p.10
Industrial Applications of Cell Disruption
What is an important aspect of bioseparation engineering?
The application of industrial disruption techniques.
p.8
Mechanical Cell Disruption Methods
What mechanical methods are used for cell disruption?
Homogenization, grinding, ultrasonic homogenization, and high-pressure homogenization.
p.4
Overview of Bioseparation Engineering
What is a key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.
p.4
Overview of Bioseparation Engineering
What is the significance of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
The nucleus houses the cell's genetic material and controls various cellular functions.
p.10
Industrial Applications of Cell Disruption
What is the focus of the Bioseparation Engineering Group led by Sonja Berensmeier?
Industrial disruption techniques.
p.19
Mechanical Cell Disruption Methods
What type of milling equipment is the stirred media mill?
It is a type of mechanical cell disruption method.
p.19
Overview of Bioseparation Engineering
What is the role of the Bioseparation Engineering Group led by Sonja Berensmeier?
Focus on developing methods for the separation and purification of bioproducts.
p.15
High Pressure Homogenization
Is there a video available related to the high pressure homogenizer?
Yes, it's available on YouTube.
p.16
High Pressure Homogenization
What is the formula for calculating the degree of disruption in high pressure homogenization?
A = 100 * ln(100 / (100 - pN^k * A))
p.20
Stirred Media and Ball Mills
What are the two modes of operation for stirred media mills?
Continuous mode and batch mode.
p.16
High Pressure Homogenization
What does 'c CDW' represent in the disruption kinetics?
Cell dry weight [kg m -3].
p.12
Chemical and Osmotic Cell Lysis
What does c_i – c_o indicate?
The difference between total solute molarity inside and outside the cell.
p.8
Chemical and Osmotic Cell Lysis
What are chemical techniques used for cell disruption?
Osmotic shock, enzyme digestion, solubilization, lipid dissolution, and alkali treatment.
p.11
Overview of Bioseparation Engineering
What is the main focus of the Bioseparation Engineering Group led by Sonja Berensmeier?
Cell disruption techniques.
p.11
Cell Disruption Techniques
What are the primary techniques of cell disruption?
Mechanical, chemical, and osmotic methods.
p.14
Criteria for Effective Cell Disruption
What factors influence the homogenization process?
Cell dry weight, afflux temperature, osmotic effects, and viscosity.
p.21
Stirred Media and Ball Mills
What is the role of chamber design in stirred media mills?
It influences the efficiency of the milling process.
p.21
Stirred Media and Ball Mills
Why is bead size important in stirred media mills?
It affects the grinding efficiency and product size distribution.
p.17
Mechanical Cell Disruption Methods
What is an ultrasonic homogenizer used for in bioseparation engineering?
It is used for cell disruption and homogenization.
p.18
Ultrasonic Homogenization
What does the variable P represent in the specific energy input formula?
Power, measured in W (kg m² s⁻³).
p.13
Mechanical Cell Disruption Methods
What type of equipment is used for hydrodynamic mechanical cell disruption?
High pressure homogenizer.
p.15
High Pressure Homogenization
What type of equipment is mentioned in the text?
High pressure homogenizer.
p.14
Mechanical Cell Disruption Methods
What are the key components of a high pressure homogenizer?
Valve seat, fluid valve, outlet, and impact ring of hard material.
p.14
Mechanical Cell Disruption Methods
What types of forces are involved in the homogenization process?
Cavitation, impact stress, turbulence, and shear force.
p.2
Overview of Bioseparation Engineering
What is the difference between a unit procedure and unit operations in bioseparation engineering?
Unit procedure refers to specific steps in a process, while unit operations are the fundamental physical operations used in chemical engineering.
p.9
Overview of Bioseparation Engineering
What is the primary focus of Sonja Berensmeier's research?
Bioseparation Engineering.
p.14
Mechanical Cell Disruption Methods
What is a high pressure homogenizer used for in bioseparation engineering?
To achieve cell disruption and homogenization.
p.7
Measurement of Disruption Degree
What is the formula to calculate the degree of disruption?
A = [(c - c0) / (cmax - c0)] * 100, where A is the degree of disruption [%].
p.7
Measurement of Disruption Degree
What does 'c' represent in the disruption degree formula?
Measured (target molecule) concentration [mol ∙L^-1].
p.3
Criteria for Effective Cell Disruption
What is a key criterion for cell disruption to prevent product damage?
No product damage or denaturation.
p.21
Stirred Media and Ball Mills
How does agitator speed affect the performance of stirred media mills?
It influences the shear forces and energy input during milling.
p.21
Stirred Media and Ball Mills
What factors about the agitator can influence milling outcomes?
Agitator design and speed.
p.3
Criteria for Effective Cell Disruption
What should be avoided during cell disruption to ensure product purity?
No contamination of the product (no additives).
p.18
Ultrasonic Homogenization
What is the effect of pressure on ultrasonic homogenization?
It has a negative effect.
p.18
Ultrasonic Homogenization
What role does glass powder play in ultrasonic homogenization?
It acts as cavitation germs.
p.18
Ultrasonic Homogenization
In the specific energy input formula, what does V_susp represent?
Suspension volume, measured in m³.
p.13
Mechanical Cell Disruption Methods
What are the primary mechanisms of mechanical cell disruption?
Mechanical load, stress by cavitation, and turbulent flow.
p.9
Cell Disruption Techniques
What are the techniques involved in cell disruption?
Various methods aimed at breaking down cell walls to release intracellular materials.
p.20
Stirred Media and Ball Mills
In the equation for stirred media mills, what does 'j' signify?
A series of j completely mixed mills.
p.7
Measurement of Disruption Degree
What is 'cmax' in the context of disruption degree?
Maximal (target molecule) concentration [mol ∙L^-1].
p.3
Criteria for Effective Cell Disruption
What is the desired degree of disruption in cell disruption processes?
High degree of disruption.
p.16
High Pressure Homogenization
What variables are included in the disruption formula?
N (Number of passes), p (Pressure), k and a (Empirical factors).
p.19
Mechanical Cell Disruption Methods
What is the primary function of a ball mill in bioseparation?
To disrupt cells for the extraction of biological materials.
p.5
Overview of Bioseparation Engineering
What type of cell membrane is discussed?
Eukaryotic cell membrane.
p.20
Stirred Media and Ball Mills
What is the equation related to stirred media mills?
t_k = A * (100/j) * ln(100/j) - (1/τ) * (100/j) + k.
p.6
Measurement of Disruption Degree
What is one direct method for measuring disruption degree in bioseparation?
Counting of dead and living cells.
p.4
Overview of Bioseparation Engineering
What type of cells are eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes are typically animal cells.
p.12
Chemical and Osmotic Cell Lysis
What does van’t Hoff law describe in cell lysis?
The osmotic transmembrane pressure.
p.5
Overview of Bioseparation Engineering
Which organization is associated with the science primer?
National Center for Biotechnology Information.
p.2
Overview of Bioseparation Engineering
What is the focus of bioseparation engineering?
The process of separating biomolecules from complex mixtures.
p.4
Overview of Bioseparation Engineering
What are prokaryotic cells characterized by?
Prokaryotic cells are characterized by their lack of a membrane-bound nucleus.
p.7
Measurement of Disruption Degree
What does 'c0' signify in the disruption degree calculation?
Initial (target molecule) concentration [mol ∙L^-1].
p.12
Chemical and Osmotic Cell Lysis
What does π represent in van’t Hoff law?
Osmotic transmembrane pressure in pascals (Pa).
p.12
Chemical and Osmotic Cell Lysis
What does T represent in the context of van’t Hoff law?
Absolute temperature in Kelvin (K).
p.21
Stirred Media and Ball Mills
What does bead loading refer to in the context of stirred media mills?
The amount of beads used in the milling process.
p.17
Mechanical Cell Disruption Methods
What are the main components of an ultrasonic homogenizer?
Inlet, outlet, sonotrode, cooling jacket, generator, and piezo.
p.18
Ultrasonic Homogenization
What is the preferred frequency for ultrasonic homogenization?
Lower frequency is better.
p.3
Criteria for Effective Cell Disruption
Why is easy cell debris removal important in cell disruption?
To facilitate subsequent processing steps.
p.4
Overview of Bioseparation Engineering
What organization does Sonja Berensmeier belong to?
Bioseparation Engineering Group.
p.18
Ultrasonic Homogenization
How does amplitude affect ultrasonic homogenization?
Higher amplitude is better, but it affects temperature.
p.16
High Pressure Homogenization
What is the significance of 'E_spec' in the context of high pressure homogenization?
Specific energy input [J kg -1, m² s -2].
p.21
Stirred Media and Ball Mills
What role does feed rate play in stirred media mills?
It influences the residence time and overall milling efficiency.
p.12
Chemical and Osmotic Cell Lysis
What do c_i and c_o represent in van’t Hoff law?
c_i is the total solute molarity inside the cell, and c_o is the total solute molarity outside the cell (both in mol∙m⁻³).
p.21
Stirred Media and Ball Mills
How does cell concentration impact the operation of stirred media mills?
It can affect the viscosity and flow behavior of the mixture.
p.21
Stirred Media and Ball Mills
Why is temperature a significant parameter in stirred media mills?
It can affect the viscosity of the medium and cell viability.
p.18
Ultrasonic Homogenization
What does c_CDW stand for in the context of ultrasonic homogenization?
Cell dry weight, measured in kg m⁻³.
p.17
Mechanical Cell Disruption Methods
What role does the sonotrode play in an ultrasonic homogenizer?
It transmits ultrasonic vibrations to the liquid for homogenization.
p.18
Ultrasonic Homogenization
What does the variable t represent in the specific energy input formula?
Time, measured in seconds (s).
p.17
Mechanical Cell Disruption Methods
Why is a cooling jacket important in an ultrasonic homogenizer?
It prevents overheating of the sample during the homogenization process.
