p.9
Promotion of Workers into Administrative Roles
How many workers and Communists entered higher education during the First Five-Year Plan?
About 150,000 workers and Communists entered higher education, primarily studying engineering.
p.8
Cultural Revolution and the Struggle Against Bourgeois Values
What was the policy of proletarian 'promotion' during the Cultural Revolution?
It was a Soviet affirmative action program aimed at training proletarian replacements for the bourgeois intelligentsia, focusing on recruiting from the lower classes.
p.9
Promotion of Workers into Administrative Roles
Who were some notable figures that emerged from the group of workers promoted during the First Five-Year Plan?
Notable figures included Nikita Khrushchev, Leonid Brezhnev, and Aleksei Kosygin.
p.2
Resistance and Reactions of Peasants to Collectivization
How did the proportion of collectivized peasant households change between March and June 1930?
The proportion of officially collectivized peasant households dropped from over half to under a quarter.
p.7
Cultural Revolution and the Struggle Against Bourgeois Values
How did the Civil War influence the rhetoric of the activists during Stalin's Revolution?
The Civil War was their revolutionary touchstone and the source of much of their rhetorical imagery.
p.10
Demographic Changes during the First Five-Year Plan
What were some reasons for the demographic upheaval during the First Five-Year Plan?
Millions of peasants left villages due to collectivization, dekulakization, famine, or were drawn to towns by new job opportunities.
p.5
Cultural Revolution and the Struggle Against Bourgeois Values
What did the struggle against the bourgeois intelligentsia signify?
It was part of the Cultural Revolution aimed at eliminating elitism and privilege.
p.10
Famine of 1932-33 and its Socio-Political Implications
What were some of the hardships faced by the urban population?
Food rationing, queues, shortages of consumer goods, overcrowding, and deterioration of urban services.
p.6
Cultural Revolution and the Struggle Against Bourgeois Values
How did young radicals view the Cultural Revolution?
Young radicals saw the Cultural Revolution as a vindication and an unleashing, viewing it as an iconoclastic and belligerent youth movement.
p.9
Resistance and Reactions of Peasants to Collectivization
What happened to trade unions after Tomsky's removal?
Trade unions lost their ability to advocate for workers' interests in negotiations with management.
p.5
Demographic Changes during the First Five-Year Plan
How much did the urban population in the Soviet Union increase between 1928 and 1932?
The urban population increased by almost twelve million.
p.5
Role of Kulaks in the Collectivization Process
What was a significant focus of the Communist Party during the First Five-Year Plan?
The liquidation of the kulaks as a class.
p.10
Demographic Changes during the First Five-Year Plan
How did the urban population change from 1929 to 1933?
The urban population rose from 29 million in 1929 to almost 40 million in 1933, a 38% increase.
p.7
Cultural Revolution and the Struggle Against Bourgeois Values
What was the attitude of party-minded activists towards existing authorities during Stalin's Revolution?
They were instinctively hostile to most existing authorities and institutions, suspecting them of bureaucratic and counter-revolutionary tendencies.
p.6
Cultural Revolution and the Struggle Against Bourgeois Values
What initiated the Cultural Revolution in the Soviet Union?
The Cultural Revolution was initiated by Stalin's faction of the party leadership in the spring of 1928, coupled with the announcement of the Shakhty trial and a call for Communist vigilance in the cultural sphere.
p.12
State Control and Economic Autarchy in the Soviet Union
What was a significant characteristic of Stalin's Revolution in the Soviet Union?
Stalin's Revolution extended direct state control over the urban economy and increased the state's ability to exploit peasant agriculture.
p.2
Collectivization and its Impact on Peasants
What was the outcome of the mobilization of urban workers and Communists in the countryside?
By 1932, 62 percent of peasant households had been collectivized, and by 1937, this figure rose to 93 percent.
p.11
State Control and Economic Autarchy in the Soviet Union
What changes occurred in the Soviet press during this period?
The press became less lively and informative, focusing on economic achievements while ignoring setbacks and the famine.
p.9
Promotion of Workers into Administrative Roles
What was the impact of promoting workers into administrative jobs during the Cultural Revolution?
It led to a significant number of workers being promoted into industrial management and government positions, with over 140,000 blue-collar workers becoming leading cadres by the end of 1933.
p.8
Cultural Revolution and the Struggle Against Bourgeois Values
What did Stalin believe was necessary regarding the intelligentsia during the Cultural Revolution?
Stalin believed it was imperative to train proletarian replacements quickly and to abolish the old dichotomy of Reds and experts, creating a new intelligentsia from the urban working class.
p.5
Demographic Changes during the First Five-Year Plan
What was the impact of migration on collectivized agriculture?
The migration contributed to the subsequent weakness of collectivized agriculture and demoralization of the peasantry.
p.1
Collectivization and its Impact on Peasants
What was the primary objective of collectivization in the countryside during Stalin's regime?
The primary objective was to reorganize peasant life and establish administrative controls that would reach down to village level.
p.10
Demographic Changes during the First Five-Year Plan
How did urban and rural family dynamics change during Stalin's Revolution?
Urban wives began working due to insufficient income, while rural wives were often deserted by husbands who moved to towns.
p.1
Resistance and Reactions of Peasants to Collectivization
What was the nature of the 'voluntary' movement encouraged by local officials during collectivization?
Local officials were supposed to encourage peasants to organize into collectives voluntarily, but this often involved coercion and pressure to produce quick results.
p.4
Resistance and Reactions of Peasants to Collectivization
What was one of the immediate consequences of the famine in 1933 regarding internal passports?
The regime reintroduced internal passports, issuing them automatically to the urban population but not to the rural one, to prevent starving peasants from leaving the countryside.
p.10
Demographic Changes during the First Five-Year Plan
What was the trend in the population of Moscow from 1926 to 1933?
The population of Moscow increased from just over 2 million in 1926 to 3.7 million in 1933.
p.2
Resistance and Reactions of Peasants to Collectivization
What actions did the regime take in response to the resistance from peasants during collectivization?
The regime arrested expropriated kulaks and organized mass deportations to Siberia, while also backing away from extreme confrontation as spring sowing approached.
p.7
Resistance and Reactions of Peasants to Collectivization
What was the perception of the kolkhoz among peasants during collectivization?
Peasants suspected that the kolkhoz was the work of Antichrist due to the anti-religious campaigns carried out by militants.
p.7
Cultural Revolution and the Struggle Against Bourgeois Values
What did Stalin state about the belief in imminent apocalyptic change?
Stalin stated that the belief in imminent apocalyptic change was mistaken, but this was largely ignored by the activists.
p.6
Cultural Revolution and the Struggle Against Bourgeois Values
How were the Rightists depicted during the Cultural Revolution?
The Rightists were depicted as protectors of the bourgeois intelligentsia, over-reliant on non-party experts, and prone to 'rotten liberalism' and bureaucratic methods.
p.4
Collectivization and its Impact on Peasants
What did Soviet leaders expect collectivization and mechanization to achieve in agriculture?
They expected it to rationalize agricultural production and reduce the number of working hands required.
p.9
Famine of 1932-33 and its Socio-Political Implications
What was the effect of Stalin's policies on living standards and real wages for most workers?
Living standards and real wages dropped sharply for most workers during the First Five-Year Plan.
p.12
Cult of Personality Surrounding Stalin
How did Stalin's Revolution affect the state’s police arm?
It greatly strengthened the state’s police arm.
p.11
Cult of Personality Surrounding Stalin
What significant event marked the beginning of Stalin's Revolution in earnest?
The celebration of Stalin's fiftieth birthday at the end of 1929.
p.3
Resistance and Reactions of Peasants to Collectivization
What was the peasants' response to the high delivery quotas and low prices for their produce?
The peasants used passive resistance and evasion to cope with the demands of the regime.
p.3
Role of Kulaks in the Collectivization Process
What was the fate of most deported kulaks after their removal from their villages?
More than half were put to work in industry and construction but were forbidden to move out of the region to which they had been deported.
p.1
Resistance and Reactions of Peasants to Collectivization
What was the reaction of many peasants to the confiscation of their animals during collectivization?
Many peasants slaughtered their animals on the spot or rushed to sell them in towns rather than hand them over to the collectivizers.
p.4
State Control and Economic Autarchy in the Soviet Union
What was the main objective of the Soviet regime during the 1930s?
The main objective was rapid industrialization, which required a rapidly expanding urban labor force.
p.8
Cultural Revolution and the Struggle Against Bourgeois Values
What was the vision of the activists during the Cultural Revolution in the Soviet Union?
The activists envisioned new 'socialist cities', communal living projects, and the transformation of nature, embodying the idea of the 'new Soviet man'.
p.12
State Control and Economic Autarchy in the Soviet Union
What role did the Gulag play during Stalin's industrialization drive?
The Gulag supplied convict labor in areas where free labor was in short supply.
p.12
Demographic Changes during the First Five-Year Plan
What was the ultimate aim of Stalin's Revolution?
The aim was to drag Russia out of backwardness.
p.7
Cultural Revolution and the Struggle Against Bourgeois Values
What actions did the Komsomol take during the Cultural Revolution?
The Komsomol disrupted work in government offices and attempted to abolish local education departments, claiming they were bureaucratic.
p.7
Cultural Revolution and the Struggle Against Bourgeois Values
What was the stance of young Cultural Revolutionaries towards established writers like Maxim Gorky?
They launched a campaign against Gorky at a time when party leaders were trying to persuade him to return from exile.
p.11
State Control and Economic Autarchy in the Soviet Union
How did the leadership's approach to party deliberations change?
The leadership became increasingly secretive, with minutes of Central Committee meetings no longer routinely circulated.
p.11
State Control and Economic Autarchy in the Soviet Union
What did the goal of 'economic autarchy' imply for Russia?
It implied a withdrawal from the outside world and contributed to cultural isolation.
p.5
Demographic Changes during the First Five-Year Plan
What was the main point of Stalin regarding labor recruitment from the kolkhoz?
Organized recruitment of labor should replace spontaneous and unpredictable peasant departures.
p.3
Role of Kulaks in the Collectivization Process
How many peasant households were dekulakized and deported in 1930-31 according to historian V. P. Danilov?
381,000 peasant households, which is at least 1.5 million people.
p.11
Cult of Personality Surrounding Stalin
How did Stalin respond to the enthusiasm shown by Communists during his entrance at gatherings?
He appeared to deprecate such enthusiasm, mindful of Lenin's example.
p.10
Famine of 1932-33 and its Socio-Political Implications
What impact did collectivization have on living standards?
Living standards declined for almost all classes, with peasants suffering the most due to collectivization.
p.6
Cultural Revolution and the Struggle Against Bourgeois Values
What groups supported the Cultural Revolution?
The Cultural Revolution appealed to Communist youth, militant Communist organizations, and even some non-Communist intellectuals who opposed the established leadership.
p.4
Resistance and Reactions of Peasants to Collectivization
What was Stalin's statement regarding the attractiveness of kolkhozes in 1931?
Stalin claimed that kolkhozes had become so attractive that peasants no longer felt the urge to flee rural life.
p.3
Collectivization and its Impact on Peasants
What was the main change in the management of villages after the abolition of the mir in 1930?
The management was taken over by an appointed chairman, usually a worker or Communist from the towns.
p.3
Famine of 1932-33 and its Socio-Political Implications
What were the consequences of the high delivery quotas imposed on collective farms?
The quotas were very high, leading to famine in major grain-producing areas like Ukraine and Central Volga in the winter of 1932-33.
p.1
Role of Kulaks in the Collectivization Process
How did local Communists confront kulaks during the collectivization process?
Local Communists intimidated kulak families, drove them from their homes, and confiscated their property, often with the support of poorer peasants.
p.10
Demographic Changes during the First Five-Year Plan
What challenges did children face during this period?
Many children were lost or abandoned, leading to the formation of gangs of homeless youth (besprizornye).
p.11
Cultural Revolution and the Struggle Against Bourgeois Values
What was the impact of the First Five-Year Plan on Russia's contact with the West?
Contact with the West became much more restricted and dangerous, reflecting a growing xenophobia.
p.6
Cultural Revolution and the Struggle Against Bourgeois Values
What was the role of the Komsomol in the Cultural Revolution?
The Komsomol Central Committee and its secretariat sought a larger policy-making role and suspected that many institutions had succumbed to bureaucratic degeneration.
p.8
Cultural Revolution and the Struggle Against Bourgeois Values
How did the RAPP define 'proletarian' in the context of literature?
RAPP used 'proletarian' as a synonym for 'Communist', aiming to establish their dominance in the literary field as the Communist Party's sole representatives.
p.2
Stalin's Article 'Dizzy with Success' and its Consequences
What was the significance of Stalin's article 'Dizzy with Success'?
In 'Dizzy with Success', Stalin blamed local authorities for exceeding their instructions and ordered the return of most collectivized animals to their original owners.
p.12
Resistance and Reactions of Peasants to Collectivization
What legacy did the persecution of 'class enemies' during collectivization and the Cultural Revolution leave?
It left a complex legacy of bitterness, fear, and suspicion, encouraging practices such as denunciation, purging, and 'self-criticism'.
p.11
Resistance and Reactions of Peasants to Collectivization
What was the status of party factions after the last open opposition?
The ban on factions became a practical reality, with potential factions turning into conspiracies.
p.1
State Control and Economic Autarchy in the Soviet Union
What actions did collectivizers take to assert control over peasant property?
Collectivizers attempted to take possession of villagers' animals, declaring them the property of the collective, often leading to outrage among the peasants.
p.10
Promotion of Workers into Administrative Roles
What was the effect of Stalin's policies on skilled workers?
Skilled workers were often promoted into management or mobilized to distant construction sites.
p.2
Cultural Revolution and the Struggle Against Bourgeois Values
How did the Soviet press portray the kolkhoz compared to the old village?
The Soviet press portrayed the kolkhoz as a much larger unit with transformed agricultural methods due to mechanization and the introduction of tractors.
p.5
Cultural Revolution and the Struggle Against Bourgeois Values
What was the purpose of the Cultural Revolution?
To establish Communist and proletarian hegemony and assert party control over cultural life.
p.5
Role of Kulaks in the Collectivization Process
Who were considered class enemies during the collectivization campaign?
The kulaks and private entrepreneurs (Nepmen).
p.4
Resistance and Reactions of Peasants to Collectivization
How did the famine influence peasants' perception of collectivization?
It reinforced their belief that collectivization was a second serfdom.
p.4
State Control and Economic Autarchy in the Soviet Union
What analogy is drawn between collectivization in the Soviet Union and historical events in Britain?
The relationship between collectivization and the Soviet industrialization drive is compared to the enclosure movement and Britain's industrial revolution.
