p.2
Human Physiology Overview
Who are the authors of 'Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology'?
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F.
p.2
Human Physiology Overview
What is the title of the recommended reading?
'Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology'.
p.3
Human Physiology Overview
What is one learning outcome related to human body tissues?
Demonstrate understanding in the functions of the different tissues and organs of the human body.
p.3
Human Physiology Overview
What should students illustrate regarding body systems?
The physiologic mechanisms using the interaction of the major body systems.
p.3
Homeostasis and Cell Physiology
What aspect of body organization should be examined?
The communication and homeostasis of the body organization in the states of health.
p.7
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
What are the two main types of cells?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
p.31
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
How do microfilaments contribute to the mechanical properties of a cell?
They give the cell additional mechanical strength.
p.40
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
What is the primary function of the centrosome?
To organize microtubules and regulate the cell cycle.
p.27
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?
To provide structural support and shape to the cell.
p.7
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
What does the cellular level of organization refer to?
The arrangement and function of cells in living organisms.
p.54
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
What is the composition of ribosomes?
About 60% RNA and 40% protein.
p.51
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
What is cytoplasm?
A jelly-like substance present inside the cell where all organelles are suspended.
p.61
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
What structural forms does the ER take?
Hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and chambers called cisternae.
p.46
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
What type of motion do flagella exhibit?
They beat in a wavelike motion.
p.36
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What role do microtubules play in the cell?
They act as a monorail system to move vesicles or other organelles.
p.22
Membrane Structure and Function
What role do glycoproteins and glycolipids play in the plasma membrane?
They form a viscous layer that lubricates and protects the plasma membrane.
p.4
Human Physiology Overview
What attendance rate will result in a fail grade for the course?
Below 80% of the scheduled period.
p.7
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
How do cells contribute to the overall function of an organism?
Cells work together to perform specific functions necessary for life.
p.66
Organelles and Their Functions
How are new peroxisomes produced?
By the growth and subdivision of existing peroxisomes.
p.39
Cell Structure and Function
What do microvilli actively absorb?
Materials from the extracellular environment.
p.52
Human Physiology Overview
What is the primary focus of Merchant and Favor's 2015 work?
The specific content of their work is not provided.
p.13
Membrane Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
To protect the cell and regulate what enters and exits.
p.28
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What does the cytoskeleton provide to the cytosol?
Strength and flexibility.
p.31
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What role do microfilaments play in the cytoskeleton?
They anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the plasma membrane.
p.22
Membrane Structure and Function
How does the glycocalyx contribute to cell positioning?
It helps anchor the cell in place due to its sticky components.
p.43
Cell Structure and Function
What are cilia?
Long, slender extensions of the plasma membrane.
p.53
Human Physiology Overview
What is the title of the work by Merchant and Favor published in 2015?
Merchant and Favor (2015).
p.12
Homeostasis and Cell Physiology
What does homeostasis refer to in an organism?
The ability to regulate various physiological processes to keep internal states steady and balanced.
p.15
Membrane Structure and Function
What is the structure of the plasma membrane?
It is a phospholipid bilayer.
p.35
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
How do microtubules assist in cell movement?
Through the assembly and disassembly of microtubules, changing the shape of the cell.
p.41
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
What is the function of the centrosome?
It serves as the microtubule-organizing center.
p.43
Cell Structure and Function
Where are motile cilia found in the human body?
In the cells lining the respiratory and reproductive tracts.
p.67
Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of peroxisomes?
To break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.
p.58
Cell Structure and Function
What are membranous organelles isolated from?
The cytosol by phospholipid membranes.
p.61
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
What is one of the main functions of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?
Synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
p.3
Human Physiology Overview
What skill is emphasized in interpreting scientific data?
Interpreting the data collected from scientific experiments to address various physiological issues.
p.34
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
How does the dispersion of microfilaments affect the cytosol?
Where microfilaments are widely dispersed, the cytosol is more fluid.
p.8
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
What are somatic cells?
All other cells in the body excluding reproductive cells.
p.42
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What are centrioles?
Cylindrical structures found within the centrosome, involved in cell division.
p.54
Cell Structure and Function
What do the ribosomal subunits contain?
Special proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
p.32
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What do intermediate filaments form in the cytoplasm?
An elaborate network extending from a ring surrounding the nucleus to the plasma membrane.
p.48
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
What types of lifestyles can prokaryotic cells have?
They can be free-living or parasites.
p.49
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
How is the genetic material organized in prokaryotic cells?
It is present on a single chromosome.
p.38
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What role do microtubules play during cell division?
They distribute duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell by forming the spindle apparatus.
p.59
Organelles and Their Functions
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
A network of intracellular membranes continuous with the nuclear envelope.
p.28
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What are the main components of the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
p.4
Human Physiology Overview
What must be submitted for a leave of absence longer than one day?
A written explanation with supporting documentary evidence.
p.38
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What structural components do microtubules form?
They form structural components of organelles such as centrioles and cilia.
p.34
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What happens to the consistency of the cytosol where microfilaments form a dense network?
The cytosol has a gelatinous consistency.
p.43
Cell Structure and Function
What are the two types of cilia found in human cells?
Non-motile (no movement) and motile (movement).
p.17
Types of Membrane Proteins
What are integral proteins?
Proteins that are part of the plasma membrane structure and cannot be easily separated without damaging the membrane.
p.28
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?
It serves as the cell’s skeleton.
p.12
Human Physiology Overview
What are the hierarchical levels of biological organization mentioned?
Tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.
p.50
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
What is a prokaryotic cell?
A type of cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
p.11
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
How do all cells originate?
From the division of pre-existing cells.
p.63
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
Where do proteins go after being modified in the RER?
They are exported to the Golgi apparatus.
p.50
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
What is the genetic material in prokaryotic cells?
Typically a single circular DNA molecule.
p.19
Types of Membrane Proteins
What is the function of anchoring proteins in the plasma membrane?
They attach the plasma membrane to other structures and stabilize its position.
p.66
Organelles and Their Functions
In which type of cells are peroxisomes most numerous?
Metabolically active cells, such as liver cells.
p.13
Membrane Structure and Function
Why is the cell membrane essential for cells?
It maintains homeostasis and provides a barrier against the external environment.
Who is the staff member with the email chduen@sfu.edu.hk?
Mr. DUEN Cheuk Him Daniel.
p.38
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What is the spindle apparatus?
A network of microtubules that helps distribute chromosomes during cell division.
p.55
Organelles and Their Functions
Where are free ribosomes located?
Scattered throughout the cytoplasm.
p.50
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
What are the main characteristics of prokaryotic cells?
They are unicellular, have a simple structure, and reproduce asexually.
p.55
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
What occurs to ribosomes synthesizing proteins with destinations other than the cytosol?
They become temporarily bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
p.66
Organelles and Their Functions
What do peroxisomes absorb and break down?
Fatty acids and other organic compounds.
p.37
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What are microtubules made of?
Hollow tubes built from the globular protein tubulin.
p.43
Cell Structure and Function
What is the function of motile cilia?
They beat rhythmically to move fluids or secretions across the cell surface.
p.67
Organelles and Their Functions
How do peroxisomes contribute to cellular metabolism?
By participating in the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide and fatty acids.
p.26
Cell Structure and Function
How are carbohydrates in the cytosol utilized?
They are broken down to provide energy.
p.70
Cell Structure and Function
What process is involved in protein synthesis?
The process of translating genetic information into proteins.
p.20
Types of Membrane Proteins
What role do carrier proteins play?
They bind to specific molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane.
p.56
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
What are non-membranous organelles?
Organelles that are not completely enclosed by membranes and have all their components in direct contact with the cytosol.
p.58
Membrane Structure and Function
What is the function of the plasma membrane in relation to the cytosol?
It isolates the cytosol from the extracellular fluid.
p.12
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
What results in the levels of organization in an organism?
The combined feedback of many cells.
p.14
Membrane Structure and Function
What aspect of membranes allows them to respond to changes in the environment?
Sensitivity to the environment.
p.39
Cell Structure and Function
What are microvilli?
Small, finger-shaped projections of the plasma membrane on cell surfaces.
p.22
Membrane Structure and Function
What function do glycoproteins and glycolipids serve in binding?
They can function as receptors, binding specific extracellular compounds.
p.35
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What is the primary role of microtubules in the cell?
They form the main portions of the cytoskeleton, providing strength, maintaining shape, and anchoring organelles.
p.8
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
What do gametes refer to?
Male and female sex cells.
p.68
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
What connects the membranes of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
They are continuous and connected to the nuclear envelope.
p.27
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What are the main components of the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
p.27
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
How do microtubules contribute to cell function?
They facilitate intracellular transport and cell division.
p.19
Types of Membrane Proteins
What types of proteins can enzymes in plasma membranes be?
Enzymes can be either integral or peripheral proteins.
p.63
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
What happens to newly synthesized proteins in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?
They are chemically modified.
p.57
Organelles and Their Functions
What characterizes nonmembranous organelles?
They are not completely enclosed by membranes and are in direct contact with the cytosol.
p.39
Cell Structure and Function
Where are microvilli commonly found?
On the cells lining the digestive tract.
p.43
Cell Structure and Function
What is the structure of the primary cilium?
Similar to a 9 + 0 structure.
p.62
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
Why is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum compared to a workshop and shipping warehouse?
Because it combines protein synthesis and transport.
p.35
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What do microtubules anchor within the cell?
The position of major organelles.
p.50
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?
Asexually, usually through binary fission.
p.65
Organelles and Their Functions
What happens when a primary lysosome fuses with a mitochondrion?
It facilitates the breakdown of materials within the mitochondrion.
p.67
Organelles and Their Functions
What type of enzymes do peroxisomes contain?
Oxidative enzymes, such as catalase and oxidase.
p.46
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
What happens to sperm that have multiple flagella?
They are abnormal and cannot fertilize an oocyte.
p.49
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
How do prokaryotic cells primarily reproduce?
They divide asexually by binary fission.
p.23
Organelles and Their Functions
What is the cytoplasm?
The material between the plasma membrane and the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
p.21
Membrane Structure and Function
Where do the carbohydrate portions of large molecules extend?
Beyond the outer surface of the membrane.
p.29
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?
Provides support for organelles and keeps them in position.
p.58
Cell Structure and Function
What are inclusions in cellular context?
Masses of insoluble materials.
p.29
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
How does the cytoskeleton contribute to the shape of the cell?
It helps in shaping and reorganizing the organelles.
p.39
Cell Structure and Function
What is the primary function of microvilli?
To greatly increase the surface area of the cell exposed to the extracellular environment.
p.40
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
What role do centrioles play in cell division?
They help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate chromosomes.
p.19
Types of Membrane Proteins
How do recognition proteins function in the immune system?
They help the immune system recognize other cells as normal or abnormal based on specific characteristics.
p.48
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
What type of organisms are prokaryotic cells?
Single-celled (unicellular) microorganisms.
p.37
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
Where do microtubules extend from in a cell?
From a region near the nucleus called the centrosome.
p.37
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
Do most cells contain microtubules?
Yes, most cells contain microtubules.
p.20
Types of Membrane Proteins
What are peripheral membrane proteins?
Proteins that are attached to the exterior or interior surfaces of the membrane but do not penetrate the lipid bilayer.
p.16
Membrane Structure and Function
What do the hydrophilic heads of membrane lipids face?
The watery environment, on both sides.
p.16
Membrane Structure and Function
What is the role of membrane lipids in relation to ions and water-soluble compounds?
They act as a barrier to ions and water-soluble compounds.
p.29
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What ability does the changing shape of the cytoskeleton provide to the cell?
It allows the cell to migrate.
p.35
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What structural function do microtubules serve in a cell?
They give the cell strength and help maintain its shape.
p.50
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
Do prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles?
No, they do not have membrane-bound organelles.
p.8
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
How are somatic cells created?
Through the process of fertilization from gametes.
p.26
Cell Structure and Function
What does the cytosol contain in comparison to extracellular fluid?
Smaller quantities of carbohydrates and lipids, and smaller reserves of amino acids.
p.10
Cell Structure and Function
What are organelles?
Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions.
p.70
Cell Structure and Function
What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?
It is responsible for gene expression and housing DNA.
p.70
Cell Structure and Function
What is the significance of cell division?
It allows for growth, repair, and reproduction of cells.
p.33
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What is the primary function of intermediate filaments?
To maintain cell shape and provide mechanical strength.
p.14
Membrane Structure and Function
How does a membrane regulate interactions with the environment?
By regulating exchange with the environment.
p.8
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
What are the two types of cells in humans?
Sex (gametes) cells and somatic cells.
p.61
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
How does the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) assist in storage?
It can store synthesized molecules or materials absorbed from the cytosol without affecting other cellular operations.
p.57
Organelles and Their Functions
What is the relationship between nonmembranous organelles and cytosol?
All components of nonmembranous organelles are in direct contact with the cytosol.
p.32
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What are microfilaments?
They are components of the cytoskeleton that help maintain cell shape and facilitate movement.
p.41
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
What structures are found within the centrosome?
A pair of cylindrical structures called centrioles.
p.42
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What role do centrioles play during cell division?
They help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate chromosomes.
p.65
Organelles and Their Functions
What occurs when a primary lysosome fuses with an endosome?
It processes fluid or solid materials from outside the cell.
p.47
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What is the function of motile cilia in the airway?
They move mucus up from the airway.
p.10
Cell Structure and Function
What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?
It houses the cell's DNA and controls cellular activities.
p.70
Cell Structure and Function
What is DNA synthesis?
The process of replicating DNA before cell division.
p.20
Types of Membrane Proteins
What is the function of enzymes in membrane proteins?
They catalyze biochemical reactions at the membrane surface.
p.17
Types of Membrane Proteins
How are peripheral proteins different from integral proteins?
Peripheral proteins are bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane and can be easily separated.
p.34
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What role do microfilaments play in the cytosol?
They determine the consistency of the cytosol by interacting with other proteins.
p.55
Organelles and Their Functions
What happens to the proteins manufactured by free ribosomes?
They directly enter the cytosol.
p.22
Membrane Structure and Function
How do cells involved in the immune response recognize other cells?
They recognize glycoproteins and glycolipids as normal or abnormal.
p.41
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
What is the centrosome?
A region of cytoplasm located next to the nucleus in a cell.
p.15
Membrane Structure and Function
What are the two types of fluids associated with the plasma membrane?
Extracellular fluid outside the cell and intracellular fluid (cytosol) inside the cell.
p.40
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
How are centrioles arranged within the centrosome?
In a perpendicular orientation to each other.
p.61
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
How does the ER contribute to detoxification?
It can absorb drugs or toxins and neutralize them with enzymes.
p.42
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
How many centrioles are typically found in a centrosome?
Two centrioles, arranged perpendicular to each other.
p.46
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
How do flagella compare to motile cilia in terms of structure?
Flagella have the same 9+2 microtubule organization as motile cilia but are much longer.
p.51
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
What role does DNA play in prokaryotic cells?
It directs protein creation and regulates cell actions.
p.19
Types of Membrane Proteins
What do receptor proteins in the plasma membrane respond to?
They are sensitive to specific extracellular ions or molecules called ligands.
p.44
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
What types of organisms are considered eukaryotes?
Animal cells, plants, fungi, and protists.
p.10
Cell Structure and Function
What is DNA synthesis?
The process of replicating DNA prior to cell division.
p.56
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
How do membranous organelles differ from non-membranous organelles?
Membranous organelles are isolated from the cytosol by phospholipid membranes.
p.33
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
In which types of cells are intermediate filaments commonly found?
Intermediate filaments are found in a variety of cell types, including epithelial, muscle, and nerve cells.
p.42
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What is the primary function of the centrosome?
To organize microtubules and provide structure to the cell.
p.54
Organelles and Their Functions
What are the two subunits of a ribosome?
Small ribosomal subunit and large ribosomal subunit.
p.67
Organelles and Their Functions
What are peroxisomes?
Membranous organelles that contain enzymes for oxidative reactions.
p.46
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
What is a flagellum?
A whiplike extension of the plasma membrane.
p.27
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What role do microfilaments play in the cytoskeleton?
They are involved in cell movement and shape changes.
p.44
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
What are the two main types of cells?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
p.27
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What is the significance of intermediate filaments?
They provide mechanical strength to the cell.
p.19
Types of Membrane Proteins
What do some integral proteins in the plasma membrane contain?
A channel or central pore that forms a passageway through the membrane.
p.47
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What role do ciliated cells play in the female reproductive system?
They move oocytes along the uterine tubes.
p.62
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?
It synthesizes proteins due to fixed ribosomes.
p.61
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
What role does the ER play in transport within the cell?
Materials can travel from place to place within the ER.
p.7
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.
p.65
Organelles and Their Functions
What is the primary function of lysosomes?
To provide an isolated environment for potentially dangerous chemical reactions.
p.41
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
How do centrioles lie in relation to each other?
They lie perpendicular to each other.
p.48
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
What is a key characteristic of prokaryotic cells regarding their cellular structure?
They consist of a single membrane.
p.41
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
How are the microtubules organized in the centrosome?
They form nine groups, with three in each group.
p.65
Organelles and Their Functions
What is autolysis in relation to lysosomes?
The breakdown of the lysosomal membrane following cellular injury or death.
p.26
Cell Structure and Function
What is used as an energy source when carbohydrates are unavailable?
Lipids, particularly triglycerides.
p.10
Cell Structure and Function
What is involved in protein synthesis?
The process of translating genetic information into proteins.
p.20
Types of Membrane Proteins
What are glycoproteins?
Membrane proteins that have carbohydrate chains attached, playing a role in cell recognition.
p.51
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
What is the function of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells?
It serves as an outer protective covering that separates the cell from the surrounding environment.
p.68
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
What role do transport vesicles play in cellular function?
They connect the endoplasmic reticulum with the Golgi apparatus.
p.15
Membrane Structure and Function
What does 'water-fearing' refer to in the context of membrane lipids?
It refers to the hydrophobic (non-polar) interior of the phospholipid bilayer.
p.40
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
What is the composition of centrioles?
They are made up of microtubules arranged in a specific pattern.
p.32
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
Where do intermediate filaments extend from?
From a ring surrounding the nucleus.
p.32
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What is the role of the cytoskeleton in cells?
To provide structural support and facilitate movement.
p.44
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
What distinguishes a true nucleus from a fake nucleus?
A true nucleus is found in eukaryotic cells, while prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid region instead of a true nucleus.
p.9
Membrane Structure and Function
What is the function of the cell membrane?
To protect the cell and regulate what enters and exits.
p.10
Cell Structure and Function
What occurs during cell division?
The process by which a cell divides to form two new daughter cells.
p.56
Cell Structure and Function
What role do phospholipid membranes play in membranous organelles?
They isolate the organelles from the cytosol, similar to how the plasma membrane isolates the cytosol from the extracellular fluid.
p.9
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
To modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids.
p.64
Organelles and Their Functions
What is the structure of the Golgi Apparatus?
It typically consists of five or six flattened membranous discs called cisternae.
p.8
Cellular Organization and Types of Cells
What does the term 'somatic' refer to?
Non-reproductive cells in the body.
p.60
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
Involved in the synthesis of lipids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates.
p.54
Organelles and Their Functions
What are the two major types of functional ribosomes in cells?
Free ribosomes and fixed ribosomes.
p.43
Cell Structure and Function
How do cilia differ from typical microtubule arrangements?
Cilia have pairs of microtubules instead of triplets.
p.42
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What is the structure of centrioles?
They are composed of microtubule triplets arranged in a cylindrical shape.
p.20
Types of Membrane Proteins
What are integral membrane proteins?
Proteins that are embedded within the lipid bilayer and can span across the membrane.
p.60
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
What role does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum play in relation to calcium ions?
It sequesters, or isolates, calcium ions.
p.60
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
How does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum contribute to drug metabolism?
It is involved in the detoxification of drugs.
p.19
Types of Membrane Proteins
What is the role of carrier proteins in the plasma membrane?
They bind solutes and transport them across the plasma membrane.
p.49
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
Which organelles are absent in prokaryotic cells?
Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, chloroplasts, and lysosomes.
p.9
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
p.33
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What types of proteins make up intermediate filaments?
Intermediate filaments are composed of various proteins, including keratins, vimentin, and neurofilaments.
p.26
Cell Structure and Function
What is the role of extracellular fluid?
It serves as a transport substance only, with no materials stored there.
p.10
Cell Structure and Function
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
It regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
p.10
Cell Structure and Function
What is cytoplasm?
The gel-like substance within the cell membrane that contains organelles.
p.20
Types of Membrane Proteins
What is the function of channel proteins?
They facilitate the transport of specific substances across the membrane by forming pores.
p.64
Organelles and Their Functions
What is one of the primary functions of the Golgi Apparatus?
Modifies and packages secretions, such as hormones or enzymes, for release from the cell.
p.51
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
What is the function of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
Protein synthesis occurs here.
p.70
Cell Structure and Function
What are the main components of a cell discussed in Martini et al., 2023?
Cell structure, organelles, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and gene expression.
p.48
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
What variations exist among prokaryotic cells?
They come in different shapes and sizes.
p.20
Types of Membrane Proteins
What are receptor proteins?
Proteins that bind to signaling molecules and initiate a cellular response.
p.33
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
How do intermediate filaments differ from microfilaments and microtubules?
Intermediate filaments are thicker than microfilaments but thinner than microtubules, and they have a more stable structure.
p.49
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
What is a key characteristic of prokaryotic cells regarding their nuclear structure?
They lack a nuclear membrane.
p.9
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
What are the two main types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
p.47
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What is the function of ciliated cells in the male reproductive system?
They move sperm from the testes into the reproductive tract.
p.33
Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement
What are intermediate filaments?
Intermediate filaments are a type of cytoskeletal component that provide structural support to cells.
p.49
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
What is the composition of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells?
It is made up of carbohydrates and amino acids.
p.64
Organelles and Their Functions
What role does the Golgi Apparatus play in relation to the plasma membrane?
It renews or modifies the plasma membrane.
p.64
Organelles and Their Functions
What does the Golgi Apparatus package within vesicles?
Special enzymes for use in the cytoplasm (lysosomes).
p.64
Organelles and Their Functions
How does the Golgi Apparatus affect proteins?
It adds or removes carbohydrates to or from proteins to change their structure and function.
