p.24
Retinal Abnormalities: Retinal Detachment and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
What is retinal detachment?
A condition in which the retina is separated into two layers: Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) and sensory retina.
p.11
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What characterizes diffuse diabetic maculopathy?
Widespread retinal damage affecting the macula, leading to vision impairment.
p.14
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What difficulties might patients with nuclear cataract face?
Seeing in dim light and driving at night may be especially troublesome.
p.5
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What are potential causes of orbital pain?
Orbital cellulitis, trauma, sinusitis, orbital tumor, migraine.
p.14
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What temporary vision change might occur in the early stages of nuclear cataract?
Patients may become more nearsighted or experience temporary improvement in reading vision, known as 'second sight'.
p.11
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What are the signs of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
Microaneurysms, retinal hemorrhages, and exudates.
p.4
Fundamentals & Principles of Ophthalmology
Which glands produce the outer lipid layer of the precorneal tear film?
Meibomian gland and gland of Zeis.
p.14
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What is a characteristic of nuclear cataract?
Occurs in the center of the lens.
p.4
Fundamentals & Principles of Ophthalmology
What is the function of the outer lipid layer of the precorneal tear film?
Reduces evaporation and lubricates the eyeball.
p.12
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What is the first step in managing Diabetic Retinopathy?
Complete Ocular Examination.
p.3
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What does a pupil that is round but not symmetrical indicate?
One pupil is more dilated than the other, which may indicate an abnormality.
p.13
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
Name a congenital cause of cataracts.
Genetic and metabolic diseases such as Down's syndrome.
p.11
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What is ischaemic diabetic maculopathy?
A condition where reduced blood flow to the macula causes damage and vision loss.
p.5
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What are the potential causes of painless visual loss?
Retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, ischemic optic neuropathy, retinal detachment.
p.14
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
How do opacities start in cortical cataract?
They start as clefts and vacuoles between the lens fibers due to hydration of the cortex.
p.21
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is the treatment for Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus?
Acyclovir tablets and steroids with antibiotic ointments.
p.21
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are the ocular complications associated with Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus?
Retinal vasculitis, optic nerve issues, and orbital edema.
p.2
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What is proptosis?
Proptosis refers to the abnormal protrusion of the eye.
p.18
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are late complications of non-perforated corneal ulcers?
1. Corneal opacity (nebula, macula, leucoma), 2. Keratectasia (ectopic cornea, weak corneal scar & increased IOP).
p.2
Diseases of the Eyelid: Blepharitis, Hordeolum, Chalazion
What is trichiasis and its potential consequence?
Trichiasis is the misdirection of eyelashes towards the eye, which can lead to corneal ulcers.
p.7
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are some reversible causes of gradual painless loss of vision?
Refractive error, cataract, diabetic retinopathy.
p.15
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What is the purpose of a B-scan in cataract evaluation?
To check for any vitreous or retinal disorder.
p.21
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are common predisposing factors for Herpes Simplex Corneal Ulcers?
Fevers, menstruation, and immunosuppressive drugs.
p.1
Acute Red Eye Causes: Iritis, Conjunctivitis, Corneal Ulcer
What are the causes of acute red eye?
Iritis, Conjunctivitis, and Corneal Ulcer.
p.21
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is a common clinical picture of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus?
Dermatoblepharitis, epithelial keratitis, and secondary glaucoma.
p.16
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is the limbus in relation to the cornea?
It is the border between the cornea and conjunctiva where corneal epithelium stem cells are found.
p.14
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What is the appearance of opacities in cortical cataract?
They result in typical radial spoke-like opacities.
p.24
Retinal Abnormalities: Retinal Detachment and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
What is the purpose of prophylactic treatment for retinal detachment?
To treat retinal breaks and peripheral predisposing retinal lesions by laser or cryotherapy.
p.10
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What characterizes mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR)?
Presence of microaneurysms only.
p.10
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What defines severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR)?
More than 20 intraretinal hemorrhages in each quadrant, two quadrants of venous beading, or one quadrant of prominent intra-retinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA).
p.5
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What are the causes of ocular pain?
Corneal abrasion, foreign body, anterior uveitis, scleritis, acute angle closure glaucoma.
p.11
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What is proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)?
A severe form of diabetic retinopathy characterized by the growth of new blood vessels in the retina.
p.24
Retinal Abnormalities: Retinal Detachment and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
What are the types of retinal detachment?
Primary (simple/rhegmatogenous) and secondary (tractional and exudative).
p.1
Diseases of the Eyelid: Blepharitis, Hordeolum, Chalazion
What are the common diseases of the eyelid?
Blepharitis, Hordeolum, Chalazion, Pre-septal and Orbital Cellulitis.
p.4
Fundamentals & Principles of Ophthalmology
What is the source of the middle aqueous layer of the precorneal tear film?
Lacrimal gland, accessory gland of Krause, and Wolfring.
p.5
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What conditions can cause painful visual loss?
Acute angle closure glaucoma, uveitis, optic neuritis, endophthalmitis.
p.1
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What is a significant ocular manifestation in neurological disorders?
Eye Manifestations in Neurological Disorders.
p.24
Retinal Abnormalities: Retinal Detachment and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
What are some risk factors for retinal detachment?
Chorio-retinal degeneration (high myopia), blunt trauma, aphakia, and family history of RD.
p.5
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What are common causes of itchy eyes?
Conjunctivitis (especially allergic), blepharitis, dry-eye syndrome, topical drug allergy.
p.19
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What should be done before applying antibiotic drops for corneal ulcers?
Corneal scrapings should be taken first.
p.12
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What treatment options are available for Clinically Significant Macular Edema?
Focal or grid laser treatment and anti-VEGF agents.
p.9
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What is total blindness indicative of?
A problem in the eye itself or in the optic nerve before it reaches the optic chiasm.
p.11
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What is focal diabetic maculopathy?
A condition where localized areas of retinal damage occur in the macula due to diabetes.
p.9
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What visual distortion can occur with macular degeneration?
Distortion of straight lines.
p.24
Retinal Abnormalities: Retinal Detachment and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
What is exudative retinal detachment?
The retina is pushed by fluid from the choroid that gains access to the subretinal space through damaged RPE.
p.13
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What is the surgical definition of a cataract?
Opacification of the lens.
p.3
Retinal Abnormalities: Retinal Detachment and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
What should be noted about the macula during examination?
Presence of hemorrhage or exudate.
p.4
Fundamentals & Principles of Ophthalmology
Which cells produce the inner mucin layer of the precorneal tear film?
Conjunctival goblet cells, gland of Henle, and Manz.
p.12
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What is the significance of checking for Neovascularisation of the iris and angle?
It helps identify potential complications in Diabetic Retinopathy.
p.23
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are the two types of Age-related Macular Degeneration?
Dry (non-exudative) and Wet (exudative).
p.13
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
List some risk factors for developing cataracts.
Age, diabetes mellitus, excessive sunlight exposure, radiation exposure, prolonged use of steroids, and smoking.
p.22
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is the primary characteristic of an ulcer with lagophthalmos?
A primary ulcer in the lower 1/3 of the cornea with incomplete lid closure.
p.9
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What condition is associated with bitemporal hemianopia?
Lesions compressing the optic chiasm, such as a pituitary tumor or craniopharyngioma.
p.4
Fundamentals & Principles of Ophthalmology
What are the three layers of the precorneal tear film?
Outer lipid layer, middle aqueous layer, inner mucin layer.
p.14
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What happens to vision as nuclear cataract progresses?
The lens gradually turns yellow and clouds vision.
p.21
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is the treatment for Herpetic Epithelial Keratitis?
Local antiviral drugs like Acyclovir and TFT eye drops.
p.10
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What are the two main pathogenesis mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy?
Microvascular occlusion and microvascular leakage.
p.10
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What are some risk factors for diabetic retinopathy?
Duration of diabetes, poor metabolic control, pregnancy, hypertension, nephropathy, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and anemia.
p.10
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What is classified as no apparent retinopathy?
The first stage of diabetic retinopathy classification.
p.12
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What is the purpose of a Dilated Fundus Examination?
To rule out neovascularization and macular edema.
p.23
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are some predisposing factors for Age-related Macular Degeneration?
Age, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, excessive sunlight exposure, poor nutrition, obesity, smoking, family history, and light-colored iris.
p.13
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are the types of cataracts based on location?
Nuclear cataract, cortical cataract, and posterior/anterior subcapsular cataract.
p.17
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are some general predisposing factors for corneal ulcers?
Malnutrition, diabetes, liver and renal failure, and pregnancy.
p.5
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What can cause periorbital pain?
Trauma, pre-septal cellulitis, herpes infection.
p.15
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are the components of preoperative evaluation for cataract surgery?
Complete ocular examination including visual acuity, pupil reaction, IOP, ocular adnexa, slit lamp examination, and dilated fundus examination.
p.16
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is the role of Descemet's membrane?
It is a homogeneous, highly elastic, and resistant layer that easily regenerates.
p.20
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are the main causative agents of fungal ulcers?
Fusarium (filamentary fungi), Candida (yeast forming fungi), and Aspergillus.
p.18
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is the indication for using Gentamycin in corneal ulcers?
Effective against Gram-negative bacteria and most Staphylococcus species.
p.7
Retinal Abnormalities: Retinal Detachment and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
What is a classic symptom of age-related macular degeneration?
Distortion of vision, where straight lines appear wavy.
p.7
Retinal Abnormalities: Retinal Detachment and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
What is the classic clinical triad of retinitis pigmentosa?
Arteriolar attenuation, retinal bony spicule pigmentation, waxy disc pallor.
p.9
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What does homonymous hemianopia indicate?
A lesion somewhere between the optic chiasm and the occiput.
p.3
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What does the consensual light reflex test for?
Efferent motor nerve (Oculomotor nerve).
p.24
Retinal Abnormalities: Retinal Detachment and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
What causes tractional retinal detachment?
The retina is pulled by vitreous fibrosis due to conditions like cyclitic membrane, organized vitreous hemorrhage, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
p.11
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What is diabetic macular edema (ME)?
Swelling of the macula due to fluid accumulation from damaged blood vessels in diabetic retinopathy.
p.10
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What is the most common type of diabetes associated with diabetic retinopathy?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
p.5
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What is the difference between monocular and binocular diplopia?
Monocular diplopia remains when the uninvolved eye is occluded; binocular diplopia is eliminated when either eye is occluded.
p.5
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What are common causes of flashes of light?
Retinal break, retinal detachment, posterior vitreous detachment, migraine.
p.3
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What is the significance of a clear lens with a normal red reflex?
Indicates no cataract or lens opacity.
p.12
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What laboratory investigations are recommended for Diabetic Retinopathy management?
Fasting blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin.
p.16
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is the function of Bowman's membrane?
It is an acellular condensation that never regenerates and ends as a round border.
p.6
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What is asthenopia?
Eye strain or fatigue, often associated with prolonged visual tasks.
p.7
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What is a common symptom of cataract?
Glare in the dark and difficulty driving at night.
p.8
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What are some psychosocial impacts of visual impairment?
Loss of confidence, fear of isolation, possibility of depression, lost education and employment opportunities, lower productivity, impaired quality of life.
p.22
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What defines keratoconus?
Progressive conical protrusion of the cornea starting at puberty due to weakness of the central part.
p.20
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are the clinical features of fungal ulcers?
Little or no ciliary injection, raised dry grey-white lesions with feathery margins, satellite lesions, stromal deep infiltrate, endothelial plaques, and hypopyon.
p.6
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What is lagophthalmos?
Inability to close the eyelids completely.
p.6
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What conditions can cause eyelid swelling?
Trauma, burns, thyroid eye disease, and blepharitis.
p.22
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What defines keratoglobus?
Congenital enlargement of the anterior segment with a large cornea and deep anterior chamber.
p.20
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are the types of keratoplasty?
Lamellar (superficial ulcer) and penetrating (whole thickness ulcer).
p.21
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is a characteristic appearance of Dendritic Corneal Ulcers?
Dendritic stained appearance.
p.3
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What is the significance of the swinging light test?
It tests for Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD) for the optic nerve.
p.1
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are the two types of glaucoma covered in the tutorial?
Angle Closure Glaucoma and Primary Open Angle Glaucoma.
p.4
Fundamentals & Principles of Ophthalmology
What are the functions of the middle aqueous layer?
Supplies oxygen and has antibacterial function.
p.4
Fundamentals & Principles of Ophthalmology
What is the role of the inner mucin layer in the precorneal tear film?
Converts the corneal epithelium from hydrophobic to hydrophilic surface.
p.12
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What tests are included in a complete ocular examination for Diabetic Retinopathy?
Visual acuity, local examination, intra-ocular pressure, pupil assessment, and slit lamp examination.
p.23
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What is the most common cause of central vision loss in the elderly in developed countries?
Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD).
p.13
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are some acquired causes of cataracts?
Age-related cataract, traumatic cataract, metabolic diseases, diabetes mellitus, and certain drugs.
p.16
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What type of cells make up the corneal epithelium?
Stratified squamous non-keratinized cells, including surface flat cells, intermediate polyhedral cells, and basal columnar cells.
p.10
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What is proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)?
Characterized by neovascularization at the optic disc or elsewhere, vitreous/pre-retinal hemorrhage.
p.18
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are early complications of perforated corneal ulcers?
1. Iris prolapse, 2. Anterior synechia, 3. Corneal fistula, 4. Malposition of the lens, 5. Intra-ocular hemorrhage.
p.17
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are the main symptoms of a corneal ulcer?
Severe pain, diminution of vision, photophobia, lacrimation, and blepharospasm.
p.18
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are late complications of perforated corneal ulcers?
1. Anterior polar cataract, 2. Leucoma adherent, 3. Anterior staphyloma, 4. Secondary glaucoma, 5. Atrophia bulbi.
p.19
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are the criteria for a significant positive culture?
Clinical signs of keratitis plus growth of organism in two or more media or confluent growth in one solid media.
p.19
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
When is a corneal biopsy indicated?
In cases of deep stromal infiltrates like intra-stromal abscess and deep mycotic keratitis.
p.15
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are the advantages of phacoemulsification over ECCE?
Smaller wound, suture-less, faster wound healing, and faster vision recovery.
p.7
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are the risk factors for chronic open angle glaucoma?
Age, family history of glaucoma, diabetes mellitus, myopia.
p.8
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What should be done for irreversible causes of vision loss?
Know and accept the reality of the condition, learn to use residual vision, and seek support.
p.21
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are the symptoms of Herpetic Epithelial Keratitis?
Symptoms are similar to those of corneal ulcers.
p.24
Retinal Abnormalities: Retinal Detachment and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
What late symptoms indicate retinal detachment?
Field defect (black curtain) and failure of vision in foveal involvement.
p.5
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What can cause light sensitivity (photophobia)?
Corneal abnormality, anterior uveitis, albinism, congenital glaucoma.
p.2
Diseases of the Eyelid: Blepharitis, Hordeolum, Chalazion
What conditions can cause eyelid abnormalities such as ectropion and entropion?
Ectropion is the outward turning of the eyelid, while entropion is the inward turning, both can lead to discomfort and potential corneal ulcers.
p.5
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What conditions can lead to night blindness?
Refractive error, advanced glaucoma, small pupil, retinitis pigmentosa, vitamin A deficiency.
p.23
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What are the Amsler Grid findings associated with ARMD?
Distorted horizontal and vertical lines, and central scotoma.
p.13
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are the maturity stages of cataracts?
Immature, mature, hypermature, and Morgagnian cataracts.
p.18
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is the River Green Sign associated with?
It indicates a positive Seidel test in cases of corneal fistula.
p.23
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What treatments are available for Age-related Macular Degeneration?
Antioxidants, vitamins, Omega 3, Zinc, low vision aids, and in the case of Wet ARMD, photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy, and anti-VEGF treatments.
p.16
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is the primary nerve supply to the cornea?
The 5th cranial nerve (trigeminal nerve), specifically the ophthalmic division.
p.2
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What does the presence of hypopyon in the anterior chamber indicate?
Hypopyon indicates the presence of inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber, often due to infection or inflammation.
p.2
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What is the role of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) in eye examinations?
It is responsible for corneal sensation, which can be tested using light touch with cotton wool.
p.2
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What does a deep and clear anterior chamber indicate?
It indicates normal anatomical structure without signs of pathology.
p.6
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What is proptosis?
Bulging of the eye, often due to thyroid eye disease or orbital cellulitis.
p.6
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What is hypopyon?
Accumulation of pus in the anterior chamber of the eye.
p.14
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What areas of the lens can be involved in cortical cataract?
It may involve the anterior, posterior, or equatorial cortex.
p.13
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What is the major cause of blindness related to cataracts?
Cataracts are a major and preventable cause of blindness.
p.16
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are the five layers of the cornea?
1. Epithelium 2. Bowman's membrane 3. Stroma 4. Descemet's membrane 5. Endothelium.
p.1
Retinal Abnormalities: Retinal Detachment and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
What is a common age-related eye condition?
Age Related Macular Degeneration.
p.2
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What is the significance of visual acuity (VA) testing?
Visual acuity testing assesses the clarity of vision, often using a Snellen chart.
p.19
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is the duration for isolating aerobic bacteria in keratitis?
Most are seen within 48 hours; some may be recognized in 12 to 15 hours.
p.23
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What is the significance of drusen in the macular region?
It is an early finding in ARMD, appearing as bright yellow or white masses below the vessels.
p.22
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is the treatment for an ulcer with lagophthalmos?
Methyl cellulose drops 0.5% several times a day and the Torsarov procedure to suture the lower lid until the ulcer heals.
p.2
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What does a fixed head and eye position indicate during an eye examination?
It indicates that the patient may have limitations in ocular motility or pain.
p.7
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What are the stages of diabetic retinopathy?
No DR, NPDR, PDR, diabetic maculopathy.
p.15
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What happens during cataract surgery?
The clouded lens is removed and a clear artificial lens is implanted.
p.19
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is the purpose of cycloplegics in corneal ulcer management?
To relieve ciliary spasm and prevent formation of posterior synechiae.
p.19
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What surgical options are available for corneal ulcers?
Penetrating keratoplasty and lamellar keratoplasty.
p.22
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are the signs of keratoglobus?
Large cornea diameter, deep anterior chamber, tremulous iris, and subluxation of the lens.
p.20
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is Arcus Juvenilis and its association?
Arcus Juvenilis may occur in hyperlipidemia or juvenile diabetes mellitus.
p.24
Retinal Abnormalities: Retinal Detachment and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
What are the early symptoms of retinal detachment?
Flashes of light (photopsia) and floaters (musca volitans).
p.17
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is a corneal ulcer?
Loss of corneal epithelium with inflammation in the surrounding area.
p.17
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Why is a corneal ulcer considered an ocular emergency?
It is one of the common causes of blindness.
p.18
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are early complications of non-perforated corneal ulcers?
1. Secondary iridocyclitis (toxins), 2. Secondary glaucoma (open angle), 3. Descematocele (small translucent bleb).
p.24
Retinal Abnormalities: Retinal Detachment and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
What surgical methods are used for curative treatment of retinal detachment?
Scleral buckling and pars plana vitrectomy.
p.18
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is a specific characteristic of Acanthamoeba as a causative agent of corneal ulcers?
Transmitted when washing contact lenses with tap water.
p.19
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What type of antibiotics are used for corneal ulcers?
Topical broad-spectrum antibiotic eye drops.
p.23
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What is a common symptom of Dry ARMD?
Gradual loss of vision and metamorphopsia (straight lines appearing wavy or bent).
p.17
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are common causative organisms of corneal ulcers?
Bacterial (e.g., Gonococcus, Diphtheria, Pneumococcus), fungal (e.g., Aspergillus, Fusarium), viral (e.g., Herpes Simplex Virus, Herpes Zoster Virus), and Acanthamoeba.
p.10
Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What is diabetic maculopathy?
An advanced form of diabetic retinopathy that includes focal, diffuse, ischemic types, and macular edema.
p.23
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are the symptoms of Wet ARMD?
Abrupt onset and rapid worsening of symptoms, visual distortions, reduced central vision, decreased color intensity, and a well-defined blurry or blind spot.
p.17
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is the pathogenesis of corneal ulcers?
Pathogenic bacteria colonize the corneal stroma, leading to an inflammatory reaction, antigen-antibody response, and subsequent necrosis and thinning of the cornea.
p.17
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are the stages of pathology in corneal ulcers?
Infiltration stage, ulceration stage, and healing stage.
p.17
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What occurs during the healing stage of a corneal ulcer?
Vascularization and fibrous tissue formation leading to scarring.
p.6
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What can cause hyphema?
Trauma, herpes simplex/zoster iritis, or blood dyscrasia.
p.15
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are the main indications for cataract surgery?
Visual indication, medical indication, and cosmetics.
p.8
Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What are the four levels of visual function?
1. Normal Vision 2. Visual Impairment (Low Vision, Moderate Visual Impairment, Severe Visual Impairment) 3. Blindness
p.17
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are some local predisposing factors for corneal ulcers?
Trauma, loss of corneal sensations, ocular causes like xerosis, vitamin A deficiency, lagophthalmos, and prolonged use of steroids.
p.18
Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is a significant risk associated with Diphtheria in corneal ulcers?
It can penetrate normal corneal epithelium, causing corneal ulcer.
p.7
Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are some irreversible causes of gradual painless loss of vision?
Chronic open angle glaucoma, optic atrophy, age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP).
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Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What visual acuity defines Blindness?
Less than 3/60 or a corresponding visual field loss to less than 10° in the better eye.
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Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What causes tearing and lacrimation?
Inflammation or irritation of the eye.
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Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What defines diabetic macular edema (ME)?
Retinal thickening within 500 μm of the foveal center or hard exudates associated with thickening.
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Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
When is ICCE indicated?
Intraoperative conversion from phacoemulsification or ECCE with extensive zonular disruption or planned ICCE in cases of lens dislocation.
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Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What are some signs of Wet ARMD?
Subretinal fluid, retinal edema, grey-green discoloration under the macula, exudates, retinal pigment epithelium detachment, and subretinal hemorrhage.
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Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What is chemosis?
Swelling of the conjunctiva, often due to allergy or periocular inflammation.
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Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is Arcus Senilis?
A bilateral peripheral fatty degeneration common in old age, characterized by an arc-shaped opacity in the cornea.
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Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What visual acuity range defines Low Vision?
Less than 3/60 to 6/18 or a corresponding visual field loss to less than 20° in the better eye.
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Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What is Bell's phenomenon?
A reflex that occurs when the eye is closed, causing the eyeball to move upward.
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Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What is the purpose of the pinhole test in vision assessment?
The pinhole test is used to exclude refractive errors in visual acuity.
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Diabetic Retinopathy: Classification and Management
What is the immediate treatment for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy?
Full Pan-Retinal Photocoagulation (PRP) immediately.
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Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What signs may indicate a corneal ulcer?
Lid edema, conjunctival injection, corneal opacity, loss of luster, hypopyon, and exaggerated corneal sensation.
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Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are the early signs of keratoconus?
Spinning or scissoring retinoscopy, ring distortion on Placido disc, and mild keratometry readings (<48D).
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Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is the treatment for fungal ulcers?
Scrapings, topical antifungals (Natamycine 5%, Miconazole 1%, Amphotericin B 0.3%), systemic antifungals (Ketoconazole 400mg/day, Fluconazole 400mg/day), and surgical treatment (PKP).
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Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is Acanthamoeba keratitis and its clinical picture?
Acanthamoeba keratitis is associated with severe pain, punctate or dendritic keratitis, superficial stromal keratitis, partial or complete ring of infiltration, limbitis, and scleritis.
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Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What is the treatment for cataracts?
Cataract extraction with intraocular lens implant.
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Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What does a result of 6/60 indicate in visual acuity testing?
It indicates that the patient can see at 6 meters what a person with normal vision can see at 60 meters.
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Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are some signs of cataracts?
Lens opacity and reduced visual acuity.
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Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What is epiphora?
Excessive tearing due to obstruction in the tear drainage pathway.
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Ocular Symptoms and Eye Examinations
What are common causes of red eye?
Trichiasis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, and trauma.
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Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is the concentration of Ciprofloxacin used for corneal ulcers?
0.3% for both guttae and ointment.
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Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are the treatments for Acanthamoeba keratitis?
Debridement, topical treatments (Diamidines, Biguanides, Aminoglycosides, Antifungals), and sometimes keratoplasty.
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Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are some complications of chronic open angle glaucoma?
Progressive visual field loss, ring scotoma or tunnel vision, blindness in advanced cases.
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Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are common symptoms of cataracts?
Painless gradual loss of vision, misty or blurred vision, glare, dull colors, frequent changes in prescription, and monocular diplopia.
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Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are the risk factors for fungal ulcers?
Impaired host defense/immunity, trauma by vegetable matter, preexisting corneal disease, surgical manipulation, and drugs like antibiotics and steroids.
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Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are some irreversible causes of gradually declining vision?
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG), Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD), Optic Atrophy, Hereditary Retinal Dystrophies.
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Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What anatomical factors contribute to corneal transparency?
Avascular structure, non-keratinized epithelium, regular stromal lamellae, non-myelinated nerves, and precorneal tear film.
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Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is the aim of keratoplasty?
Replacement of an opaque lens with a clear healthy donor cornea.
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Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What are the indications for keratoplasty?
Optical (central corneal opacities, keratoconus), therapeutic (resistant corneal ulcer, corneal fistula), tectonic (to restore eye shape and integrity), and cosmetic.
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Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are the three types of cataract surgery?
Phacoemulsification with PCIOL, ECCE with PCIOL, and ICCE.
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Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What are some reversible causes of gradually declining vision?
Refractive Error, Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy (DR).
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Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
How does the cornea receive nutrition?
Through diffusion from the tear film, aqueous humor, and limbal capillaries.
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Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What is Munson's sign?
Notching of the lower lid when looking down, indicative of keratoconus.
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Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What is the treatment for early cases of keratoconus?
Glasses, toric contact lenses, or hard contact lenses (RGP), and corneal collagen cross-linking with riboflavin.
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Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is the role of Giemsa staining in corneal ulcer management?
To differentiate bacteria and fungi.
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Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What is the function of confocal microscopy in corneal ulcer diagnosis?
To observe corneal details and microorganisms in vivo without dyes or stains.
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Common Eye Diseases: Cataract, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma
What complications can arise from sutures in ECCE?
Too tight sutures can change corneal curvature leading to post-operative astigmatism, while too loose sutures can cause wound leaks and infections.
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Corneal Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
What does KOH preparation stain?
Fungal filaments in light yellow color.
