p.7
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the SNS?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Serotonin
D) Dopamine
E) GABA
B) Norepinephrine
Explanation: Norepinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter used by the SNS to transmit signals that prepare the body for 'fight or flight' responses, differentiating it from the PNS, which primarily uses acetylcholine.
p.13
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
What type of neurons primarily produce norepinephrine (NE)?
A) Cholinergic neurons
B) Adrenergic neurons
C) Sensory neurons
D) Motor neurons
E) Interneurons
B) Adrenergic neurons
Explanation: Norepinephrine is primarily produced by adrenergic neurons, which are responsible for the sympathetic nervous system's post-ganglionic transmission, except in sweat glands.
p.13
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
Where is norepinephrine also metabolized besides MAO?
A) In the lungs
B) In the kidneys
C) In the liver by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
D) In the heart
E) In the pancreas
C) In the liver by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
Explanation: Norepinephrine is also metabolized in the liver by the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), which further contributes to its degradation.
p.19
Physiological Effects of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
What is miosis in the context of the PNS?
A) Dilation of pupils
B) Constriction of pupils
C) Increased heart rate
D) Decreased saliva production
E) Increased blood flow to muscles
B) Constriction of pupils
Explanation: Miosis refers to the constriction of pupils, which is a response mediated by the PNS to protect the retina from excessive light.
p.6
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Overview
Which of the following best describes the relationship between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the ANS?
A) They are identical in function
B) They operate independently
C) They are connected at ganglia
D) They are both located in the brain
E) They only communicate through hormones
C) They are connected at ganglia
Explanation: Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons are connected at ganglia, where the preganglionic neuron synapses with the postganglionic neuron, allowing for the relay of signals to target organs.
p.4
Comparison of ANS and Somatic Nervous System
Which system is NOT part of the Autonomic Nervous System?
A) Sympathetic Nervous System
B) Parasympathetic Nervous System
C) Central Nervous System
D) Peripheral Nervous System
E) Somatic Nervous System
E) Somatic Nervous System
Explanation: The Somatic Nervous System is not part of the Autonomic Nervous System; it is responsible for voluntary control of body movements through skeletal muscles.
p.10
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Nervous System
What is the exception regarding neurotransmitter release in the sympathetic nervous system?
A) All postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine
B) Postganglionic fibers innervating sweat glands release acetylcholine
C) Preganglionic fibers release norepinephrine
D) All target organs have adrenergic receptors
E) Muscarinic receptors are not involved
B) Postganglionic fibers innervating sweat glands release acetylcholine
Explanation: An exception in the sympathetic nervous system is that postganglionic fibers innervating sweat glands release acetylcholine (ACh) instead of norepinephrine, which is atypical for SNS.
p.24
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
How can a muscarinic antagonist help prevent nausea?
A) By stimulating the vagus nerve
B) By blocking the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors
C) By increasing serotonin levels
D) By enhancing gastric motility
E) By promoting salivation
B) By blocking the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors
Explanation: A muscarinic antagonist can prevent nausea by blocking the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, which are involved in the vomiting reflex, thereby reducing the sensation of nausea.
p.11
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
What is the primary function of the adrenal medulla?
A) To produce digestive enzymes
B) To secrete hormones into the bloodstream
C) To generate electrical impulses
D) To regulate body temperature
E) To filter blood
B) To secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Explanation: The adrenal medulla's primary function is to secrete hormones, specifically epinephrine and norepinephrine, into the bloodstream upon stimulation.
p.19
Physiological Effects of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
How does the PNS affect the secretion of saliva?
A) Decreases secretion of watery saliva
B) Increases secretion of watery saliva
C) No effect on saliva secretion
D) Causes dry mouth
E) Stimulates mucus production instead
B) Increases secretion of watery saliva
Explanation: The PNS enhances the secretion of watery saliva, which aids in digestion and oral health during the 'rest and digest' phase.
p.2
Organization of the ANS
Which of the following best outlines the organization of the autonomic nervous system?
A) Central and peripheral nervous systems
B) Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
C) Somatic and autonomic divisions
D) Sensory and motor pathways
E) Brain and spinal cord
B) Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Explanation: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is organized into two main divisions: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), which have opposing functions.
p.5
Comparison of ANS and Somatic Nervous System
What is a key difference between the somatic division and the autonomic system?
A) Somatic division has unmyelinated axons
B) Autonomic system has myelinated axons
C) Somatic division has cell bodies in the CNS
D) Autonomic system has cell bodies only in the peripheral nervous system
E) Somatic division uses two motor neurons
C) Somatic division has cell bodies in the CNS
Explanation: The somatic division's motor neuron cell bodies reside in the central nervous system (CNS), while the autonomic system involves chains of two motor neurons, with the second neuron located in a ganglion outside the CNS.
p.18
Dual Innervation and Organ Function
How does the SNS alter blood flow to different organs?
A) By increasing blood flow to all organs equally
B) By changing the amount of vasoconstriction of blood vessels to each organ
C) By decreasing blood flow to the heart
D) By dilating all blood vessels
E) By increasing blood flow to the intestines
B) By changing the amount of vasoconstriction of blood vessels to each organ
Explanation: The SNS alters blood flow by adjusting the degree of vasoconstriction in blood vessels, directing more blood to essential organs like muscles and the heart during stress.
p.12
Receptor Types and Pharmacological Agents in ANS
What type of receptors does Acetylcholine act on in the ANS ganglia?
A) Alpha receptors
B) Beta receptors
C) Nicotinic (N2) receptors
D) Dopaminergic receptors
E) Serotonin receptors
C) Nicotinic (N2) receptors
Explanation: Acetylcholine acts on nicotinic (N2) receptors in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) ganglia, which is crucial for neurotransmission in this system.
p.19
Physiological Effects of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
What role does the PNS play in insulin release?
A) Inhibits insulin release
B) Stimulates release of insulin from the pancreas
C) Causes insulin resistance
D) Increases blood glucose levels
E) Decreases fat storage
B) Stimulates release of insulin from the pancreas
Explanation: The PNS stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas, promoting the storage of excess blood glucose as fat and glycogen, which is essential for energy balance.
p.2
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Nervous System
What is a key function of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?
A) Promotes rest and digestion
B) Increases heart rate and blood flow
C) Stimulates salivation
D) Decreases respiratory rate
E) Promotes energy storage
B) Increases heart rate and blood flow
Explanation: The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response, which includes increasing heart rate and blood flow to prepare the body for action.
p.3
Clinical Implications of ANS Dysfunction
What is a common use of the Sacred datura plant at low doses?
A) To increase appetite
B) To relieve bronchial spasms
C) To promote sleep
D) To enhance memory
E) To reduce fever
B) To relieve bronchial spasms
Explanation: The Sacred datura plant has been traditionally used at low doses to relieve bronchial spasms associated with asthma, highlighting its medicinal properties despite the risks involved.
p.21
Dual Innervation and Organ Function
What occurs to the internal sphincter during bladder filling?
A) It relaxes
B) It contracts
C) It remains unchanged
D) It spasms
E) It becomes paralyzed
B) It contracts
Explanation: During bladder filling, the internal sphincter contracts due to the predominance of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which helps to prevent the release of urine.
p.17
Dual Innervation and Organ Function
Which of the following best describes fine control of organ function?
A) Involves only the sympathetic nervous system
B) Achieved through reciprocal effects
C) Achieved through cooperative effects
D) Limited to the digestive system
E) Not applicable to heart rate
B) Achieved through reciprocal effects
Explanation: Fine control of organ function, such as heart rate and intestinal motility, is often achieved through reciprocal effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, allowing for precise regulation.
p.3
Clinical Implications of ANS Dysfunction
What is a serious neurological side effect of Sacred datura?
A) Nausea
B) Hallucinations
C) Coughing
D) Fatigue
E) Dizziness
B) Hallucinations
Explanation: Hallucinations are a serious neurological side effect associated with Sacred datura poisoning, emphasizing the dangers of its use, especially in uncontrolled doses.
p.16
Dual Innervation and Organ Function
Why are most organs innervated by both branches of the ANS?
A) To allow for random control over organ activity
B) To allow precise control over organ’s activity
C) To reduce the number of nerve fibers needed
D) To ensure only one branch is active at a time
E) To increase the size of the organs
B) To allow precise control over organ’s activity
Explanation: Most organs receive innervation from both branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to enable precise regulation of their functions, allowing for a balanced response to various physiological demands.
p.8
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Nervous System
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)?
A) Increases heart rate
B) Promotes digestion
C) Dilates bronchi
D) Inhibits salivation
E) Increases blood pressure
B) Promotes digestion
Explanation: The PNS is known for promoting 'rest and digest' functions, which include stimulating digestion, slowing the heart rate, and enhancing glandular activity.
p.14
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Overview
What is the primary focus of the course regarding receptor subtypes in the ANS?
A) Memorizing all receptor subtypes
B) Understanding the effects of ANS on organ system function
C) Learning about the history of the ANS
D) Studying the anatomy of the ANS
E) Exploring the evolution of receptor subtypes
B) Understanding the effects of ANS on organ system function
Explanation: The course emphasizes understanding the effects of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) on organ system function rather than memorizing all receptor subtypes, which simplifies the learning process.
p.22
Central Control of the ANS
Which area of the brain is influenced by emotional expression?
A) Cerebellum
B) Medulla
C) Prefrontal association cortex
D) Brainstem
E) Occipital lobe
C) Prefrontal association cortex
Explanation: The prefrontal association cortex is influenced by individuals' emotional expressions, affecting their autonomic responses.
p.17
Dual Innervation and Organ Function
What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in male sexual response?
A) Causes ejaculation
B) Causes erection
C) Inhibits sexual arousal
D) Increases heart rate
E) Decreases blood flow
B) Causes erection
Explanation: The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for causing erection in males, while the sympathetic nervous system is involved in ejaculation, illustrating the cooperative effects in sexual response.
p.15
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Overview
Which of the following is NOT emphasized for this portion of the ANS course?
A) Location of ANS components
B) Mechanism of action of ANS
C) Memorizing all receptor mechanisms
D) Understanding the role of the ANS
E) Clinical implications of ANS dysfunction
C) Memorizing all receptor mechanisms
Explanation: The course specifies that there is no need to memorize all receptor mechanisms of action, indicating a focus on broader concepts rather than detailed memorization.
p.22
Central Control of the ANS
Which brain structure is associated with emotions and alters ANS output?
A) Cerebral cortex
B) Medulla
C) Amygdala
D) Thalamus
E) Hippocampus
C) Amygdala
Explanation: The amygdala is involved in processing emotions such as mood, anxiety, and fear, which can significantly alter autonomic nervous system output.
p.17
Dual Innervation and Organ Function
In the context of salivary gland secretion, what is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?
A) Produces watery secretion
B) Produces viscous secretion
C) Inhibits secretion
D) Stimulates muscle contraction
E) Regulates blood flow
B) Produces viscous secretion
Explanation: The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the salivary glands to produce a viscous secretion, while the parasympathetic nervous system promotes a watery secretion, demonstrating cooperative effects.
p.9
Reflex Activity in the ANS
What is reflex activity in the context of the ANS?
A) A conscious decision to move
B) A response to environmental changes
C) A learned behavior
D) A voluntary muscle contraction
E) A sensory perception
B) A response to environmental changes
Explanation: Reflex activity refers to the automatic responses of the ANS to changes in the environment, which may occur without cortical processing, allowing for quick adjustments.
p.15
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Overview
What should students prioritize in their study of the ANS according to the provided content?
A) Detailed receptor mechanisms
B) The overall function and location of the ANS
C) Historical development of the ANS
D) Comparison with the somatic nervous system
E) Advanced pharmacology of ANS drugs
B) The overall function and location of the ANS
Explanation: Students are encouraged to prioritize understanding the overall function and location of the ANS rather than focusing on memorizing intricate details of receptor mechanisms.
p.22
Central Control of the ANS
What autonomic response might occur due to embarrassment?
A) Increased heart rate
B) Blushing
C) Sweating
D) Shivering
E) Nausea
B) Blushing
Explanation: Blushing is a common autonomic response influenced by emotional expression, such as feeling embarrassed, demonstrating the connection between emotions and autonomic activity.
p.16
Dual Innervation and Organ Function
Which of the following structures is NOT innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
A) Arteries
B) Veins
C) Capillaries
D) The penis
E) The heart
C) Capillaries
Explanation: Capillaries are not innervated by the autonomic nervous system, which is significant as they function primarily in the exchange of substances between blood and tissues without direct neural control.
p.8
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the SNS?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Serotonin
D) Dopamine
E) GABA
B) Norepinephrine
Explanation: Norepinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter associated with the SNS, playing a crucial role in the body's response to stress and emergency situations.
p.3
Clinical Implications of ANS Dysfunction
Which of the following symptoms indicates a potential overdose of Sacred datura?
A) Increased bowel sounds
B) Difficulty voiding urine
C) Enhanced sensory perception
D) Decreased heart rate
E) Excessive sweating
B) Difficulty voiding urine
Explanation: Difficulty voiding urine is a symptom that can occur with Sacred datura poisoning, indicating the potential for serious side effects when dosing is not controlled.
p.21
Dual Innervation and Organ Function
What is the role of the detrusor muscle during bladder filling?
A) It contracts to store urine
B) It relaxes to allow filling
C) It remains inactive
D) It spasms to prevent filling
E) It becomes paralyzed
B) It relaxes to allow filling
Explanation: During bladder filling, the detrusor muscle relaxes under the influence of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), allowing the bladder to expand and store urine.
p.8
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Nervous System
What is the primary function of the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)?
A) Rest and digest
B) Fight or flight response
C) Sleep regulation
D) Sensory processing
E) Hormonal balance
B) Fight or flight response
Explanation: The SNS is primarily responsible for the body's 'fight or flight' response, preparing the body for stressful or emergency situations by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and redirecting blood flow to essential organs.
p.7
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Nervous System
How do the SNS and PNS generally affect heart rate?
A) Both increase heart rate
B) SNS increases, PNS decreases
C) PNS increases, SNS decreases
D) Both decrease heart rate
E) Neither affects heart rate
B) SNS increases, PNS decreases
Explanation: The SNS increases heart rate to prepare the body for action, while the PNS decreases heart rate to promote relaxation and recovery, illustrating their opposing effects on cardiovascular function.
p.14
Physiological Effects of the Autonomic Nervous System
What should students focus on instead of memorizing receptor subtypes?
A) The structure of the ANS
B) The physiological effects of the ANS on organs
C) The historical development of the ANS
D) The types of neurotransmitters used in the ANS
E) The genetic basis of receptor subtypes
B) The physiological effects of the ANS on organs
Explanation: Students are encouraged to focus on the physiological effects of the ANS on organ systems rather than memorizing all receptor subtypes, which is more relevant for understanding organ function.
p.21
Dual Innervation and Organ Function
What predominates during bladder filling?
A) PNS predominates
B) SNS predominates
C) Both PNS and SNS equally
D) Somatic nervous system predominates
E) No nervous system is active
B) SNS predominates
Explanation: During bladder filling, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) predominates, leading to the relaxation of the detrusor muscle and contraction of the internal sphincter, which helps retain urine.
p.16
Dual Innervation and Organ Function
What is the primary function of dual innervation in organs?
A) To increase the size of the organs
B) To allow for precise control over organ activity
C) To reduce energy consumption
D) To eliminate the need for hormones
E) To simplify the nervous system
B) To allow for precise control over organ activity
Explanation: The primary function of dual innervation is to provide a mechanism for fine-tuning the activity of organs, allowing for coordinated responses to various physiological conditions.
p.8
Comparison of ANS and Somatic Nervous System
What is a key difference in the anatomical structure of the SNS compared to the PNS?
A) SNS has longer preganglionic fibers
B) PNS has shorter postganglionic fibers
C) SNS has ganglia located near the target organs
D) PNS has ganglia located near the spinal cord
E) SNS has no ganglia
D) PNS has ganglia located near the spinal cord
Explanation: The PNS has ganglia located near or within the target organs, while the SNS has ganglia located closer to the spinal cord, which is a significant anatomical difference between the two systems.
p.22
Central Control of the ANS
Where are some autonomic reflexes integrated?
A) Brainstem
B) Cerebellum
C) Spinal cord
D) Cerebral cortex
E) Hippocampus
C) Spinal cord
Explanation: Some autonomic reflexes, such as urination and defecation, are integrated at the spinal cord, highlighting its role in basic autonomic functions.
p.17
Dual Innervation and Organ Function
Which of the following is an example of reciprocal effects in organ function?
A) Control of salivary secretion
B) Control of heart rate
C) Control of sexual response
D) Control of intestinal motility
E) Control of respiratory rate
B) Control of heart rate
Explanation: The control of heart rate is an example of reciprocal effects, where the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate while the parasympathetic nervous system decreases it.
p.9
Dual Innervation and Organ Function
What determines the net effect on an organ innervated by the ANS?
A) The type of neurotransmitter released
B) The ratio of PNS to SNS activity
C) The size of the organ
D) The age of the individual
E) The presence of external stimuli
B) The ratio of PNS to SNS activity
Explanation: The net effect on an organ is determined by the balance between the tonic activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) and the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS), which can vary based on the body's needs.
p.10
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Nervous System
What neurotransmitter is most commonly released by postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Serotonin
D) Histamine
E) Glutamate
B) Norepinephrine
Explanation: In the sympathetic nervous system, postganglionic fibers most commonly release norepinephrine (NE) onto adrenergic receptors in target organs, which is a key feature of SNS function.
p.24
Clinical Implications of ANS Dysfunction
What is the primary use of the Sacred datura plant by Indigenous peoples?
A) To enhance memory
B) To prevent bronchial spasms
C) To increase appetite
D) To treat infections
E) To improve sleep quality
B) To prevent bronchial spasms
Explanation: Indigenous peoples have traditionally used the Sacred datura plant to prevent bronchial spasms, highlighting its medicinal properties related to respiratory health.
p.5
Comparison of ANS and Somatic Nervous System
Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons located in the autonomic system?
A) In the peripheral nervous system
B) In the ganglion
C) In the brain or spinal cord
D) In the skeletal muscles
E) In the sensory organs
C) In the brain or spinal cord
Explanation: The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons in the autonomic system are located in the brain or spinal cord, which is a defining feature of this system.
p.5
Comparison of ANS and Somatic Nervous System
What type of axons do postganglionic neurons in the autonomic system typically have?
A) Myelinated
B) Unmyelinated or lightly myelinated
C) Heavily myelinated
D) No axons
E) Only sensory axons
B) Unmyelinated or lightly myelinated
Explanation: The axons of postganglionic neurons in the autonomic system are typically unmyelinated or lightly myelinated, which distinguishes them from the myelinated axons found in the somatic division.
p.11
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Nervous System
What type of ganglion is the adrenal medulla classified as?
A) Somatic ganglion
B) Parasympathetic ganglion
C) Sympathetic modified ganglion
D) Central nervous system ganglion
E) Peripheral nervous system ganglion
C) Sympathetic modified ganglion
Explanation: The adrenal medulla is classified as a sympathetic modified ganglion, which plays a crucial role in the sympathetic nervous system's response.
p.11
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
What percentage of the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla is epinephrine?
A) 50%
B) 20%
C) 80%
D) 10%
E) 30%
C) 80%
Explanation: The adrenal medulla secretes approximately 80% epinephrine (adrenaline) and 20% norepinephrine, highlighting its role in the body's stress response.
p.12
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
Where is very little Acetylcholine found?
A) In the synaptic cleft
B) In the bloodstream
C) In the cerebrospinal fluid
D) In the lymphatic system
E) In the muscle tissue
B) In the bloodstream
Explanation: Very little Acetylcholine is found in circulation, as it is primarily localized in the synaptic cleft where it exerts its effects on target receptors.
p.23
Receptor Types and Pharmacological Agents in ANS
What is the role of Clonidine in relation to α2 adrenoreceptors?
A) It is an antagonist
B) It is an agonist
C) It blocks ganglionic receptors
D) It is a neurotransmitter
E) It is a neuromuscular blocker
B) It is an agonist
Explanation: Clonidine acts as an agonist for α2 adrenoreceptors, which can lead to decreased sympathetic outflow and lower blood pressure.
p.2
Comparison of ANS and Somatic Nervous System
What is a primary difference between the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the somatic nervous system?
A) ANS controls voluntary movements
B) Somatic nervous system regulates involuntary functions
C) ANS regulates involuntary functions
D) Somatic nervous system is only found in the brain
E) ANS is responsible for reflex actions
C) ANS regulates involuntary functions
Explanation: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is primarily responsible for regulating involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion, while the somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements.
p.2
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)?
A) Norepinephrine
B) Acetylcholine
C) Dopamine
D) Serotonin
E) Glutamate
B) Acetylcholine
Explanation: Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) to transmit signals, promoting rest and digest functions.
p.3
Clinical Implications of ANS Dysfunction
What is a potential side effect of Sacred datura poisoning?
A) Increased sweating
B) Bradycardia
C) Mydriasis
D) Decreased appetite
E) Improved digestion
C) Mydriasis
Explanation: Mydriasis, or dilation of the pupils, is one of the side effects associated with Sacred datura poisoning, along with other symptoms like tachycardia and hallucinations.
p.21
Dual Innervation and Organ Function
Which nervous system is primarily responsible for the relaxation of the internal sphincter during micturition?
A) Somatic nervous system
B) Central nervous system
C) Sympathetic nervous system
D) Parasympathetic nervous system
E) Enteric nervous system
D) Parasympathetic nervous system
Explanation: The relaxation of the internal sphincter during micturition is primarily controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), allowing urine to flow out of the bladder.
p.16
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
Which of the following statements is true regarding sympathetic innervation?
A) It only uses cholinergic fibers
B) It is responsible for rest and digest functions
C) It primarily uses adrenergic fibers
D) It innervates all blood vessels equally
E) It has no effect on heart rate
C) It primarily uses adrenergic fibers
Explanation: Sympathetic innervation primarily utilizes adrenergic fibers, which are responsible for the 'fight or flight' responses, including increasing heart rate and redirecting blood flow to essential organs during stress.
p.10
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
What neurotransmitter do preganglionic fibers release in the ANS?
A) Norepinephrine
B) Serotonin
C) Acetylcholine
D) Dopamine
E) GABA
C) Acetylcholine
Explanation: Preganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) release acetylcholine (ACh), which is crucial for signaling in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
p.24
Clinical Implications of ANS Dysfunction
What are common side effects of consuming Sacred datura?
A) Increased appetite and weight gain
B) Dry skin, mydriasis, tachycardia, and difficulty voiding urine
C) Drowsiness and fatigue
D) Nausea and vomiting
E) Sweating and shivering
B) Dry skin, mydriasis, tachycardia, and difficulty voiding urine
Explanation: The side effects of Sacred datura consumption include dry skin, mydriasis (dilated pupils), tachycardia (increased heart rate), and difficulty voiding urine, which are associated with its anticholinergic properties.
p.18
Physiological Effects of the Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the primary response of the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) during a 'fight or flight' situation?
A) Decrease heart rate
B) Increase heart rate and cardiac contractility
C) Increase insulin release
D) Decrease blood flow to muscles
E) Increase intestinal motility
B) Increase heart rate and cardiac contractility
Explanation: The SNS is responsible for mobilizing the body's resources during stressful situations, which includes increasing heart rate (tachycardia) and enhancing cardiac contractility to prepare the body for action.
p.13
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
How is norepinephrine re-uptaken in the body?
A) Passive diffusion
B) Active pump mechanism (NET)
C) Through blood circulation
D) By enzymatic degradation
E) Via receptor-mediated endocytosis
B) Active pump mechanism (NET)
Explanation: Norepinephrine is re-uptaken via an active pump mechanism known as the norepinephrine transporter (NET), which helps regulate its levels in the synaptic cleft.
p.18
Physiological Effects of the Sympathetic Nervous System
What effect does the SNS have on saliva production during a 'fight or flight' response?
A) Increase secretion of thin saliva
B) Decrease secretion of saliva
C) Increase secretion of thick, viscous saliva
D) No effect on saliva production
E) Increase secretion of watery saliva
C) Increase secretion of thick, viscous saliva
Explanation: The SNS stimulates the secretion of thick, viscous saliva, which is part of the body's preparation for potential physical exertion during stress.
p.12
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
How is Acetylcholine (ACh) degraded in the synaptic cleft?
A) By dopamine
B) By serotonin
C) By acetylcholinesterase
D) By monoamine oxidase
E) By catechol-O-methyltransferase
C) By acetylcholinesterase
Explanation: Acetylcholine is degraded in the synaptic cleft by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is essential for terminating the action of ACh and preventing continuous stimulation of receptors.
p.11
Central Control of the ANS
What stimulates the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?
A) Postganglionic fibers
B) Stimulation of preganglionic fibers
C) Hormonal feedback
D) Environmental changes
E) Neural impulses from the brain
B) Stimulation of preganglionic fibers
Explanation: The chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla are stimulated by the activation of preganglionic fibers, leading to hormone secretion.
p.23
Receptor Types and Pharmacological Agents in ANS
Which of the following is a muscarinic cholinoreceptor antagonist?
A) Carbachol
B) Muscarine
C) Atropine
D) ACh
E) Nicotine
C) Atropine
Explanation: Atropine is a well-known antagonist of muscarinic cholinoreceptors, blocking the effects of acetylcholine, while the other options are agonists or act on different receptor types.
p.6
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Overview
What is the primary structure of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
A) Single neuron organization
B) Three neuron organization
C) Two neuron organization
D) Four neuron organization
E) No neuron organization
C) Two neuron organization
Explanation: The autonomic nervous system is characterized by a two neuron organization, consisting of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons that facilitate communication between the central nervous system and target organs.
p.2
Dual Innervation and Organ Function
What is meant by reciprocal functions in the autonomic nervous system?
A) Both divisions work simultaneously
B) One division inhibits the other
C) Functions are independent of each other
D) Both divisions enhance the same function
E) Functions are only active during sleep
B) One division inhibits the other
Explanation: Reciprocal functions in the autonomic nervous system refer to the way the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions work in opposition to each other, where activation of one division typically inhibits the other.
p.14
Clinical Implications of ANS Dysfunction
What is the significance of understanding ANS effects on organ systems?
A) It helps in memorizing receptor types
B) It aids in clinical applications and treatments
C) It is not important for the course
D) It focuses solely on the central nervous system
E) It is only relevant for advanced studies
B) It aids in clinical applications and treatments
Explanation: Understanding the effects of the ANS on organ systems is crucial for clinical applications and treatments, making it a significant aspect of the course.
p.21
Dual Innervation and Organ Function
What happens to the detrusor muscle during the micturition reflex?
A) It relaxes
B) It contracts
C) It remains unchanged
D) It spasms
E) It atrophies
B) It contracts
Explanation: During the micturition reflex, the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) dominates, resulting in the contraction of the detrusor muscle, which facilitates urination.
p.9
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Overview
What is one of the general functions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
A) To control voluntary movements
B) To maintain homeostasis
C) To process sensory information
D) To regulate sleep cycles
E) To enhance muscle strength
B) To maintain homeostasis
Explanation: One of the primary functions of the ANS is to maintain homeostasis within the body, ensuring that internal conditions remain stable despite external changes.
p.7
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Nervous System
What is the primary function of the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)?
A) Rest and digest
B) Fight or flight response
C) Sleep regulation
D) Sensory processing
E) Hormonal balance
B) Fight or flight response
Explanation: The SNS is primarily responsible for the body's 'fight or flight' response, preparing the body for stressful or emergency situations by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and redirecting blood flow to essential organs.
p.5
Comparison of ANS and Somatic Nervous System
How do the axons of the somatic division differ from those of the autonomic system?
A) Somatic axons are unmyelinated
B) Somatic axons are lightly myelinated
C) Somatic axons extend to skeletal muscles
D) Autonomic axons extend to skeletal muscles
E) Autonomic axons are always myelinated
C) Somatic axons extend to skeletal muscles
Explanation: The axons of the somatic division are myelinated and extend directly to skeletal muscles, while the autonomic system uses two motor neurons with axons that are lightly myelinated or unmyelinated.
p.24
Physiological Effects of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
What mechanism explains the side effects of muscarinic antagonists?
A) They enhance cholinergic activity
B) They inhibit sympathetic nervous system activity
C) They block muscarinic receptors, leading to reduced parasympathetic activity
D) They increase dopamine levels
E) They stimulate adrenergic receptors
C) They block muscarinic receptors, leading to reduced parasympathetic activity
Explanation: Muscarinic antagonists block muscarinic receptors, which inhibits parasympathetic activity, allowing sympathetic effects to dominate, resulting in side effects such as dry skin and tachycardia.
p.19
Physiological Effects of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
Which of the following is a physiological effect of the PNS?
A) Increased heart rate
B) Constriction of airways
C) Dilation of pupils
D) Increased blood pressure
E) Decreased secretion of saliva
B) Constriction of airways
Explanation: One of the effects of the PNS is the constriction of airways, which helps to regulate airflow during the 'rest and digest' state.
p.23
Receptor Types and Pharmacological Agents in ANS
Which drug is a β1 adrenoreceptor antagonist?
A) Isoproterenol
B) Metoprolol
C) Epinephrine
D) Albuterol
E) Nicotine
B) Metoprolol
Explanation: Metoprolol is a selective β1 adrenoreceptor antagonist, used primarily to manage hypertension and heart conditions, while the other options are agonists or act on different receptors.
p.20
Central Control of the ANS
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in relation to heart rate?
A) To increase heart rate only during exercise
B) To control heart rate automatically without conscious effort
C) To decrease heart rate only during sleep
D) To regulate heart rate only in response to stress
E) To maintain heart rate at a constant level regardless of activity
B) To control heart rate automatically without conscious effort
Explanation: The ANS regulates heart rate automatically, adjusting it based on the body's needs without requiring conscious control, which is essential for maintaining homeostasis.
p.20
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
What neurotransmitter is primarily involved in increasing heart rate during sympathetic activation?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Serotonin
D) Dopamine
E) GABA
B) Norepinephrine
Explanation: Norepinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter released during sympathetic activation, which acts on the heart to increase heart rate and contractility.
p.4
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Overview
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?
A) Nerves and ganglia
B) Brain and spinal cord
C) Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
D) Sensory and motor neurons
E) Reflex arcs
B) Brain and spinal cord
Explanation: The Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for processing and transmitting information throughout the body.
p.15
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Overview
What is the primary focus of the ANS in terms of location and mechanism of action?
A) Understanding all receptor mechanisms
B) Memorizing drug interactions
C) Identifying the location and mechanism of action
D) Studying only the sympathetic nervous system
E) Focusing on the somatic nervous system
C) Identifying the location and mechanism of action
Explanation: The focus of this portion of the course is on understanding the location and mechanism of action of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), rather than memorizing all receptor mechanisms.
p.22
Central Control of the ANS
Which part of the brain integrates autonomic, somatic, and endocrine responses?
A) Cerebellum
B) Medulla
C) Hypothalamus
D) Amygdala
E) Prefrontal cortex
C) Hypothalamus
Explanation: The hypothalamus is responsible for integrating autonomic, somatic, and endocrine responses in reaction to emotional and behavioral states.
p.16
Dual Innervation and Organ Function
Which type of nerve fibers innervate most arterioles and veins?
A) Cholinergic sympathetic nerve fibers
B) Adrenergic sympathetic nerve fibers
C) Both cholinergic and adrenergic fibers
D) Only sensory nerve fibers
E) No nerve fibers at all
B) Adrenergic sympathetic nerve fibers
Explanation: Most arterioles and veins are primarily innervated by sympathetic adrenergic nerve fibers, which play a crucial role in regulating vascular tone and blood flow, except in specific cases like the penis and coronary circulation.
p.8
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Nervous System
How do the SNS and PNS generally affect heart rate?
A) Both increase heart rate
B) SNS increases, PNS decreases
C) Both decrease heart rate
D) PNS increases, SNS decreases
E) Neither affects heart rate
B) SNS increases, PNS decreases
Explanation: The SNS increases heart rate in response to stress, while the PNS works to decrease heart rate during restful states, highlighting their opposing functions.
p.7
Physiological Effects of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
What is a key physiological effect of the PNS?
A) Increased blood flow to muscles
B) Dilation of pupils
C) Increased digestive activity
D) Increased respiratory rate
E) Increased glucose release
C) Increased digestive activity
Explanation: The PNS is characterized by its role in enhancing digestive activity, promoting processes that occur during restful states, in contrast to the SNS, which inhibits these functions during stress.
p.18
Physiological Effects of the Sympathetic Nervous System
What effect does the SNS have on bronchial smooth muscle during a 'fight or flight' response?
A) Constriction of bronchial smooth muscle
B) No effect on bronchial smooth muscle
C) Dilation of bronchial smooth muscle
D) Thickening of bronchial mucus
E) Decrease in respiratory rate
C) Dilation of bronchial smooth muscle
Explanation: The SNS causes dilation of bronchial smooth muscle, allowing for increased airflow to the lungs, which is crucial during a 'fight or flight' response.
p.12
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
Which neurons produce Acetylcholine (ACh)?
A) Only SNS post-ganglionics
B) All SNS and PNS pre-ganglionics
C) Only PNS post-ganglionics
D) Only sensory neurons
E) Only motor neurons
B) All SNS and PNS pre-ganglionics
Explanation: Acetylcholine is produced by all sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) pre-ganglionic neurons, as well as all PNS post-ganglionic neurons.
p.11
Physiological Effects of the Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the role of the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic nervous system?
A) It generates sensory information
B) It acts as a relay station for signals
C) It secretes hormones that enhance the fight-or-flight response
D) It regulates digestive functions
E) It controls voluntary movements
C) It secretes hormones that enhance the fight-or-flight response
Explanation: The adrenal medulla plays a critical role in the sympathetic nervous system by secreting hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine, which enhance the body's fight-or-flight response.
p.6
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Overview
What is the role of the postganglionic neuron in the ANS?
A) To receive signals from the brain
B) To transmit signals to the target organs
C) To connect sensory and motor neurons
D) To generate action potentials
E) To inhibit neurotransmitter release
B) To transmit signals to the target organs
Explanation: The postganglionic neuron is responsible for transmitting signals from the ganglia to the target organs, completing the pathway initiated by the preganglionic neuron.
p.20
Dual Innervation and Organ Function
Which of the following best describes the dual innervation of the heart?
A) The heart is only innervated by the sympathetic nervous system
B) The heart receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
C) The heart is only innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system
D) The heart has no neural control
E) The heart is innervated by the somatic nervous system
B) The heart receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Explanation: The heart is under dual innervation, meaning it receives signals from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, allowing for fine-tuned regulation of heart rate.
p.4
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Nervous System
Which of the following is a division of the Autonomic Nervous System?
A) Somatic Nervous System
B) Central Nervous System
C) Sympathetic Nervous System
D) Peripheral Nervous System
E) Reflex Nervous System
C) Sympathetic Nervous System
Explanation: The Sympathetic Nervous System is one of the two main divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, responsible for the body's 'fight or flight' responses.
p.4
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Nervous System
What is the role of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
A) To prepare the body for stressful situations
B) To regulate voluntary muscle movements
C) To promote 'rest and digest' functions
D) To control reflex actions
E) To transmit sensory information to the CNS
C) To promote 'rest and digest' functions
Explanation: The Parasympathetic Nervous System is responsible for promoting 'rest and digest' functions, helping the body to conserve energy and perform maintenance activities.
p.3
Clinical Implications of ANS Dysfunction
What physiological principle is challenged by the side effects of Sacred datura?
A) Homeostasis
B) Metabolism
C) Respiration
D) Circulation
E) Digestion
A) Homeostasis
Explanation: The side effects of Sacred datura, such as tachycardia and lack of sweating, disrupt the body's homeostasis, illustrating the risks of using this plant without careful dosing.
p.17
Dual Innervation and Organ Function
What is the primary difference between reciprocal and cooperative dual innervation of organs?
A) Reciprocal involves only one system
B) Cooperative involves only the sympathetic nervous system
C) Reciprocal effects are antagonistic while cooperative effects are synergistic
D) Cooperative effects are only seen in the heart
E) Reciprocal effects are only seen in the digestive system
C) Reciprocal effects are antagonistic while cooperative effects are synergistic
Explanation: Reciprocal dual innervation involves opposing effects from the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, while cooperative dual innervation involves both systems working together to achieve a common function.
p.9
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Overview
Under what conditions is the ANS primarily active?
A) During intense physical activity
B) Under resting conditions
C) Only during sleep
D) When experiencing stress
E) During digestion only
B) Under resting conditions
Explanation: The ANS is active under resting conditions, helping to regulate bodily functions without conscious effort, which is essential for maintaining homeostasis.
p.10
Receptor Types and Pharmacological Agents in ANS
Which type of receptors do postganglionic fibers primarily interact with in the ANS?
A) Muscarinic receptors
B) Adrenergic receptors
C) Nicotinic receptors
D) Dopaminergic receptors
E) Serotonin receptors
C) Nicotinic receptors
Explanation: Postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine (ACh) that binds to nicotinic receptors on the post-synaptic side, facilitating communication within the ANS.
p.24
Receptor Types and Pharmacological Agents in ANS
Where are muscarinic receptors primarily located in the autonomic nervous system?
A) Only in the sympathetic nervous system
B) In the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
C) Exclusively in the adrenal glands
D) Only in the somatic nervous system
E) In the skeletal muscles
B) In the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Explanation: Muscarinic receptors are found in both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, playing a crucial role in mediating the effects of acetylcholine in various target organs.
p.13
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
Which enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of norepinephrine?
A) Acetylcholinesterase
B) Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
C) Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
D) Dipeptidyl peptidase
E) Lipase
B) Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Explanation: Norepinephrine is metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO), which plays a crucial role in the degradation of neurotransmitters in the nervous system.
p.12
Clinical Implications of ANS Dysfunction
Which of the following conditions can be treated with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors?
A) Hypertension
B) Glaucoma
C) Diabetes
D) Asthma
E) Heart failure
B) Glaucoma
Explanation: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are clinically used to treat conditions such as glaucoma, as well as to increase gastrointestinal motility and manage myasthenia gravis.
p.6
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Overview
What type of neuron is responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to the ganglia in the ANS?
A) Postganglionic neuron
B) Sensory neuron
C) Preganglionic neuron
D) Motor neuron
E) Interneuron
C) Preganglionic neuron
Explanation: The preganglionic neuron transmits signals from the central nervous system to the ganglia, where it synapses with the postganglionic neuron, forming a crucial part of the ANS pathway.
p.20
Physiological Effects of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on heart rate?
A) It increases heart rate
B) It has no effect on heart rate
C) It decreases heart rate
D) It only affects heart rate during exercise
E) It only affects heart rate during sleep
C) It decreases heart rate
Explanation: The parasympathetic nervous system, primarily through the action of acetylcholine, decreases heart rate, promoting a state of rest and relaxation.
p.4
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Overview
Which system is responsible for involuntary bodily functions?
A) Somatic Nervous System
B) Central Nervous System
C) Autonomic Nervous System
D) Peripheral Nervous System
E) Sympathetic Nervous System
C) Autonomic Nervous System
Explanation: The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate, distinguishing it from the Somatic Nervous System, which governs voluntary movements.
p.9
Central Control of the ANS
How can reflex activity in the ANS be influenced?
A) By external physical training
B) By the CNS or higher brain centers
C) By dietary changes
D) By sleep patterns
E) By emotional states
B) By the CNS or higher brain centers
Explanation: Reflex activity in the ANS can be modulated by the Central Nervous System (CNS) or higher brain centers, allowing for more complex responses to environmental stimuli.
p.10
Neurotransmitters in the ANS
What is often co-localized with norepinephrine in the ANS?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Serotonin
C) ATP
D) Dopamine
E) GABA
C) ATP
Explanation: In the autonomic nervous system, ATP is often co-localized with norepinephrine (NE) and plays a role in promoting vasoconstriction, highlighting the complexity of neurotransmitter interactions.
p.13
Receptor Types and Pharmacological Agents in ANS
Which receptors does norepinephrine act upon in target organs?
A) Muscarinic receptors
B) Nicotinic receptors
C) Alpha (α) and beta (β) adrenergic receptors
D) Dopaminergic receptors
E) Serotonergic receptors
C) Alpha (α) and beta (β) adrenergic receptors
Explanation: Norepinephrine acts on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors in target organs, which mediate various physiological responses in the sympathetic nervous system.
p.19
Physiological Effects of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
What is the primary function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)?
A) Fight or flight response
B) Routine maintenance and 'rest and digest'
C) Increase heart rate
D) Stimulate adrenaline release
E) Constrict blood vessels in muscles
B) Routine maintenance and 'rest and digest'
Explanation: The PNS is responsible for routine maintenance functions in the body, often referred to as the 'rest and digest' system, which contrasts with the sympathetic nervous system's fight or flight response.
p.23
Receptor Types and Pharmacological Agents in ANS
Which of the following is an agonist for α1 adrenoreceptors?
A) Prazosin
B) Phenylephrine
C) Yohimbine
D) Propranolol
E) Atropine
B) Phenylephrine
Explanation: Phenylephrine is an agonist for α1 adrenoreceptors, stimulating these receptors and leading to vasoconstriction, while the other options are antagonists or act on different receptors.
p.6
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Overview
What is the significance of the two neuron organization in the ANS?
A) It allows for faster reflexes
B) It enables complex behaviors
C) It provides a means for modulation of signals
D) It eliminates the need for neurotransmitters
E) It simplifies the nervous system
C) It provides a means for modulation of signals
Explanation: The two neuron organization allows for modulation of signals between the central nervous system and target organs, enabling the ANS to regulate various involuntary functions effectively.
p.7
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Nervous System
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)?
A) Increases heart rate
B) Promotes digestion
C) Dilates bronchi
D) Inhibits salivation
E) Increases blood pressure
B) Promotes digestion
Explanation: The PNS is known for its role in promoting 'rest and digest' functions, which includes stimulating digestion and conserving energy, contrasting with the SNS's focus on immediate survival responses.
p.5
Comparison of ANS and Somatic Nervous System
What characterizes the autonomic system's motor neuron structure?
A) It has one motor neuron
B) It has two motor neurons
C) It has three motor neurons
D) It has no motor neurons
E) It has only sensory neurons
B) It has two motor neurons
Explanation: The autonomic system is characterized by a chain of two motor neurons: the preganglionic neuron with its cell body in the CNS and the postganglionic neuron with its cell body in a ganglion outside the CNS.
p.18
Physiological Effects of the Sympathetic Nervous System
What is mydriasis in the context of the SNS response?
A) Constriction of the pupil
B) Dilation of the pupil
C) Decrease in heart rate
D) Increase in saliva production
E) Increase in intestinal motility
B) Dilation of the pupil
Explanation: Mydriasis refers to the dilation of the pupil, which occurs during the SNS response to allow more light into the eyes, enhancing vision in stressful situations.
p.19
Physiological Effects of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
What effect does the PNS have on heart rate?
A) Increases heart rate
B) Decreases heart rate (bradycardia)
C) No effect on heart rate
D) Irregular heart rate
E) Causes heart palpitations
B) Decreases heart rate (bradycardia)
Explanation: The PNS is known to decrease heart rate, a condition referred to as bradycardia, which is part of its role in promoting a state of rest and relaxation.
p.23
Receptor Types and Pharmacological Agents in ANS
What type of receptor does Nicotine act on?
A) Muscarinic cholinoreceptors
B) β2 adrenoreceptors
C) Nicotinic cholinoreceptors
D) α1 adrenoreceptors
E) β1 adrenoreceptors
C) Nicotinic cholinoreceptors
Explanation: Nicotine acts as an agonist on nicotinic cholinoreceptors, stimulating the receptors that mediate fast synaptic transmission in the autonomic nervous system.
p.20
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Nervous System
Which part of the ANS primarily increases heart rate?
A) Parasympathetic nervous system
B) Somatic nervous system
C) Sympathetic nervous system
D) Enteric nervous system
E) Central nervous system
C) Sympathetic nervous system
Explanation: The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for increasing heart rate, especially during situations requiring a 'fight or flight' response, while the parasympathetic nervous system works to decrease it.
p.4
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Overview
Which of the following is NOT a component of the nervous system?
A) Central Nervous System (CNS)
B) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
C) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
D) Endocrine System
E) Somatic Nervous System
D) Endocrine System
Explanation: The Endocrine System is not a component of the nervous system; it is a separate system that regulates bodily functions through hormones, while the other options are all parts of the nervous system.
