p.21
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
How does Beri Beri contribute to high output heart failure?
It causes peripheral vasodilation.
p.9
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
How does the sympathetic nervous system respond in heart failure?
It increases heart rate and contractility to improve cardiac output.
p.26
Pathological Changes in Heart Failure
What are heart failure cells?
Cells containing hemosiderin found in sputum analysis.
p.27
Pathological Changes in Heart Failure
What do the presence of siderophages in pulmonary alveoli suggest?
Decompensated heart failure.
p.18
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
What is the most common cause of right-sided heart failure?
Left-sided heart failure.
p.5
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What is the effect of decreased contractility on stroke volume?
It decreases stroke volume.
p.15
Right-Sided Heart Failure Mechanisms
What does CHF stand for?
Congestive Heart Failure.
p.12
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
How does atrial natriuretic peptide counterbalance the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?
By promoting diuresis and relaxing vascular smooth muscle.
p.20
High Output Heart Failure
What happens to heart rate and stroke volume in high output heart failure?
Both heart rate and stroke volume increase.
p.29
Clinical Features of Heart Failure
What is a common clinical feature of right-sided congestive heart failure (CHF) related to the neck?
Jugular venous distension.
p.18
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
What are the three major causes of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), hypertension, and diabetes mellitus.
p.12
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What is the role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in heart failure?
It promotes diuresis and vascular smooth muscle relaxation.
p.8
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What is the role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system in heart failure?
It activates compensatory mechanisms in response to renal hypoperfusion.
p.21
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
What effect does thyrotoxicosis have that can lead to high output heart failure?
Increased body metabolic rate.
p.22
Acute vs Chronic Heart Failure
What is Acute CHF?
A condition that can occur within minutes of a myocardial infarction, marked by a significant fall in cardiac output and severe peripheral vasoconstriction.
p.16
Pathological Changes in Heart Failure
How does right-sided heart failure affect the body?
It leads to fluid buildup in the body.
p.8
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What effect does Angiotensin II have on blood vessels?
It causes vasoconstriction.
p.10
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
How does vasoconstriction affect preload and afterload?
It increases both preload and afterload.
p.28
Pathological Changes in Heart Failure
What is seen on the left side of the pathology description?
Normal alveoli filled with air.
p.23
Clinical Features of Heart Failure
What are common symptoms associated with heart failure?
Tachycardia and palpitations.
p.15
Right-Sided Heart Failure Mechanisms
What is a primary cause of right-sided heart failure?
Left-sided heart failure.
p.3
Left-Sided Heart Failure Mechanisms
What does CHF stand for?
Congestive Heart Failure.
p.10
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What does Angiotensin II (AT-II) cause in the body?
Vasoconstriction, which increases systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
p.20
High Output Heart Failure
How does high output heart failure affect cardiac output?
It increases cardiac output.
p.24
Clinical Features of Heart Failure
What type of cough is associated with left-sided CHF?
Productive (frothy) cough.
p.15
Right-Sided Heart Failure Mechanisms
How does right-sided heart failure affect the liver?
It can cause congestion and liver enlargement.
p.17
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
What role does hypertension play in heart failure?
It is a significant cause of congestive heart failure.
p.1
Right-Sided Heart Failure Mechanisms
What is right-sided heart failure?
A condition where the right ventricle fails to pump blood to the lungs.
p.1
Pathological Changes in Heart Failure
What pathological changes occur in heart failure?
Changes include ventricular dilation, hypertrophy, and fibrosis.
p.4
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
What can cause Left-Sided Heart Failure?
Coronary artery disease, hypertension, and heart valve disorders.
p.11
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What is the role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system in heart failure?
It activates neurohumoral systems to compensate for renal hypoperfusion.
p.9
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What role do neurohumoral systems play in heart failure?
They are activated to compensate for decreased cardiac output and maintain blood pressure.
p.11
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What is the role of Aldosterone in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system?
It promotes retention of water (H2O) and sodium (Na), leading to edema.
p.1
Types of Heart Failure
What are the main types of heart failure?
Left-sided heart failure and right-sided heart failure.
p.4
Symptoms of Left and Right-Sided Heart Failure
What are common symptoms of Left-Sided Heart Failure?
Shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid accumulation in the lungs.
p.16
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
What is a primary cause of right-sided heart failure?
Left-sided heart failure or pulmonary hypertension.
p.10
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What is the effect of Renin in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system?
It converts angiotensinogen to Angiotensin II (AT-II).
p.6
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What hormones are released by the sympathetic nervous system?
Epinephrine (EPI) and Norepinephrine (NE).
p.2
Types of Heart Failure
What are the two main types of heart failure?
Left-sided heart failure and right-sided heart failure.
p.9
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What are compensatory mechanisms in heart failure?
They are physiological responses that help maintain cardiac output despite heart dysfunction.
p.14
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What are compensatory mechanisms in heart failure?
They are adaptations the heart makes to maintain adequate blood flow despite dysfunction.
p.22
Acute vs Chronic Heart Failure
What is Chronic CHF?
A long-term condition characterized by the heart's inability to pump blood effectively.
p.3
Clinical Features of Heart Failure
What is a common treatment for left-sided heart failure?
Diuretics to reduce fluid overload.
p.19
Acute vs Chronic Heart Failure
How does high output heart failure differ from low output heart failure?
In high output heart failure, the heart's output is increased, while in low output heart failure, the output is decreased.
p.17
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
What pulmonary conditions can lead to CHF?
COPD, pulmonary artery hypertension, and cor pulmonale.
p.5
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?
A compensatory mechanism that relates filling volume to heart function.
p.16
Right-Sided Heart Failure Mechanisms
What does CHF stand for?
Congestive Heart Failure.
p.2
Left-Sided Heart Failure Mechanisms
What is left-sided heart failure?
A condition where the left side of the heart cannot pump blood effectively to the body.
p.24
Clinical Features of Heart Failure
What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
A condition where the patient is woken from sleep gasping for breath.
p.14
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What is one type of myocardial adaptation in heart failure?
Hypertrophy, where the heart muscle thickens to pump more effectively.
p.11
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What is the effect of Angiotensin II (AT-II) in the body?
It causes vasoconstriction, increasing systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
p.20
High Output Heart Failure
What is the relationship between blood pressure, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance?
Blood pressure (Bp) equals cardiac output (CO) times systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
p.17
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
What are cardiomyopathies?
Diseases of the heart muscle that can cause heart failure.
p.1
Symptoms of Left and Right-Sided Heart Failure
What are the symptoms of left-sided heart failure?
Symptoms include pulmonary congestion, shortness of breath, and cough.
p.26
Pathological Changes in Heart Failure
What may sputum analysis in patients with pulmonary edema reveal?
Heart failure cells (hemosiderin-containing cells).
p.5
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
How does decreased filling volume affect contractility?
It decreases contractility.
p.16
Symptoms of Left and Right-Sided Heart Failure
What are common symptoms of right-sided heart failure?
Swelling in the legs, ankles, and abdomen.
p.6
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What effect do β1 receptors have on the heart?
They increase heart rate (HR).
p.3
Pathological Changes in Heart Failure
What happens to the lungs in left-sided heart failure?
Fluid accumulates, leading to pulmonary edema.
p.3
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
How does left-sided heart failure affect the body's organs?
It can lead to decreased perfusion and oxygenation.
p.7
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What effect do β1 receptors have on the heart?
They increase heart rate (HR).
p.1
Types of Heart Failure
What is heart failure?
A condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively.
p.4
Types of Heart Failure
What does CHF stand for?
Congestive Heart Failure.
p.28
Pathological Changes in Heart Failure
What is observed in the center of the pathology description?
Accumulation of fluid in the alveoli.
p.2
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
What is Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?
A condition where the heart is unable to pump effectively, leading to fluid buildup.
p.25
Clinical Features of Heart Failure
What is orthopnea in the context of left-sided CHF?
Breathlessness that occurs when a patient with CHF lies flat due to pulmonary edema.
p.20
High Output Heart Failure
What effect does peripheral vasodilation have on systemic vascular resistance?
It decreases systemic vascular resistance.
p.8
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
How does vasoconstriction affect systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?
It increases systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
p.6
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What is the result of vasoconstriction in terms of systemic vascular resistance?
It increases systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
p.6
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
How does increased SVR affect preload and afterload?
It increases both preload and afterload.
p.19
Symptoms of Left and Right-Sided Heart Failure
What symptoms might indicate high output heart failure?
Symptoms can include fatigue, palpitations, and shortness of breath despite normal or increased cardiac output.
p.1
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
What are common causes of heart failure?
Coronary artery disease, hypertension, and previous heart attacks.
p.4
Left-Sided Heart Failure Mechanisms
What is a primary characteristic of Left-Sided Heart Failure?
Inability of the left ventricle to pump blood effectively.
What is the purpose of expressing gratitude?
To acknowledge and appreciate someone's help or kindness.
p.20
High Output Heart Failure
What is a characteristic of high output heart failure?
Peripheral vasodilation or arteriovenous shunting.
p.15
Symptoms of Left and Right-Sided Heart Failure
What are common symptoms of right-sided heart failure?
Swelling in the legs, ankles, and abdomen.
p.9
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
Which neurohumoral systems are commonly activated in heart failure?
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympathetic nervous system.
p.10
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What role does Aldosterone play in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system?
It promotes sodium and water retention, leading to edema.
p.7
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
Which nervous system is involved in the compensatory mechanisms?
Sympathetic Nervous System.
p.19
High Output Heart Failure
What is high output heart failure?
A condition where the heart pumps an abnormally high volume of blood, but the body's tissues still do not receive enough oxygen.
p.7
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What is the effect of α1 receptors on blood vessels?
They cause vasoconstriction.
p.1
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What are compensatory mechanisms in heart failure?
Physiological responses that help maintain cardiac output despite heart failure.
p.1
Acute vs Chronic Heart Failure
What is the difference between acute and chronic heart failure?
Acute heart failure occurs suddenly, while chronic heart failure develops gradually.
p.4
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What compensatory mechanism occurs in Left-Sided Heart Failure?
Increased heart rate and myocardial hypertrophy.
p.6
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
Which nervous system is involved in the compensatory mechanisms?
Sympathetic Nervous System.
p.2
Right-Sided Heart Failure Mechanisms
What is right-sided heart failure?
A condition where the right side of the heart cannot pump blood effectively to the lungs.
p.22
Acute vs Chronic Heart Failure
What does 'Acute on chronic HF' refer to?
A situation where chronic CHF deteriorates and exhibits clinical features of acute heart failure.
p.9
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What is the effect of activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in heart failure?
It leads to increased blood volume and vasoconstriction, which can help maintain blood pressure.
p.7
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What hormones are released by the sympathetic nervous system?
Epinephrine (EPI) and Norepinephrine (NE).
p.7
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What does vasoconstriction lead to in terms of systemic vascular resistance?
It increases systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
p.17
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
What is constrictive pericarditis?
A condition that restricts the heart's ability to function, leading to CHF.
p.17
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
What toxic substances can contribute to CHF?
Chemotherapy, alcohol, cocaine, and methamphetamines.
p.25
Clinical Features of Heart Failure
What physical examination finding is associated with orthopnea in left-sided CHF?
Basal crepitations on auscultation.
p.21
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
What is the impact of arteriovenous fistulae on heart function?
They cause pumping of non-oxygenated blood.
p.16
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What is a compensatory mechanism in right-sided heart failure?
Increased heart rate to maintain cardiac output.
p.3
Symptoms of Left and Right-Sided Heart Failure
What are common symptoms of left-sided heart failure?
Shortness of breath and pulmonary congestion.
p.14
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What role does neurohormonal activation play in heart failure?
It helps to retain fluid and increase blood pressure to improve perfusion.
p.17
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
What are some arrhythmias that can contribute to CHF?
Various types of irregular heartbeats.
p.1
Symptoms of Left and Right-Sided Heart Failure
What are the symptoms of right-sided heart failure?
Symptoms include peripheral edema, ascites, and jugular venous distension.
p.15
Right-Sided Heart Failure Mechanisms
What happens to blood flow in right-sided heart failure?
Blood backs up into the body's veins.
p.8
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What are the consequences of increased preload and afterload in heart failure?
They can lead to increased workload on the heart.
p.17
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
What is the most common cause of HFrEF cases?
Ischemic heart disease, accounting for 50% of cases.
p.19
High Output Heart Failure
What is the role of cardiac output in high output heart failure?
Cardiac output is elevated, but the body's demand for oxygen exceeds the supply.
p.2
High Output Heart Failure
What is high output heart failure?
A type of heart failure where the heart pumps an abnormally high amount of blood, but still fails to meet the body's needs.
p.6
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What is the effect of α1 receptors on blood vessels?
They cause vasoconstriction.
p.10
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What is the overall effect of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system activation?
Increased blood volume and blood pressure, contributing to heart failure symptoms.
p.14
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
What is the consequence of prolonged compensatory mechanisms?
They can lead to further myocardial damage and worsening heart failure.
p.19
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
What are common causes of high output heart failure?
Conditions such as anemia, hyperthyroidism, and arteriovenous fistulas.
p.7
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
How does increased SVR affect preload and afterload?
It increases both preload and afterload.
p.1
Left-Sided Heart Failure Mechanisms
What is left-sided heart failure?
A condition where the left ventricle fails to pump blood to the body.
p.14
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
How does the heart compensate for decreased cardiac output?
By increasing heart rate and stroke volume.
p.11
Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
How does the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system affect preload and afterload?
It increases both preload and afterload due to vasoconstriction.
p.1
Clinical Features of Heart Failure
What are the clinical features of heart failure?
Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention.
p.17
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
What is myocarditis?
An inflammation of the heart muscle that can lead to CHF.
p.17
Causes of Congestive Heart Failure
How can endocrine/metabolic issues contribute to CHF?
Conditions like diabetes mellitus and kidney diseases can lead to heart failure.
