dissimilar metals?
Contact between two dissimilar metals, often near fasteners or weld joints.
p.61
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What are the two areas formed during pitting corrosion?
Small anodic areas and large cathodic areas.
p.54
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What is the role of electrons set free at the anode?
They flow through the metal and are consumed in the cathodic reaction.
p.27
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What are the main raw materials used in steel production?
Iron ore, coke, and limestone.
What are metals primarily characterized by?
High electrical and thermal conductivity, malleability, ductility, and luster.
What is a common misconception about metals?
That all metals are hard.
p.16
Physical Properties of Metals
What is fatigue resistance?
It is the property of a material that enables it to overcome fatigue caused by repeated stresses.
p.13
Physical Properties of Metals
How is plasticity utilized in materials like wet clay?
It is used for making earthenware, bricks, tiles, etc.
p.60
Theories of Corrosion
In galvanic corrosion, where does the electron current flow?
From the anodic metal to the cathodic metal, which is copper.
p.4
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
How do alloys differ from pure metals?
Alloys have enhanced properties compared to their constituent metals.
What is a key characteristic of high-carbon steels regarding hardening?
They can be hardened and tempered easily.
p.12
Physical Properties of Metals
How is specific gravity calculated?
It is the ratio of the densities (mass per unit volume) of the material to that of water.
p.44
Consequences of Corrosion
What design consideration is often necessary due to corrosion?
Overdesign to allow for corrosion.
p.49
Theories of Corrosion
How does dry corrosion differ from wet corrosion?
Dry corrosion occurs in the absence of moisture, while wet corrosion requires moisture or liquid electrolytes.
p.3
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
Are all minerals considered ores?
No, all ores are minerals but not all minerals are ores.
How can high-carbon steels be further hardened?
By heating to a high temperature followed by quenching in water or oil.
p.44
Consequences of Corrosion
How does corrosion affect operational efficiency?
It leads to a loss of efficiency.
p.21
Classification of Alloys
What are the additional elements found in plain-carbon steels?
Manganese (Mn), Sulfur (S), Silicon (Si), and Phosphorus (P).
p.57
Theories of Corrosion
What is the main cause of chemical corrosion?
Direct chemical action of environmental or atmospheric gases with metal surfaces.
p.54
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
How do cathodic reactions typically affect the cathode?
They usually do not affect the cathode, as most metals cannot be further reduced.
p.46
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What forms on iron during rusting?
A layer of reddish scale and powder of oxide (Fe3O4).
p.51
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What must happen for oxidation to continue in the corrosion process?
The metal must diffuse outwards or oxygen must diffuse inwards through the scale.
p.32
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What properties are enhanced by Tungsten in alloys?
Red hardness, toughness, abrasion resistance, and shock resistance.
p.59
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What external factors can accelerate corrosion in dissimilar metals?
Moisture and conductive salts provide an external conductive path, short-circuiting the cell.
p.61
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What are some causes of the breakdown of the protective film?
Surface roughness, scratches, local straining, alternating stresses, sliding under load, impingement attack, and chemical attack.
p.8
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What are the three principal steps in metal extraction?
Preparation of ores, production of the metal, and refining of the metal.
p.56
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What factors can influence which parts of a metal serve as anodes and cathodes?
Many factors, including irregular corrosion patterns.
p.44
Preventive Measures Against Corrosion
What preventive measure can be taken to combat corrosion?
Preventive maintenance such as painting.
p.52
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
Under what conditions does Electrochemical Corrosion occur?
When the metal is in contact with moist air or dipped in an aqueous medium.
p.53
Theories of Corrosion
What are the most common depolarizers in corrosion?
Oxygen, acids, and cations of less active metals.
p.7
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What are manganese nodules primarily composed of?
Manganese, along with iron, nickel, copper, and cobalt.
p.62
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
Which materials are most susceptible to pitting corrosion?
Stainless steels and aluminum alloys are particularly susceptible.
p.35
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are the typical characteristics of heat-treatable stainless steels?
They are magnetic, tough, and can be worked in a cold state.
p.61
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What does pitting corrosion result in?
The formation of pinholes, pits, and cavities in the metal.
p.51
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What forms a barrier that restricts further oxidation during corrosion?
The resulting metal oxide scale.
p.13
Physical Properties of Metals
What is a perfectly elastic material?
A material that completely recovers its original state upon removal of the deforming force, such as steel and glass.
p.49
Theories of Corrosion
What are the primary factors that contribute to dry corrosion?
High temperatures and the presence of corrosive gases.
p.60
Theories of Corrosion
What is the mechanism of galvanic corrosion in acidic solutions?
Corrosion occurs by the hydrogen evolution process.
p.55
Preventive Measures Against Corrosion
What happens if the corrosion product is an insoluble compound?
It acts as a protective coating on the metal surface, stopping further corrosion.
p.59
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What is galvanic corrosion?
Corrosion that occurs when dissimilar metals are in contact, even if not initially touching.
p.49
Theories of Corrosion
What is a common example of dry corrosion?
Oxidation of metals at high temperatures.
p.18
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What is the purpose of creating alloys?
To enhance properties such as strength, corrosion resistance, and hardness.
p.31
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What effect does nickel have when added to alloy steels?
It improves tensile strength, ductility, toughness, elasticity, heat, and corrosion resistance.
What is the structure and color of mild steels?
Fibrous structure with a dark-bluish color.
p.50
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What happens to metals at high temperatures regarding oxidation?
Almost all metals (except Ag, Au, and Pt) are oxidized.
p.62
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
How can pitting corrosion be detected?
It can be detected through visual inspection or non-destructive testing methods.
p.19
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
Can you name a common alloy and its components?
Steel, which is primarily made of iron and carbon.
p.53
Theories of Corrosion
Why do pure metals not suffer corrosion?
Because they do not set up a galvanic cell.
p.33
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are the main components of chrome-vanadium steel?
0.8 to 1.1% chromium, 0.25% vanadium, and 0.35 to 0.9% carbon.
p.7
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What types of metals are most electropositive metals found in?
In combination with most electronegative anions like Cl- and NO2-.
p.42
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is the composition of Type Metal?
Pb = 75%, Sb = 20%, Sn = 5%.
p.53
Theories of Corrosion
What does the rate of electrochemical corrosion depend on?
The nature of the corrosion product.
p.31
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is the effect of adding 1.0 to 1.5% manganese to alloy steels?
It increases strength and toughness but also brittleness.
p.28
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What is the significance of limestone in steel making?
It acts as a flux to remove impurities.
p.16
Physical Properties of Metals
What causes fatigue failure in materials?
Repeated loading and unloading.
How do medium-carbon steels compare to mild steels in terms of toughness and hardness?
They are tougher and harder than mild steels.
What is notable about Gallium's melting point?
Gallium has a very low melting point.
p.28
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What are the main raw materials used in steel production?
Iron ore, coke, and limestone.
p.4
Classification of Alloys
What is the significance of the composition in alloys?
The specific proportions of elements determine the alloy's properties.
p.2
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
In what types of projects are metals commonly employed?
Engineering projects and products such as agriculture implements, aircraft, automobiles, buildings, bridges, railways, and machinery.
p.48
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What are the two main types of corrosion?
Chemical (or Dry) Corrosion and Electrochemical (or Wet) Corrosion.
p.34
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
How does chromium protect stainless steel from corrosion?
By forming a dense, tough film of chromium oxide at the surface.
p.31
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
How does chromium affect alloy steels at different percentages?
Below 1.5%, it enhances tensile strength; at 12%, it imparts high corrosion resistance; generally, it improves hardness and toughness.
p.62
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What are the consequences of pitting corrosion?
It can lead to structural failure and reduced lifespan of materials.
p.5
Classification of Alloys
What are the seven main crystal structures?
Cubic, hexagonal, tetragonal, orthorhombic, trigonal, monoclinic, and triclinic.
p.56
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What is a corrosion cell?
A schematic representation of corrosion processes, often illustrated on iron.
p.62
Preventive Measures Against Corrosion
What preventive measures can be taken against pitting corrosion?
Using protective coatings, selecting resistant materials, and controlling environmental factors.
p.53
Theories of Corrosion
What occurs at the anodic area during corrosion?
Oxidation reaction takes place, liberating free electrons.
p.31
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What happens when manganese is added in higher proportions (11 to 14%)?
It provides a high degree of hardness.
p.60
Theories of Corrosion
What is an example of galvanic corrosion involving lead?
Lead-antimony solder around copper wire.
p.20
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
How do alloys differ from pure metals?
Alloys have enhanced properties such as increased strength and resistance to corrosion.
p.30
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
How does alloying improve milling operations in steels?
It enhances the ability to undergo milling operations smoothly.
p.43
Preventive Measures Against Corrosion
What is the secret of effective engineering regarding corrosion?
Controlling rather than preventing corrosion, as it is impracticable to stop it.
p.25
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
Which tools are made from high-carbon steel?
Wood-working tools, cutters, saws, drills, files, and razors.
p.42
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is the composition of Rose Metal?
Bi = 50%, Pb = 28%, Sn = 22%.
p.48
Theories of Corrosion
What is corrosion?
The process of eating away of metal surface by the action of the surrounding environment.
In galvanic corrosion, which metal acts as the anode?
The metal higher in the electro-chemical series (e.g., zinc).
p.48
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What are common examples of corrosion?
Rusting of iron, tarnishing of silver jewelry, and formation of green film on copper.
What property makes medium-carbon steels shock-resistant?
Their composition and structure.
p.13
Physical Properties of Metals
How does low porosity affect a material?
It makes the material light in mass.
p.7
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
How many elements are known, and how many of those are confirmed?
109 elements known, with 106 confirmed.
p.22
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
What are some uses of mild steel in construction?
Manufacture of rail tracks, cranes, transmission towers, and industrial building structures.
Are medium-carbon steels easily weldable?
No, they are not easily weldable like mild steels.
p.6
Classification of Alloys
What is the common name for NaCl?
Common salt or Rock salt.
p.35
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What applications are heat-treatable stainless steels commonly used for?
Making surgical instruments, scissors, blades, cutlery, etc.
p.43
Theories of Corrosion
Why is corrosion an important factor in chemical process plants?
Because it can affect the integrity and safety of the plant.
p.47
Theories of Corrosion
How should the costs of corrosion be measured?
Not just in terms of the cost of metals, but also the high cost of fabrication into equipment, machine tools, and structures.
p.19
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What is the significance of alloying elements in metals?
They can improve mechanical properties and resistance to corrosion.
p.17
Physical Properties of Metals
What defines a 'good conductor' of electricity?
A material that allows electric current to pass through it with minimum loss.
Can high-carbon steels be magnetized?
Yes, they can be permanently magnetized.
p.39
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are non-ferrous alloys?
Alloys that do not contain iron as one of their main components.
p.22
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
What products are manufactured using mild steel?
Bolts, nuts, rivets, screws, and plates for boilers and ships.
p.23
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
What are some common uses of medium-carbon steels?
Manufacture of wheels, gears, wires, hammers, hydraulic fittings, rifle barrels, and more.
p.36
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is a key advantage of magnetic alloys over heat-treatable ones?
They resist corrosion better.
How does the carbon content affect the hardness and strength of high-carbon steels?
Hardness and strength increase with an increase in carbon content.
p.16
Physical Properties of Metals
What are insulating materials used for?
To prevent the loss of heat.
p.39
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What property of non-ferrous alloys contributes to their softness?
Their composition and structure.
p.39
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What characteristic of non-ferrous alloys allows for easy shaping?
Cold-working characteristics.
p.36
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is commonly referred to as '18/8 stainless steel'?
Stainless steel containing 18% chromium and 8% nickel.
p.8
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What influences the technology used for metal extraction?
The chemical reactivity of the metal.
p.14
Physical Properties of Metals
What is ductility?
The property of a material that allows it to be drawn into wires.
p.50
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
At what temperatures are metals generally slightly attacked by oxygen?
At ordinary temperatures.
p.59
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
How can copper tubing in plumbing lead to corrosion in steel piping?
Dissolved Cu2+ in water can plate out on steel, creating a corrosion cell.
What happens to the anode in galvanic corrosion?
It is attacked and gets dissolved.
p.47
Theories of Corrosion
What is the nature of the corrosion process?
Corrosion is slow and occurs only at the surfaces of metals.
p.59
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What happens when copper encounters chrome-plated fittings?
Copper can lead to the formation of Cr3+ salts, resulting in greenish stains.
p.40
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is the composition of Duralumin?
Al = 95%; Cu = 4%; Mn = 0.5%; Mg = 0.5%.
p.24
Classification of Alloys
What is high-carbon steel with over 1% carbon content also known as?
Cast-steel or carbon-tool steel.
p.28
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What is the role of coke in steel production?
To provide carbon and heat for the reduction of iron ore.
p.26
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What is heat treatment of steel?
The process of heating and cooling solid steel under controlled conditions to develop certain physical properties without altering its chemical composition.
p.13
Physical Properties of Metals
What is stiffness in materials?
The property that allows a material to resist deflection when an externally applied force is applied.
What is the strength of medium-carbon steels compared to mild steel?
They exhibit greater strength, about 50 kg/mm².
p.16
Physical Properties of Metals
What is resilience in materials?
The ability to return to the original form after bending, compressing, or stretching forces are removed.
p.20
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is an example of a common alloy?
Steel, which is primarily made of iron and carbon.
p.40
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
How does the strength of Duralumin compare to steel?
It approaches steel in strength but has one-third the density of steel.
p.47
Theories of Corrosion
What is the annual global cost of corrosion?
$2.5 trillion, equivalent to roughly 3.4% of the world's gross domestic product.
p.18
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What is the significance of alloying elements?
They modify the physical and chemical properties of the base metal.
p.12
Physical Properties of Metals
What is weldability?
The ability of a material to be welded together by the application of heat and/or pressure.
p.39
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
How do the melting points of non-ferrous alloys compare to ferrous alloys?
Non-ferrous alloys usually have lower melting points.
p.42
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
What are some applications of Wood's Metal?
Fire alarms, safety plugs, soft solder, dental casting, boiler and electric fuses.
What happens to ductility and workability as carbon content increases in high-carbon steels?
Ductility and workability decrease.
Why is mild steel difficult to harden and temper?
Due to its low carbon content.
p.41
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is the composition of Electron alloy?
Aluminium 9-11%, Zinc up to 3.5%, Manganese 0.5%, and Magnesium the rest.
p.42
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
What are some uses of Rose Metal?
Making fire alarms, fuse wires, dental casting, and in automatic sprinkler systems.
p.18
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are some common types of alloys?
Steel, bronze, and brass.
p.10
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What is Pyro Metallurgy?
A method of extracting metal through chemical reactions of metallic ores at high temperatures.
p.16
Physical Properties of Metals
What is creep in materials?
Continual deformation under load at high temperatures.
p.20
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What are alloys?
Mixtures of two or more elements, where at least one is a metal, designed to enhance properties.
p.2
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
How are metals typically found in the Earth's crust?
In a combined state with other elements or their compounds as impurities.
p.43
Theories of Corrosion
Are all metals and alloys susceptible to corrosion?
Yes, all metals and alloys are susceptible to corrosion.
p.56
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What is a common observation in corrosion patterns?
Irregular corrosion patterns.
p.34
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What happens if the chromium oxide film is broken?
It gets heated up automatically by oxygen or air.
p.20
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What is the purpose of creating alloys?
To improve strength, corrosion resistance, and other physical properties compared to pure metals.
p.30
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
How does alloying affect the ability of steel to retain shape in hot conditions?
It improves the ability to retain shape.
p.14
Physical Properties of Metals
What is hardness?
The property that enables a material to resist penetration, abrasion, or scratching by other materials.
p.52
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What is produced at the surface of the metal during Electrochemical Corrosion?
An equal number of electrons.
p.42
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
What is Type Metal primarily used for?
The production of printer's type.
p.40
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is the maximum tensile strength Duralumin can achieve through heat treatment?
Up to about 2,000 kg/cm² without affecting ductility.
p.25
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
What are some common uses of high-carbon steel?
Manufacture of springs, blades, chisels, hammers, dies, and various cutting tools.
p.37
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are common applications for magnetic alloys?
Used in making chemical equipment and automobile parts.
p.47
Preventive Measures Against Corrosion
What could implementing corrosion prevention best practices achieve?
Global savings of 15-35% of the corrosion cost, or $375-$875 billion.
p.36
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are common applications of magnetic alloys?
Used in making chemical equipment and automobile parts.
p.40
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are some applications of Duralumin due to its properties?
Making aircraft parts, automobile parts, surgical instruments, cables, and fluorescent tube caps.
Can high-carbon steels be easily hardened and tempered?
Yes, they can be hardened and tempered easily.
p.26
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What is case-hardening?
A heat treatment process that hardens the surface of steel while maintaining a softer core.
p.41
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
What are some uses of Electron alloy?
Crank-cases of engines, covers, brackets, pans, petrol and oil tanks, brake components, gear-boxes.
p.41
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is the composition of soft solders?
Lead 36.67%, Tin 31-60%, and Antimony 0.12-2%.
p.29
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
How does alloying steel affect its resistance to acids and chemicals?
It improves acid and chemical-resisting properties.
p.5
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are covalent crystals formed from?
Atoms that form strong covalent bonds.
p.28
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What process is commonly used in steel making?
The blast furnace process.
p.32
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
What are some applications of Nichrom alloy?
Used in making parts of boilers, steam lines, stills, gas turbines, aero-engine valves, retorts, and annealing boxes.
p.3
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
Which metals are present in a free native state?
Silver, Gold, Platinum, Mercury, etc.
p.13
Physical Properties of Metals
What is the relationship between porosity and thermal conductivity?
Increasing porosity generally decreases the thermal conductivity of a material.
p.10
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What are the steps involved in the Carbon-reduction process?
Conversion of ores into oxides and reduction of oxides.
p.17
Physical Properties of Metals
What is electrical conductivity?
The ability of a material to conduct electricity.
p.33
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is the impact resistance of chrome-vanadium steel used for?
Making laminated springs, leaf springs, coil springs, etc.
How do high-carbon steels perform under shocks and vibrations?
They can withstand shocks and vibrations better.
p.34
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are the two main types of stainless steels?
Heat-treatable and non-heat-treatable stainless steels.
p.48
Theories of Corrosion
What causes Chemical or Dry Corrosion?
Direct attack by atmospheric gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, chlorine, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide on the metal surface.
p.35
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is a key characteristic of non-heat-treatable stainless steels?
They are more resistant to corrosion but show less strength at high temperatures.
p.10
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What does Hydro Metallurgy involve?
Leaching and precipitation methods.
p.6
Classification of Alloys
What mineral is represented by the formula CaCO3?
Limestone/Marble/Calcite.
p.55
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What is the equation for the reduction of a metal ion in corrosion?
M²⁺ + 2e⁻ → M(s), where M is a metal.
p.16
Physical Properties of Metals
What is thermal conductivity?
The ability of a material to conduct heat from the hot end to the cold end.
p.17
Physical Properties of Metals
What is an electrical insulator?
A material that offers great resistance to the flow of electric current.
p.10
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What are the two types of precipitation in Hydro Metallurgy?
Chemical precipitation and electro deposition.
p.14
Physical Properties of Metals
What is machinability?
The property that allows a material to be easily cut by tools to produce a desired shape and surface finish.
p.41
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
What are some applications of Magnalumin?
Making cheap balances, airplane parts, and scientific instruments.
p.16
Physical Properties of Metals
What is foreability in materials?
The ability to be welded by hammering in a hot condition.
p.37
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is commonly referred to as '18/8 stainless steel'?
Stainless steel containing 18% chromium and 8% nickel.
p.15
Physical Properties of Metals
What does impact resistance refer to?
The property of a material that enables it to withstand heavy shocks.
p.36
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are some common uses of non-magnetic alloys?
Household utensils, decorative pieces, sinks, dental instruments, and surgical instruments.
p.14
Physical Properties of Metals
What is malleability?
The property of a material that allows it to be beaten into thin sheets.
What is a disadvantage of high-carbon steels in terms of forging?
They are difficult to forge.
p.16
Physical Properties of Metals
What does high creep resistance indicate about a material?
It possesses a low value of continual deformation under load at high temperatures.
p.15
Physical Properties of Metals
How does dropping a brittle material affect it?
It causes the material to break into pieces.
p.26
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What are the three main effects of heat treatment on steel?
Refinement of grain structure, removal of imprisoned gases, and removal of internal stresses.
p.33
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are the properties of magnetic steel?
Good ferromagnetic properties.
p.12
Physical Properties of Metals
Why is fluidity important in metallurgy?
It plays an important role in the production of castings.
p.26
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What is annealing in the context of heat treatment?
A heat treatment process used to soften steel and improve its ductility.
p.10
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What is leaching in Hydro Metallurgy?
Mixing metallic ore with a suitable solvent such as water, acid, alkali, or salt in water.
p.41
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is the composition of Magnalumin?
Aluminium 70-90% and Magnesium 30-10%.
p.26
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What is hardening in heat treatment?
A process that increases the hardness of steel by heating and then rapidly cooling it.
p.33
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is Alnico steel composed of?
12% aluminum, 20% nickel, and 6% cobalt.
p.30
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
How does alloying affect oxidation resistance in steels?
It improves oxidation resistance.
p.17
Physical Properties of Metals
What does 'diamagnetic' mean?
Materials that are repelled feebly by a magnet, such as copper, zinc, lead, antimony, and bismuth.
p.30
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What is the effect of alloying on shock resistance in steels?
It improves shock resistance.
p.30
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What does red-hardness refer to in the context of alloying?
Hardness in the outer surface layer only.
p.39
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
How do non-ferrous alloys resist atmospheric corrosion?
They have atmospheric corrosion-resistance properties.
p.55
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What may the cathodic steps in corrosion involve?
The reduction of oxygen gas, protons, or metal ions.
p.52
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What are tiny voltaic cells set up between in Electrochemical Corrosion?
Two dissimilar metals or dissimilar parts of the same metal.
p.15
Physical Properties of Metals
What is brittleness in materials?
It is the property that does not permit permanent deformation without breakage.
p.44
Consequences of Corrosion
What can result from a corroded container?
Contamination or loss of the product.
p.22
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
How are mild steel round bars used in construction?
Extensively used for reinforcement in reinforced cement concrete (RCC).
p.10
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What is Electro Metallurgy?
The use of electric current to reduce ore to its metal.
p.7
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
Which weaker metals are mentioned and with what type of anions do they combine?
Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), and Mercury (Hg) combine with weaker anions such as sulfides.
p.12
Physical Properties of Metals
What do fusibility and fluidity signify?
Fusibility signifies the ease of melting a material, while fluidity signifies the ease with which it flows in a mold.
p.13
Physical Properties of Metals
Why is stiffness important in engineering design?
It is crucial for the design of structures like girders and bridges.
Can medium-carbon steels be hardened?
Yes, they can be hardened to some extent.
p.30
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What effect does alloying have on the coefficient of expansion in steels?
It minimizes the coefficient of expansion.
p.35
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
Can non-heat-treatable stainless steels be magnetic?
Yes, they may be magnetic or non-magnetic depending on their composition.
p.3
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
Why are most metals found in a combined state?
Due to their high chemical reactivity.
p.39
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are some common main components of non-ferrous alloys?
Aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel.
p.20
Classification of Alloys
What is the significance of the composition in alloys?
The specific proportions of elements determine the alloy's properties and applications.
p.60
Theories of Corrosion
What is an example of galvanic corrosion involving steel pipes?
A steel pipe connected to copper plumbing.
p.17
Physical Properties of Metals
What materials are considered magnetic?
Materials like iron, nickel, steel, cobalt, chromium, and manganese.
p.17
Physical Properties of Metals
What are non-magnetic materials?
Materials that are not attracted by a magnet.
p.17
Physical Properties of Metals
What is stress in the context of materials?
The restoring force per unit area acting within a body when displaced particles tend to return to their original positions.
p.29
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What is the effect of alloying on the hardenability of steel?
It improves hardenability.
p.39
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is a notable magnetic property of non-ferrous alloys?
Some non-ferrous alloys exhibit magnetic properties.
In the example of zinc and copper, which metal acts as the cathode?
Copper (the metal lower in the electro-chemical series).
p.19
Physical Properties of Metals
What property of metals allows them to conduct electricity?
The presence of free-moving electrons.
p.40
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are some properties of Duralumin?
Light, tough, highly ductile, easily castable, good conductor of heat and electricity, corrosion-resistant.
p.18
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is the primary component of bronze?
Copper, usually mixed with tin.
p.9
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
How does the Electro Magnetic separation method work?
Ore along with gangue is passed through electromagnetic rollers for separation.
p.3
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
Where can pure native metals be found?
As lumps in the earth's crust and as nodules on the sea bed.
p.36
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
How can magnetic alloys be processed?
They can be forged, rolled, cold drawn, and machined with specially designed tools.
p.21
Classification of Alloys
What is 'dead-mild' steel?
Steel with a carbon content of 0.15%.
p.29
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What is one main purpose of alloying steel?
To improve tensile strength.
p.15
Physical Properties of Metals
Why is brittleness considered undesirable in engineering materials?
Because it leads to breakage without permanent deformation.
p.14
Physical Properties of Metals
What is toughness?
The property that enables a material to withstand bending or torsion without fracture.
p.15
Physical Properties of Metals
What is refractoriness?
The property that allows a material to withstand high temperatures without fusing.
p.26
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What is normalizing in heat treatment?
A process that refines the grain structure and improves mechanical properties by heating and air cooling.
p.25
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
What household items can be made from high-carbon steel?
Knives, screwdrivers, and safes.
p.29
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What benefit does alloying provide in terms of temperature resistance?
It improves heat resistance.
p.26
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What is carburizing?
A heat treatment process that introduces carbon into the surface of steel to increase hardness.
p.17
Physical Properties of Metals
How is stress calculated?
Stress = F/A, where F is the deforming force and A is the surface area.
p.17
Physical Properties of Metals
What is the coefficient of elasticity?
The ratio of stress to strain in a material.
p.30
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What is one advantage of alloying in terms of cutting ability?
It improves cutting ability.
p.18
Classification of Alloys
How does the addition of carbon affect steel?
It increases strength and hardness.
p.47
Theories of Corrosion
What types of losses are incurred due to corrosion?
Waste/destruction of machines, equipment, and different types of metallic products.
p.21
Classification of Alloys
What is mild steel also known as?
Low-carbon steel or soft steel.
p.29
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What is an alloy?
A homogeneous solid solution of two or more different elements, one of which is at least a metal.
p.52
Corrosion Types and Mechanisms
What happens to the more active metal in an aqueous medium during Electrochemical Corrosion?
It tends to pass into solution as metal ions.
p.60
Theories of Corrosion
Give an example of galvanic corrosion involving steel screws.
Steel screws in brass marine hardware.
p.37
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
How can magnetic alloys be processed?
They can be forged, rolled, cold drawn, and machined with specially designed tools.
p.29
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is an amalgam?
An alloy containing mercury (Hg) as its constituent metal.
p.37
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is a key advantage of magnetic alloys over heat-treatable ones?
They resist corrosion better.
p.48
Theories of Corrosion
When does Chemical or Dry Corrosion occur?
When metal is kept exposed in the atmosphere for a long time.
p.33
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What applications use magnetic steel?
Making pole-pieces of electromagnets, transformer cores, dynamos, motors, loudspeakers, etc.
p.60
Theories of Corrosion
What is an example of galvanic corrosion involving a steel propeller?
A steel propeller shaft in a bronze bearing.
What are some properties of mild steel?
Tough, ductile, weldable by forging, and can withstand shock and impact.
p.43
Theories of Corrosion
Can several metals and alloys perform excellently in specific environments?
Yes, several metals and alloys can perform excellently in a given environment.
p.15
Physical Properties of Metals
Give examples of materials that exhibit refractoriness.
Silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), and fireclay (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O).
p.15
Physical Properties of Metals
How is tensile strength expressed?
In kg/cm² of cross-section or N/m².
p.39
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is a benefit of the low density of non-ferrous alloys?
It makes them lightweight and easier to handle.
p.44
Consequences of Corrosion
What health issue can arise from corrosion?
Pollution due to a corrosion product or escaping chemicals.
p.43
Theories of Corrosion
How does gold behave in terms of corrosion?
Gold has excellent resistance to corrosion under atmospheric conditions but can corrode when exposed to mercury.
What is a notable resistance property of high-carbon steels?
They are resistant to wear.
p.16
Physical Properties of Metals
Why is resilience a desirable property for springs?
Because it allows them to return to their original shape after deformation.
p.43
Theories of Corrosion
How does iron behave in terms of corrosion?
Iron readily rusts in the atmosphere but does not corrode in mercury.
p.3
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What elements are metals commonly combined with?
Moisture, air, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, carbon dioxide, sulphur, arsenic, halogens.
p.26
Metallurgy and Metal Extraction Processes
What does tempering do in the heat treatment process?
It reduces brittleness and increases toughness after hardening.
p.25
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
What types of tools are included in the high-carbon steel category?
Metal-cutting tools for lathes, planers, slotters, and engraving tools.
p.43
Preventive Measures Against Corrosion
Are there methods to control and minimize corrosion?
Yes, there are several methods to effectively control and minimize corrosion.
p.30
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
What benefit does alloying provide regarding magnetic permeability?
It improves magnetic permeability.
p.29
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
How does alloying steel affect its resistance to rust and decay?
It improves corrosion resistance.
p.39
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What special property do non-ferrous alloys have that is beneficial for electrical applications?
Special electrical properties.
p.30
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
How does alloying affect the retention of physical properties at high temperatures?
It improves the ability to retain physical properties at high temperatures.
p.15
Physical Properties of Metals
What is tensile strength?
The property that enables a material to withstand forces that tend to break it by tearing.
p.30
Definition and Purpose of Alloys
How does alloying enhance forgeability in steels?
It improves forgeability.
p.41
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are solders?
Low-melting alloys of tin and lead.
p.37
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What are some common uses for non-magnetic alloys?
Household utensils, decorative pieces, sinks, dental instruments, and surgical instruments.
p.41
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
What is the purpose of brazing alloys?
Used for soldering steel joints by the process of fusing.
p.15
Physical Properties of Metals
What is shear strength?
The property that enables a material to withstand forces that tend to distort its shape.
p.41
Industrial Applications of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum Alloys
What are soft solders used for?
Soldering electrical connections, sealing tin cans, and joining lead pipes.
p.39
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is the significance of a low coefficient of friction in non-ferrous alloys?
It reduces wear and improves performance in moving parts.
p.41
Types of Alloys and Their Characteristics
What is the composition of brazing alloys?
Tin 92%, Antimony 5.5%, and Copper 2.5%.
