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What is the term for stacks of erythrocytes that may form in larger vessels? A) Aggregates B) Clusters C) Rouleau D) Columns E) Chains
C) Rouleau Explanation: In larger vessels within the microvasculature, erythrocytes may adhere loosely to one another in stacks called rouleau, particularly under conditions of low flow velocity or increased plasma viscosity.
What is the major function of basophils? A) Kill helminthic and other parasites B) Kill and phagocytose bacteria C) Modulate inflammation and release histamine D) Precursors of macrophages E) Effector and regulatory cells for adaptive immunity
C) Modulate inflammation and release histamine Explanation: Basophils are involved in modulating inflammation and releasing histamine during allergic reactions.
1/80
p.4
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

What is the term for stacks of erythrocytes that may form in larger vessels?
A) Aggregates
B) Clusters
C) Rouleau
D) Columns
E) Chains

C) Rouleau
Explanation: In larger vessels within the microvasculature, erythrocytes may adhere loosely to one another in stacks called rouleau, particularly under conditions of low flow velocity or increased plasma viscosity.

p.6
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What is the major function of basophils?
A) Kill helminthic and other parasites
B) Kill and phagocytose bacteria
C) Modulate inflammation and release histamine
D) Precursors of macrophages
E) Effector and regulatory cells for adaptive immunity

C) Modulate inflammation and release histamine
Explanation: Basophils are involved in modulating inflammation and releasing histamine during allergic reactions.

p.6
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What percentage of total leukocytes do neutrophils typically account for in adults?
A) 1-4%
B) 0.5-1%
C) 20-40%
D) 50-70%
E) 2-8%

D) 50-70%
Explanation: Neutrophils typically account for 50-70% of the total leukocyte count in adults, indicating their prominence in the immune system.

p.9
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What forms a viscous, usually yellow collection of fluid called pus?
A) Red blood cells and platelets
B) Apoptotic neutrophils, bacteria, semidigested material, and tissue fluid
C) Eosinophils and lymphocytes
D) Plasma and electrolytes
E) White blood cells and plasma proteins

B) Apoptotic neutrophils, bacteria, semidigested material, and tissue fluid
Explanation: Pus is composed of apoptotic neutrophils, bacteria, semidigested materials, and tissue fluid, indicating an immune response to infection.

p.9
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What role do major basic proteins (MBP) in eosinophils play?
A) They help in blood clotting
B) They digest ECM components
C) They kill parasitic worms
D) They enhance neutrophil motility
E) They increase red blood cell production

C) They kill parasitic worms
Explanation: Major basic proteins (MBP) in eosinophils are crucial for killing parasitic worms and helminths, as they constitute a significant proportion of the granule's protein content.

p.12
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What is the primary location where T lymphocytes differentiate?
A) Bone marrow
B) Spleen
C) Thymus
D) Lymph nodes
E) Blood plasma

C) Thymus
Explanation: T lymphocytes differentiate outside the bone marrow specifically in the thymus, which is crucial for their development and function in the immune system.

p.5
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

What is the lifespan of human erythrocytes in circulation?
A) 30 days
B) 90 days
C) 120 days
D) 180 days
E) 365 days

C) 120 days
Explanation: Human erythrocytes typically survive in circulation for about 120 days before becoming senescent and are subsequently removed from circulation mainly by macrophages.

p.15
Platelets and Hemostasis

What is the size range of platelets?
A) 1-2 μm
B) 5-10 μm
C) 2-4 μm
D) 10-15 μm
E) 20-25 μm

C) 2-4 μm
Explanation: Platelets are described as cell fragments that range from 2 to 4 μm in diameter, indicating their small size.

p.6
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What is the characteristic nucleus shape of eosinophils?
A) Indented or C-shaped
B) 3-5 lobes
C) Bilobed
D) Rather spherical
E) S-shaped

C) Bilobed
Explanation: Eosinophils have a bilobed nucleus, which is one of their distinguishing structural features.

p.12
Blood Cell Types and Their Functions

What distinguishes small lymphocytes from granulocytes?
A) Presence of specific granules
B) Larger size
C) Spherical nuclei with condensed chromatin
D) High cytoplasm content
E) Ability to phagocytize

C) Spherical nuclei with condensed chromatin
Explanation: Small lymphocytes are characterized by their spherical nuclei with highly condensed chromatin and a thin rim of scant cytoplasm, which helps to distinguish them from granulocytes.

p.14
Platelets and Hemostasis

What is the typical lifespan of circulating platelets?
A) 1 day
B) 5 days
C) 10 days
D) 20 days
E) 30 days

C) 10 days
Explanation: Circulating platelets typically have a lifespan of about 10 days, which is significant for their role in hemostasis.

p.9
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What is a consequence of NADPH oxidase deficiency in neutrophils?
A) Increased motility of neutrophils
B) Enhanced microbial killing power
C) Reduced microbial killing power
D) Increased production of H2O2
E) Decreased size of neutrophils

C) Reduced microbial killing power
Explanation: NADPH oxidase deficiency leads to a failure in producing H2O2 and hypochlorite, which reduces the neutrophils' ability to kill microbes, resulting in more persistent bacterial infections.

p.9
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What percentage of leukocytes do eosinophils constitute?
A) 5%-10%
B) 10%-15%
C) 1%-4%
D) 15%-20%
E) Less than 1%

C) 1%-4%
Explanation: Eosinophils make up only 1%-4% of the total leukocyte population, distinguishing them from more numerous types like neutrophils.

p.4
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

What shape do erythrocytes often assume at the angles of capillary bifurcations?
A) Spherical
B) Cuboidal
C) Cuplike
D) Flat
E) Cylindrical

C) Cuplike
Explanation: Observations show that at the angles of capillary bifurcations, erythrocytes frequently assume a cuplike shape, which aids in navigating through the vascular system.

p.4
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

What shape enhances the efficiency of oxygen transport in erythrocytes?
A) Spherical
B) Biconcave
C) Flat
D) Cylindrical
E) Irregular

B) Biconcave
Explanation: The biconcave shape of erythrocytes provides a very high surface-to-volume ratio, placing most hemoglobin within a short distance from the cell surface, which maximizes efficient oxygen transport.

p.14
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What is the primary function of monocytes in the mononuclear phagocyte system?
A) Oxygen transport
B) Blood clotting
C) Antigen presentation and immune defense
D) Nutrient absorption
E) Hormone production

C) Antigen presentation and immune defense
Explanation: Monocytes are crucial as antigen-presenting cells, playing important roles in immune defense as well as tissue repair, forming a key component of the mononuclear phagocyte system.

p.4
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

What characteristic of erythrocytes allows them to pass through small capillaries?
A) Their size
B) Their rigidity
C) Their flexibility
D) Their quantity
E) Their color

C) Their flexibility
Explanation: Erythrocytes are normally quite flexible, which permits them to bend and adapt to the small diameters and irregular turns of capillaries, facilitating efficient blood flow.

p.4
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

What is a key feature of the erythrocyte plasmalemma?
A) It is impermeable
B) It is the best-known membrane of any cell
C) It is not flexible
D) It lacks proteins
E) It is thicker than other cell membranes

B) It is the best-known membrane of any cell
Explanation: The erythrocyte plasmalemma is noted for its ready availability and is recognized as the best-known membrane of any cell, highlighting its importance in cellular functions.

p.1
Composition of Blood

What is the average volume of blood in an adult?
A) 3 L
B) 5 L
C) 7 L
D) 10 L
E) 2 L

B) 5 L
Explanation: An average adult has about 5 liters of blood circulating within their closed circulatory system.

p.5
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What type of granules do granulocytes possess?
A) Specific granules and azurophilic granules
B) Only lysosomes
C) Mitochondrial granules
D) Ribosomal granules
E) Cytoplasmic granules only

A) Specific granules and azurophilic granules
Explanation: Granulocytes contain two major types of cytoplasmic granules: lysosomes (azurophilic granules) and specific granules that have distinct functions and respond to staining.

p.10
Medical Applications Related to Blood Disorders

What condition is associated with an increase in eosinophils in the blood?
A) Bacterial infections
B) Eosinophilia
C) High blood pressure
D) Anemia
E) Diabetes

B) Eosinophilia
Explanation: An increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood, known as eosinophilia, is associated with allergic reactions and helminthic infections.

p.10
Functions of Blood

What do basophils contain that contributes to inflammation?
A) Eosinophils
B) Antibodies
C) Heparin and histamine
D) Antigens
E) Oxygen

C) Heparin and histamine
Explanation: Basophils contain heparin and histamine, which are significant mediators of inflammation, along with other inflammatory mediators.

p.14
Medical Applications Related to Blood Disorders

What happens to macrophages during acute inflammation?
A) They multiply indefinitely
B) They undergo apoptosis or leave the site
C) They become red blood cells
D) They die immediately
E) They remain permanently at the site

B) They undergo apoptosis or leave the site
Explanation: In acute inflammation, macrophages typically undergo apoptosis or leave the site, leading to a short-lived inflammatory response.

p.13
Medical Applications Related to Blood Disorders

What is the significance of lymphocytes in medical applications?
A) They are involved in oxygen transport
B) They play a role in immunity and diseases such as lymphomas
C) They are responsible for blood clotting
D) They help in nutrient absorption
E) They are involved in hormone regulation

B) They play a role in immunity and diseases such as lymphomas
Explanation: Lymphocytes are crucial in the immune system and are significant in various diseases, including lymphomas, which involve neoplastic proliferation of lymphocytes.

p.15
Platelets and Hemostasis

What is the primary function of platelets?
A) To transport oxygen
B) To produce antibodies
C) To begin the process of clot formation
D) To fight infections
E) To regulate blood pressure

C) To begin the process of clot formation
Explanation: Platelets are primarily responsible for rapidly releasing the contents of their granules upon contact with collagen or other materials to initiate clot formation and reduce blood loss.

p.6
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for killing bacteria?
A) Eosinophils
B) Basophils
C) Neutrophils
D) Lymphocytes
E) Monocytes

C) Neutrophils
Explanation: Neutrophils are known for their primary function of killing and phagocytosing bacteria, making them crucial in the immune response.

p.13
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What are monocytes primarily known as precursors for?
A) Neutrophils
B) Erythrocytes
C) Macrophages
D) Platelets
E) Basophils

C) Macrophages
Explanation: Monocytes are large agranulocytes that circulate as precursors to macrophages and other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, playing a crucial role in the immune response.

p.13
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Which feature is characteristic of monocyte nuclei?
A) Round
B) Indented or C-shaped
C) Flat
D) Oval
E) Triangular

B) Indented or C-shaped
Explanation: Monocytes are distinguished by their large nuclei, which are typically indented, kidney-shaped, or C-shaped, a unique characteristic that aids in their identification.

p.14
Platelets and Hemostasis

What initiates the primary aggregation of platelets?
A) Blood vessel constriction
B) Disruption in the microvascular endothelium
C) Release of hormones
D) Increase in blood flow
E) High oxygen levels

B) Disruption in the microvascular endothelium
Explanation: Primary aggregation of platelets is initiated by disruptions in the microvascular endothelium, allowing platelets to adhere to collagen and form a platelet plug.

p.14
Platelets and Hemostasis

What is the function of platelet factor 4?
A) It promotes oxygen transport
B) It acts as a chemokine for immune cells
C) It aids in digestion
D) It forms red blood cells
E) It prevents blood clotting

B) It acts as a chemokine for immune cells
Explanation: Platelet factor 4 serves as a chemokine that attracts monocytes, neutrophils, and fibroblasts, thereby contributing to the inflammatory response and tissue repair.

p.7
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What triggers the expression of integrins on rolling leukocytes?
A) Decreased blood flow
B) Exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines
C) Increased oxygen levels
D) High levels of glucose
E) Lack of nutrients

B) Exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines
Explanation: Rolling leukocytes express integrins and other adhesion factors in response to stimuli from pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are released by activated macrophages during inflammation.

p.6
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What is the life span of neutrophils outside the blood?
A) Hours to days
B) 1-4 days
C) 1-2 weeks
D) Hours to years
E) 1-3 days

B) 1-4 days
Explanation: Neutrophils have a life span of 1-4 days outside the blood, which is important for their role in responding quickly to infections.

p.1
Composition of Blood

What is blood primarily composed of?
A) Muscle tissue and nerve cells
B) Cells and fluid extracellular material called plasma
C) Fatty tissues and connective tissues
D) Only plasma proteins
E) Bone and cartilage

B) Cells and fluid extracellular material called plasma
Explanation: Blood is classified as a specialized connective tissue that consists of formed elements (cells) and plasma, the fluid extracellular material.

p.12
Blood Cell Types and Their Functions

What is the typical diameter range for circulating lymphocytes?
A) 1-5 μm
B) 6-15 μm
C) 20-30 μm
D) 15-25 μm
E) 30-40 μm

B) 6-15 μm
Explanation: Circulating lymphocytes generally range in size from 6 to 15 μm in diameter, with some classified as small, medium, or large based on their size.

p.1
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What is the significance of leukocytes in the blood?
A) They help in oxygen transport
B) They are involved in nutrient absorption
C) They are a chief defense against infection
D) They maintain blood viscosity
E) They regulate hormone levels

C) They are a chief defense against infection
Explanation: Leukocytes, or white blood cells, play diverse roles in the immune system and serve as one of the body's main defenses against infections.

p.2
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Which leukocyte type constitutes the highest percentage of the buffy coat?
A) Eosinophils
B) Basophils
C) Neutrophils
D) Monocytes
E) Lymphocytes

C) Neutrophils
Explanation: Neutrophils make up 50%-70% of the leukocyte population in the buffy coat, indicating their predominant role in the immune response.

p.7
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What percentage of circulating leukocytes do neutrophils typically constitute?
A) 10%-20%
B) 30%-40%
C) 50%-70%
D) 80%-90%
E) 100%

C) 50%-70%
Explanation: Mature neutrophils make up about 50%-70% of circulating leukocytes, indicating their predominant role in the body's immune response.

p.7
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What is the primary function of neutrophils during inflammation?
A) To produce antibodies
B) To bind to platelets
C) To migrate to sites of injury and fight infection
D) To transport oxygen
E) To regulate blood pressure

C) To migrate to sites of injury and fight infection
Explanation: Neutrophils are crucial for responding to infections and tissue damage, rapidly migrating to the affected areas and performing defensive actions against invading microorganisms.

p.15
Platelets and Hemostasis

What do platelets contain that is essential for their function?
A) Hemoglobin
B) Collagen
C) Granules
D) Lipids
E) Nucleus

C) Granules
Explanation: Platelets contain membrane-enclosed granules in their central granulomere region, which are crucial for their role in clot formation and releasing substances upon activation.

p.1
Blood Cell Types and Their Functions

What percentage of blood volume is normally made up of erythrocytes in healthy adults?
A) 25%
B) 44%
C) 55%
D) 1%
E) 30%

B) 44%
Explanation: Erythrocytes typically comprise about 44% of the total blood volume in healthy adults, a value referred to as the hematocrit.

p.14
Platelets and Hemostasis

What is the role of the glycocalyx surrounding platelets?
A) Oxygen delivery
B) Adhesion and activation during blood coagulation
C) Nutrient storage
D) Hormone secretion
E) Waste removal

B) Adhesion and activation during blood coagulation
Explanation: The glycocalyx surrounding platelets is involved in their adhesion to sites of injury and activation during the process of blood coagulation.

p.3
Plasma and Its Components

What is the primary function of albumin in plasma?
A) To fight infections
B) To transport oxygen
C) To provide osmotic force to retain fluid
D) To help clot the blood
E) To regulate body temperature

C) To provide osmotic force to retain fluid
Explanation: Albumin is crucial for exerting osmotic force, helping to retain fluid within the microvasculature, which plays a key role in maintaining blood volume and pressure.

p.10
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Where are eosinophils particularly abundant in the body?
A) In the bloodstream only
B) In connective tissue of the intestinal lining
C) In the muscle tissues
D) In the brain
E) In the skin

B) In connective tissue of the intestinal lining
Explanation: Eosinophils are particularly abundant in the connective tissue of the intestinal lining and at sites of chronic inflammation, such as lung tissues in asthma patients.

p.10
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What are basophils primarily characterized by?
A) High percentage in blood circulation
B) Large specific granules that stain purple
C) A lack of granules
D) A bilobed nucleus with clear cytoplasm
E) Being the largest type of leukocyte

B) Large specific granules that stain purple
Explanation: Basophils are characterized by their specific granules that typically stain purple with blood smear stains and are fewer, larger, and irregularly shaped than granules of other granulocytes.

p.13
Blood Cell Types and Their Functions

What is the typical diameter range of monocytes?
A) 5-10 μm
B) 10-12 μm
C) 12-20 μm
D) 20-25 μm
E) 30-35 μm

C) 12-20 μm
Explanation: Monocytes are characterized by their large size, with diameters ranging from 12 to 20 μm, making them larger than many other blood cells.

p.5
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What is the primary role of leukocytes in the body?
A) Oxygen transport
B) Blood clotting
C) Defense against microorganisms
D) Nutrient transport
E) Regulation of body temperature

C) Defense against microorganisms
Explanation: Leukocytes play a crucial role in the immune response, constantly defending the body against invading microorganisms and aiding in tissue repair.

p.14
Platelets and Hemostasis

What do alpha granules in platelets contain?
A) Oxygen
B) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
C) Fibrinogen
D) Hemoglobin
E) Insulin

B) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
Explanation: Alpha granules in platelets contain proteins such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which play a role in wound healing and tissue repair.

p.2
Blood Clotting Mechanism

What is the role of fibrinogen in blood?
A) Transport oxygen
B) Regulate blood pressure
C) Form insoluble fibers during clotting
D) Act as a nutrient
E) Fight infections

C) Form insoluble fibers during clotting
Explanation: Fibrinogen is crucial in the clotting process as it polymerizes into fibrin, which creates a mesh that helps block blood loss from small vessels.

p.10
Functions of Blood

What substances do eosinophils produce to modulate inflammation?
A) Red blood cells
B) Platelets
C) Eosinophil chemotactic factor
D) Leukotrienes and histamine
E) Substances that inactivate leukotrienes and histamine

E) Substances that inactivate leukotrienes and histamine
Explanation: Eosinophils produce substances that modulate inflammation by inactivating leukotrienes and histamine produced by other cells.

p.15
Medical Applications Related to Blood Disorders

Which condition is directly related to a defect in platelets?
A) Hypertension
B) Anemia
C) Glycoprotein Ib deficiency
D) Leukemia
E) Hemophilia

C) Glycoprotein Ib deficiency
Explanation: Glycoprotein Ib deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive condition that affects platelet function by impairing the binding of platelets to subendothelial collagen, crucial for initiating clot formation.

p.6
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Which leukocyte type has a life span that can last from hours to many years?
A) Eosinophils
B) Basophils
C) Neutrophils
D) Lymphocytes
E) Monocytes

D) Lymphocytes
Explanation: Lymphocytes can have a life span ranging from hours to many years, which allows them to play a vital role in adaptive immunity.

p.12
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What is the lifespan variation of lymphocytes based on?
A) Their size
B) Their location
C) Their specific functions
D) Their shape
E) Their age

C) Their specific functions
Explanation: Lymphocytes vary in lifespan according to their specific functions; some may live only a few days, while others can survive for many years in circulation or tissues.

p.2
Plasma and Its Components

What is the primary component of plasma by weight?
A) Globulins
B) Water
C) Fibrinogen
D) Regulatory proteins
E) Electrolytes

B) Water
Explanation: Water makes up 92% by weight of plasma, making it the primary component, with proteins and other solutes contributing to the remaining percentage.

p.9
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What is the main identifying characteristic of eosinophils in blood smears?
A) Large, basophilic granules
B) A bilobed nucleus
C) A single, round nucleus
D) Presence of platelets
E) No nucleus

B) A bilobed nucleus
Explanation: Eosinophils are identified by their characteristic bilobed nucleus and large, acidophilic-specific granules that stain pink or red.

p.15
Medical Applications Related to Blood Disorders

What effect do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents like aspirin have on platelets?
A) They enhance platelet function
B) They have no effect on platelets
C) They inhibit platelet function
D) They increase the number of platelets
E) They cause platelets to rupture

C) They inhibit platelet function
Explanation: Aspirin and similar agents inhibit platelet function by blocking prostaglandin synthesis, which is necessary for platelet aggregation and clotting.

p.1
Centrifugation and Blood Analysis

What happens to blood when it is collected with anticoagulants?
A) It forms a solid mass
B) It separates into layers upon centrifugation
C) It remains homogeneous
D) It evaporates
E) It freezes

B) It separates into layers upon centrifugation
Explanation: Blood collected with anticoagulants can be separated by centrifugation into layers, reflecting its heterogeneous composition, including plasma, erythrocytes, and the buffy coat.

p.2
Functions of Blood

In which part of the blood is the highest O2 pressure found?
A) Tissue capillaries
B) Venous blood
C) Arterial blood
D) Lung capillaries
E) Buffy coat

C) Arterial blood
Explanation: The highest O2 pressure is found in arterial blood and lung capillaries, where oxygen is primarily absorbed before being transported to tissues.

p.8
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What is a critical function of neutrophils during the inflammatory response?
A) They secrete insulin
B) They attract other leukocytes through chemokines
C) They form antibodies
D) They produce red blood cells
E) They induce vasodilation

B) They attract other leukocytes through chemokines
Explanation: Neutrophils play an important role in the inflammatory response by releasing polypeptide chemokines that attract other leukocytes to the site of infection or injury.

p.12
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Which class of lymphocytes is characterized by CD4 + and CD8 + markers?
A) Natural killer cells
B) B lymphocytes
C) Helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D) Monocytes
E) Eosinophils

C) Helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Explanation: Helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes are distinguished by their CD4 + and CD8 + surface markers, which play important roles in immune responses.

p.5
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What are the two major groups of leukocytes?
A) Erythrocytes and thrombocytes
B) Granulocytes and agranulocytes
C) Macrophages and lymphocytes
D) Neutrophils and basophils
E) Monocytes and eosinophils

B) Granulocytes and agranulocytes
Explanation: Leukocytes are divided into two main groups based on the density of their cytoplasmic granules: granulocytes and agranulocytes, each with distinct functions in the immune response.

p.2
Composition of Blood

What percentage of whole blood is made up of erythrocytes?
A) 50%
B) 55%
C) 44%
D) 70%
E) 60%

C) 44%
Explanation: Erythrocytes constitute 44% of whole blood, indicating their significant presence compared to other components like plasma.

p.7
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What is diapedesis in the context of leukocyte function?
A) The process of leukocyte death
B) The migration of leukocytes out of the bloodstream and into tissue
C) The production of leukocytes in the bone marrow
D) The division of leukocytes
E) The rolling of leukocytes along the endothelium

B) The migration of leukocytes out of the bloodstream and into tissue
Explanation: Diapedesis refers to the process where leukocytes extend through openings between endothelial cells to migrate from blood vessels into surrounding tissues, particularly at sites of injury or infection.

p.8
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What is the primary role of neutrophils at sites of infection?
A) To produce antibodies
B) To actively pursue bacterial cells using chemotaxis
C) To form blood clots
D) To produce red blood cells
E) To regulate blood pressure

B) To actively pursue bacterial cells using chemotaxis
Explanation: Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive at infection sites, where they use chemotaxis to locate and actively pursue bacterial cells to remove invaders or their debris through phagocytosis.

p.3
Plasma and Its Components

Which component of plasma proteins is responsible for immune functions?
A) Fibrinogen
B) Albumin
C) α-Globulins
D) β-Globulins
E) γ-Globulins

E) γ-Globulins
Explanation: γ-Globulins are antibodies that are essential for various immune functions, helping the body to fight infections.

p.1
Plasma and Its Components

What is the primary function of albumin in plasma?
A) Hormone transport
B) Maintain osmotic pressure
C) Coagulation of blood
D) Oxygen transport
E) Immune response

B) Maintain osmotic pressure
Explanation: Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein and primarily serves to maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood, which is crucial for fluid balance.

p.7
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What role does P-selectin play in leukocyte migration?
A) It causes leukocytes to die
B) It helps leukocytes to adhere and roll along the endothelium
C) It decreases leukocyte count in blood
D) It prevents leukocyte migration
E) It promotes blood clotting

B) It helps leukocytes to adhere and roll along the endothelium
Explanation: P-selectin is an adhesion protein that appears on endothelial cells, facilitating the rolling and adhesion of leukocytes as they move through venules, thereby playing a crucial role in inflammation and immune response.

p.3
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

What is a characteristic of human erythrocytes?
A) They have a nucleus
B) They are spherical in shape
C) They are flexible biconcave discs
D) They lack hemoglobin
E) They are larger than leukocytes

C) They are flexible biconcave discs
Explanation: Human erythrocytes are described as flexible biconcave discs, a shape that maximizes their surface area for gas exchange.

p.13
Blood Cell Types and Their Functions

What organelles are commonly found in the cytoplasm of monocytes?
A) Ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum
B) Nucleus and Golgi apparatus
C) Mitochondria and lysosomes
D) Golgi apparatus and chloroplasts
E) Ribosomes and vacuoles

C) Mitochondria and lysosomes
Explanation: The cytoplasm of monocytes contains organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes, which are essential for their functions in the immune system.

p.5
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What is the primary energy source for granulocytes?
A) Aerobic respiration
B) Beta-oxidation
C) Glycolysis
D) Oxidative phosphorylation
E) Protein catabolism

C) Glycolysis
Explanation: Granulocytes rely largely on glycolysis for their energy needs due to their poorly developed mitochondria and Golgi complexes.

p.8
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What type of granules do neutrophils contain that play a major role in killing and degrading microorganisms?
A) Myeloperoxidase granules
B) Azurophilic primary granules
C) Eosinophilic granules
D) Basophilic granules
E) Lymphocyte granules

B) Azurophilic primary granules
Explanation: Neutrophils contain azurophilic primary granules, which are large, dense vesicles that are crucial for killing and degrading engulfed microorganisms.

p.3
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

What is the normal concentration of erythrocytes in blood for men?
A) 3.0-4.5 million/μL
B) 4.1-6.0 million/μL
C) 5.5-7.0 million/μL
D) 2.5-3.5 million/μL
E) 1.5-2.0 million/μL

B) 4.1-6.0 million/μL
Explanation: The normal concentration of erythrocytes in men ranges from approximately 4.1 to 6.0 million per microliter, indicating the healthy range for red blood cell counts.

p.5
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What is a common feature of granulocytes regarding their lifespan after leaving the bloodstream?
A) They can live for years
B) They have a life span of only a few days
C) They live indefinitely
D) They can survive without oxygen
E) They regenerate quickly

B) They have a life span of only a few days
Explanation: Granulocytes are terminally differentiated cells with a short life span of only a few days after exiting the bloodstream, after which they typically undergo apoptosis.

p.2
Platelets and Hemostasis

What is the volume range for platelets in a cubic millimeter of blood?
A) 150-400 thousand
B) 4.5-11 thousand
C) 1-4 million
D) 50-70% by weight
E) 30-50 thousand

A) 150-400 thousand
Explanation: The normal range of platelets in a cubic millimeter of blood is between 150,000 and 400,000, playing a critical role in hemostasis.

p.8
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What distinguishes neutrophils from other leukocytes in blood smears?
A) They have a single large nucleus
B) They have multilobulated nuclei
C) They are larger than all other leukocytes
D) They do not contain granules
E) They are only found in lymphatic tissue

B) They have multilobulated nuclei
Explanation: Neutrophils can be identified by their multilobulated nuclei, which are held together by thin strands, earning them the name polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs).

p.1
Blood Cell Types and Their Functions

Which component of plasma is involved in transporting respiratory gases?
A) Platelets
B) Erythrocytes
C) Globulins
D) Albumin
E) Serum

B) Erythrocytes
Explanation: Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are primarily responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

p.3
Medical Applications Related to Blood Disorders

What condition is characterized by a low concentration of erythrocytes?
A) Erythrocytosis
B) Anemia
C) Leukemia
D) Thrombocytopenia
E) Hemophilia

B) Anemia
Explanation: Anemia occurs when there is a lower than normal concentration of erythrocytes in the blood, leading to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues.

p.8
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Which of the following proteins is produced by neutrophils to generate agents toxic to bacteria?
A) Lactoferrin
B) Lysozyme
C) Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
D) Defensins
E) Eosinophil peroxidase

C) Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
Explanation: Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a protein produced by neutrophils that generates hypochlorite and other agents toxic to bacteria, playing a significant role in the neutrophil's antimicrobial function.

p.3
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

What is the primary function of erythrocytes (red blood cells)?
A) To fight infections
B) To carry oxygen
C) To help with blood clotting
D) To regulate blood pressure
E) To produce antibodies

B) To carry oxygen
Explanation: Erythrocytes are specifically designed to be filled with hemoglobin, the protein responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body, making their primary function the delivery of oxygen to tissues.

p.8
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

What happens to neutrophils after they fulfill their function in the body?
A) They multiply indefinitely
B) They die by apoptosis
C) They convert into macrophages
D) They migrate to the lymphatic system
E) They regenerate completely

B) They die by apoptosis
Explanation: Neutrophils are short-lived cells with a half-life of 6-8 hours in blood and a lifespan of 1-4 days in connective tissues, after which they die by apoptosis.

p.3
Plasma and Its Components

What is the primary role of electrolytes in blood plasma?
A) To transport oxygen
B) To establish and maintain membrane potentials
C) To provide nutrients
D) To facilitate blood clotting
E) To produce energy

B) To establish and maintain membrane potentials
Explanation: Electrolytes play a key role in maintaining membrane potentials, pH balance, and regulating osmosis within the blood, which is essential for cellular functions.

Study Smarter, Not Harder
Study Smarter, Not Harder