Logo
memo(formerly PDF2Anki)
What is the defining physical property of lipids?
They do not dissolve in water.
What is the structure of a triacylglycerol?
Three fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule.
1/74
p.2
Structure and Function of Lipids

What is the defining physical property of lipids?

They do not dissolve in water.

p.2
Structure and Function of Lipids

What is the structure of a triacylglycerol?

Three fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule.

p.2
Structure and Function of Lipids

What is the function of free fatty acids released from the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol?

They circulate in the blood and are taken up by cells to be metabolized to release energy to form ATP.

p.1
Monomers and Polymers

What is a polymer?

A large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of many monomers.

p.4
Protein Structure: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

What is the role of hydrogen bonds in protein structure?

They help form the secondary structure, including α-helix and β-pleated sheet.

p.1
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

What is the monomer for all polysaccharides like cellulose, starch, and glycogen?

Glucose.

p.6
Protein Structure: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

What determines a protein's function?

Its 3D confirmation, which is determined by its primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.

p.6
Monomers and Polymers

What type of bond links nucleotides in nucleic acids?

Phosphodiester bond

p.3
Enzymes and Digestion of Carbohydrates

What enzymes are involved in the digestion of starch?

Salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase

p.4
Protein Structure: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

What forms the secondary structure of a protein?

The formation of α-helix and β-pleated sheet due to hydrogen bonds between atoms in the polypeptide.

p.4
Role of Macromolecules in Biological Functions

How is the function of a protein determined?

By its 3D structure, which is determined by the arrangement of amino acid sequences.

p.1
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides.

p.6
Amino Acids and Peptide Bonds

What type of bond links amino acids in proteins?

Peptide bond

p.3
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

What are disaccharides?

Two monosaccharides joined together through a glycosidic bond

p.3
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

What are the two components of starch?

Amylose and amylopectin

p.5
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Structure and Function

Which bases are found in RNA?

Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C).

p.5
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Structure and Function

What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis?

RNA plays a role in translation. rRNA is a structural component of ribosomes, mRNA carries the codes for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the ribosome, and tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome.

p.1
Definition and Structure of Macromolecules

What are macromolecules?

Large molecules formed by joining many units of small molecules, known as monomers, together by covalent bonds to form a polymer.

p.1
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Structure and Function

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides.

p.2
Structure and Function of Lipids

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

Two fatty acids, a glycerol molecule, a phosphate group, and an alcohol.

p.1
Structure and Function of Lipids

What are the components of phospholipids?

Fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate, and an alcohol.

p.6
Structure and Function of Lipids

What is the function of phospholipids?

They form cell membranes.

p.3
Enzymes and Digestion of Carbohydrates

What enzyme is lacking in people with lactose intolerance?

Lactase

p.5
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Structure and Function

Where is RNA located?

In the cytoplasm associated with ribosomes.

p.4
Protein Structure: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

What is the primary structure of a protein?

The specific sequence of a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

p.2
Structure and Function of Lipids

What is the structure of a fatty acid?

A long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain with a hydrophilic carboxyl group (-COOH) at the end.

p.6
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

p.2
Structure and Function of Lipids

What is the primary function of triacylglycerol?

Storage form of energy in adipose tissue (fat cells).

p.3
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

What is the preferred energy source for most cells?

Glucose

p.5
Types of Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA).

p.1
Monomers and Polymers

What is a monomer?

A small molecule that can join with other similar molecules to form a polymer.

p.2
Structure and Function of Lipids

What distinguishes saturated fatty acids from non-saturated fatty acids?

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, while non-saturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

p.6
Monomers and Polymers

What type of bond links monomers in carbohydrates?

Glycosidic bond

p.2
Structure and Function of Lipids

What role do phospholipids play in biological membranes?

Two layers of phospholipids form biological membranes like the plasma membrane.

p.6
Types of Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids

What elements are found in nucleic acids?

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P)

p.5
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Structure and Function

What is the sugar component in DNA?

Deoxyribose.

p.3
Enzymes and Digestion of Carbohydrates

What enzymes are involved in the digestion of disaccharides?

Lactase, maltase, and sucrase

p.5
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Structure and Function

How is DNA synthesized?

Through replication before cell division.

p.4
Protein Structure: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

What interactions contribute to the tertiary structure of a protein?

Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions between α-helices and β-pleated sheets.

p.1
Amino Acids and Peptide Bonds

What is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acids.

p.2
Structure and Function of Lipids

What is the characteristic structure of steroids?

All steroids are derived from cholesterol and contain the characteristic cholesterol ring.

p.1
Structure and Function of Lipids

Are lipids considered polymers?

No, although lipids are not polymers, they are considered macromolecules.

p.3
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

What are the components of lactose?

Glucose and galactose

p.3
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

What is the primary component of plant cell walls?

Cellulose

p.3
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

Why can't humans digest cellulose?

Humans don't have the enzyme for digestion of cellulose

p.5
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Structure and Function

What is the structure of DNA?

Double helix with 2 strands joined by hydrogen bonds through complementary base pairing (A pairs with T, C pairs with G).

p.4
Amino Acids and Peptide Bonds

How many different amino acids are there and what makes them different?

There are 20 different amino acids, each with a unique side group (-R).

p.4
Amino Acids and Peptide Bonds

What is a polypeptide?

A long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

p.4
Protein Structure: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

What is a subunit in the context of quaternary protein structure?

Each polypeptide chain in a protein that contains two or more polypeptide chains.

p.6
Types of Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids

What elements are found in proteins?

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Sulphur (S)

p.6
Monomers and Polymers

What type of bond links fatty acids in triglycerides?

Ester bond

p.3
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

Where is glycogen made and stored?

In the liver and skeletal muscles

p.5
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Structure and Function

What is the sugar component in RNA?

Ribose.

p.5
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Structure and Function

Which bases are found in DNA?

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C).

p.3
Enzymes and Digestion of Carbohydrates

What suffix is used for naming enzymes?

The suffix '-ase'

p.5
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Structure and Function

What are nucleotides composed of?

Phosphate, nitrogenous base, and pentose.

p.4
Amino Acids and Peptide Bonds

What are the four components of an amino acid?

An amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom (-H), and a side group (-R) joined to a carbon atom.

p.1
Types of Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids

What are the four main types of macromolecules?

Nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.

p.1
Amino Acids and Peptide Bonds

How many different types of amino acids are there?

20 different types.

p.1
Structure and Function of Lipids

What are the components of triacylglycerol?

Fatty acids and glycerol.

p.3
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

What are the simplest carbohydrates that cannot be further hydrolyzed?

Monosaccharides

p.3
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

What are the components of sucrose?

Glucose and fructose

p.3
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

What suffix is used for naming sugars?

The suffix '-ose'

p.4
Protein Structure: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

When is quaternary protein structure found?

In proteins consisting of more than one polypeptide chain.

p.6
Types of Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids

What elements are found in carbohydrates?

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O)

p.6
Role of Macromolecules in Biological Functions

What is the primary energy source for the body?

Glucose

p.2
Structure and Function of Lipids

What are some functions of steroids?

Steroids have diverse functions, including acting as hormones (e.g., sex hormones, aldosterone, cortisol), vitamin D for intestinal absorption of Ca2+, and bile salts aiding digestion of lipids in the intestine.

p.3
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

What are the components of maltose?

Two glucose molecules

p.5
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Structure and Function

What is the structure of RNA?

Single stranded but bases within an RNA molecule can form hydrogen bonds to give secondary structure (e.g., hairpin loops).

p.5
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Structure and Function

How is RNA synthesized?

Made from DNA through transcription.

p.6
Types of Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids

What elements are found in lipids?

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Phosphorus (P) in phospholipids

p.6
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Structure and Function

What is the role of DNA?

DNA is the genetic material that is inherited by offspring and contains codes for RNA and protein synthesis.

p.5
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Structure and Function

Where is DNA located?

In the nucleus.

p.5
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Structure and Function

What are the functions of DNA?

Hereditary material, contains the genetic codes for production of proteins, and instructions for forming an organism.

Study Smarter, Not Harder
Study Smarter, Not Harder