p.28
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What type of signals does the primary auditory cortex receive?
Signals from the cochlear.
p.68
Peripheral Nervous System Organization
How does sensory input reach the brain in the Somatic Nervous System?
Through cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
p.21
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What are some higher cognitive processes associated with the prefrontal cortex?
Reasoning and executive functions.
p.70
Overview of the Nervous System
What is the primary function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
To prepare the body for flight or fight action.
p.28
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
How does the posterior area of the primary auditory cortex respond to sound frequencies?
It responds to lower frequencies.
p.21
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What Brodmann areas are associated with the prefrontal cortex?
Areas 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 46.
p.19
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What does the Premotor Cortex prepare for?
Movements for the Primary Motor Cortex (PMC).
p.70
Overview of the Nervous System
What type of energy does the sympathetic division expend?
Energy in stressful situations.
p.68
Peripheral Nervous System Organization
What is the role of motor output in the Somatic Nervous System?
To reach muscles and effect movement.
p.34
Overview of the Nervous System
Which university is associated with the copyright information?
The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
p.49
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
What functions does the hypothalamus regulate?
Emotions, autonomic control, hunger, satiety, immunity, memory input, and anger control.
p.6
Central Nervous System Anatomy
What are the five secondary brain vesicles?
Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, and Myelencephalon.
p.45
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
Where is the thalamus located in the brain?
In the center of the brain, above the brainstem.
p.26
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What is the role of the supramarginal gyrus in the Inferior Parietal Lobule?
It is associated with a broad range of language formulation operations, including semantic and phonologic processing.
p.71
Autonomic Nervous System
What does the parasympathetic division do after an emergency has passed?
It calms the viscera, such as the heart and lungs.
p.74
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
What do striatal tracts connect?
The cortex with the basal ganglia.
p.2
Central Nervous System Anatomy
What components make up the Central Nervous System?
The brain and spinal cord.
p.80
Overview of the Nervous System
Which institution holds the copyright mentioned?
Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
p.17
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What does the term 'Motor Homunculus' refer to?
It refers to the representation of the body in the primary motor cortex, depicted as a 'little man'.
p.77
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
Where do the pyramidal tracts arise from?
Pyramidal cells in the primary motor cortex.
p.44
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
What is the primary function of the thalamus?
To act as a relay station for sensory information.
p.51
Central Nervous System Anatomy
What are the main components of the Telencephalon?
Cerebral hemispheres, limbic system, basal ganglia, and lateral ventricles.
p.46
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
What happens to sensory input when it reaches the thalamus?
We become aware of the sensory input.
p.1
Overview of the Nervous System
What is the intended use of the images and media mentioned?
For teaching and learning purposes only.
p.21
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What type of inputs does the prefrontal cortex receive?
Converging inputs from multiple areas of the brain and thalamus.
p.21
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
How is personality related to the prefrontal cortex?
It is influenced by the functions of the prefrontal cortex.
p.29
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What happens if Wernicke's area is damaged?
It results in Wernicke's aphasia.
p.5
Central Nervous System Anatomy
What structures are included in the supratentorial division?
Hemispheres, lobes, basal ganglia, thalamus, cranial nerves I and II.
p.79
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
What is the corticobulbar tract composed of?
Upper motor neurons of the cranial nerves.
p.17
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?
It is responsible for motor control and movement representation.
p.74
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
What is the function of the cortico-striatal-cortico loop?
For motor control and speech motor control.
p.33
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What specific activities is the insular cortex engaged in?
Speech, language, and swallowing.
p.82
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
What do motor neurons control?
Voluntary and involuntary movements through innervation of effector muscles and glands.
p.43
Central Nervous System Anatomy
What type of brain structures are referred to as subcortical?
Structures located beneath the cerebral cortex.
p.65
Peripheral Nervous System Organization
What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consist of?
Nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.
p.12
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
Who are the key figures associated with language localization in the brain?
Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke.
p.56
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What is the function of the inferior cerebellar peduncle?
It carries both afferent and efferent signals from the medulla.
p.53
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What are the paired structures in the cerebellum referred to as?
Colliculi, meaning 'small hill'.
p.64
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
What are motor neurons below the level of the synapse called?
Lower Motor Neurons (LMNs).
p.85
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
How do all other muscles innervated by CN XII receive input from UMN?
They receive input bilaterally.
p.63
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
What is the function of descending tracts in the spinal cord?
Transmit impulses (the decisions) from the brain down the spinal cord to the nerves.
p.56
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What type of information primarily enters the cerebellum?
A lot of sensory information.
p.81
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
How do corticobulbar fibers innervate cranial nerves?
Bilaterally, except for cranial nerves VII and XII.
p.48
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
How does the pituitary gland release hormones?
Directly into the bloodstream.
p.70
Overview of the Nervous System
What physical changes occur in the body due to the sympathetic division during stress?
Muscles contract and pupils dilate.
p.57
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What are the two main views of the brainstem mentioned?
Anterior view and posterior view.
p.32
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What is the role of the hippocampus in the limbic system?
Involved in the formation and retrieval of memories.
p.58
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What are the colliculi in the midbrain?
Bumps/swellings that overlie nuclei involved in hearing and vision.
p.58
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What is the function of the pons?
Houses critical motor pathways and acts as a bridge to the cerebellum.
p.69
Peripheral Nervous System Organization
What are the two main systems within the Somatic Nervous System?
Pyramidal system and Extra-pyramidal system.
p.22
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
Which areas of the Parietal Lobe are important for language?
The inferior parietal lobule, specifically the supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus.
p.76
Overview of the Nervous System
What is the somatic system responsible for?
It is responsible for voluntary movements and the transmission of sensory information.
p.5
Central Nervous System Anatomy
What structures are found in the posterior fossa?
Pons, medulla, midbrain, and cerebellum.
p.79
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
What muscles are controlled by the corticobulbar system?
Muscles of the face, head, and neck.
p.19
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What is the primary function of the Premotor Cortex?
Selection of motor plans.
p.79
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
How do the axons of the corticobulbar tract function?
They send axons to brainstem nuclei on both the same side and opposite side as their cortical origin.
p.2
Peripheral Nervous System Organization
What are the two branches of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Parasympathetic Nervous System and Sympathetic Nervous System.
p.42
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
What role does the striatum play in movement selection and learning?
It helps build up a repertoire of movements that can be triggered in response to appropriate stimuli under conditions of practice.
p.80
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What is the corticobulbar tract?
A neural pathway that connects the cerebral cortex to the brainstem.
p.86
Lower and Upper Motor Neurons
What is a motor unit?
An LMN plus the muscle fibers it innervates.
p.44
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
How does the thalamus contribute to sensory perception?
By processing and transmitting sensory signals to the appropriate areas of the cortex.
p.38
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
What are the two main pathways involved in the basal ganglia circuitry?
Cortex, Basal Ganglia, Thalamus.
p.23
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What types of sensory information does the Primary Somatosensory Cortex receive?
Touch, vibration, pain, and temperature.
p.63
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
What are the two main parts of the spinal cord's gray matter?
Posterior part (dorsal horn) and anterior part (ventral horn).
p.53
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What are the two types of colliculi mentioned?
Superior colliculus (SC) and Inferior colliculus (IC).
p.84
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
How does the lower face receive input from upper motor neurons (UMN)?
The lower face receives input contralaterally from UMN.
p.56
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What is the main outflow pathway from the cerebellum to the cortex?
The superior cerebellar peduncle (cerebellothalamocortical pathway).
p.70
Overview of the Nervous System
What happens to the heart rate during stressful situations according to the sympathetic division?
The heart rate increases.
p.30
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What is the primary function of the Occipital Lobe?
Vision, visual recognition, and association.
p.16
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What is the primary function of the Primary Motor Cortex?
For volitional movement of muscles of head, neck, and body.
p.69
Peripheral Nervous System Organization
What type of control does the Somatic Nervous System provide?
Conscious control of muscles from the cerebral cortex to the muscles of the face and body.
p.74
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
Where are striatal tracts located?
Deep within the cerebral hemispheres.
p.33
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
Why is the insular cortex significant?
It is one of the least understood brain regions with a wide variety of functions.
p.42
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
How does movement scaling function in motor execution?
It scales the force, amplitude, and duration of movements during the execution of motor plans.
p.80
Overview of the Nervous System
What is the purpose of the provided link?
To reference an illustration of the corticobulbar tract.
p.86
Lower and Upper Motor Neurons
What do LMNs control?
The activities of groups of muscle fibers.
p.31
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What is the primary function of the limbic system?
Emotional and motivational aspects of behavior.
p.17
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What does the diagram of the primary motor cortex indicate?
It indicates the location and amount of cortex devoted to each part of the body.
p.38
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
How do basal ganglia structures process motor commands?
They receive information from the cortex, process it, and send it back to the cortex via the thalamus.
p.84
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
How does the upper face receive input from upper motor neurons (UMN)?
The upper face receives input bilaterally from UMN.
p.75
Central Nervous System Anatomy
Where does the corpus callosum form in the brain?
At the base of the longitudinal fissure.
p.50
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What is the function of the myelencephalon?
It regulates vital functions such as breathing and heart rate.
p.90
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
Where does the reticulospinal tract originate?
In the reticular formation of the brainstem.
p.61
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
What is the approximate length of the spinal cord?
42 - 45 cm from foramen magnum to first lumbar.
p.62
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
Where does sensory information go for reflex actions?
To the spinal cord or brainstem.
p.82
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
What type of circuits do motor neurons comprise?
Tightly controlled, complex circuits throughout the body.
p.9
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
Where is the white matter located in the cerebrum?
Closer to the center of the brain.
p.61
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
How many cervical spinal nerves are there?
8 cervical spinal nerves.
p.62
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
What types of motor movements are controlled by the spinal cord?
Fine and gross motor movements not specific to speech, language, or hearing.
p.28
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What Brodmann areas correspond to the primary auditory cortex?
Areas 41 and 42, located in Heschl’s gyrus.
p.34
Central Nervous System Anatomy
What is the telencephalon?
A subcortical region of the cerebrum.
p.49
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
What structures does the hypothalamus connect with?
Limbic system, hippocampus, striatum, and brainstem.
p.54
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
How is each cerebellar hemisphere connected to the brain?
Each is connected to the contralateral thalamus and cerebral hemisphere.
p.18
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What does the size of the drawn body part in the Primary Motor Cortex indicate?
The larger the drawn body part, the more involved the cortex is, indicating how richly innervated that part is.
p.18
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
Where are higher parts of the body represented in the Primary Motor Cortex?
Towards the Sylvian (lateral) fissure.
p.45
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
What is the primary function of the thalamus?
It serves as a major relay center.
p.80
Overview of the Nervous System
What does copyright © 2017 signify?
It indicates that the work is protected and all rights are reserved by the author or publisher.
p.25
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
Which Brodmann areas are included in the Inferior Parietal Lobule (IPL)?
Brodmann areas 39 (angular gyrus) and 40 (supramarginal gyrus).
p.73
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What is Broca's area responsible for?
Speech production and language processing.
p.1
Overview of the Nervous System
What institution is associated with the class?
The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
p.38
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
What is the primary function of the basal ganglia?
To refine motor movements.
p.87
Neuromuscular Junction Function
What is the first step in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) process?
The motor nerve action potential arrives at the NMJ.
p.90
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
What are the characteristics of the extrapyramidal tract?
It consists of many short pathways and interconnected structures.
p.66
Peripheral Nervous System Organization
What are the two main systems within the Peripheral Nervous System?
Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System.
p.86
Lower and Upper Motor Neurons
What triggers muscle fiber contraction at the neuromuscular junction?
The release of acetylcholine (Ach) from synaptic vesicles.
p.51
Central Nervous System Anatomy
What structures are included in the Metencephalon?
Pons and cerebellum, along with the 4th ventricle.
p.84
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
What happens to upper face function if there is an UMN lesion on one side?
The contralateral side still provides input, preserving upper face function.
p.44
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
Which part of the brain is involved in emotional responses and memory?
The thalamus, as it interacts with the limbic system.
p.89
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
Can you give examples of activities regulated by the Extrapyramidal Tract?
Stretch reflex, extension of legs to maintain postural support, and stepping.
p.14
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
Expressive language, volitional movement, motor planning, cognition (attention, memory, reasoning, personality).
p.65
Peripheral Nervous System Organization
What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?
Involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate and digestion.
p.28
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
How does the anterior area of the primary auditory cortex respond to sound frequencies?
It responds to higher frequencies.
p.4
Overview of the Nervous System
What does copyright © signify?
It indicates that the work is protected and all rights are reserved by the author or publisher.
p.8
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What does the term 'Telencephalon' refer to?
The cerebral hemispheres.
p.6
Central Nervous System Anatomy
What are the three main divisions of the brain during embryonic development?
Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
p.16
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
How are the pyramidal motor cells in the Primary Motor Cortex arranged?
In a topographical arrangement connected to the body.
p.6
Central Nervous System Anatomy
What are the anatomical divisions of the brain?
Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
p.58
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What does the medulla form?
Most of the caudal part of the brainstem and is continuous with the spinal cord.
p.18
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
Which side of the body does the Primary Motor Cortex correspond to?
The contralateral side of the body.
p.26
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What function does the angular gyrus serve?
It is responsible for semantic processing, particularly understanding metaphors and mathematics.
p.25
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What is the P-T-O region?
The Parietal - Temporal - Occipital region of the brain.
p.73
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
Which areas of the brain does the Arcuate Fasciculus connect?
Broca’s area in the frontal lobe, Wernicke’s area in the temporal lobe, and the supramarginal and angular gyri in the parietal lobe.
p.47
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
What is the primary function of the thalamus?
To act as a relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex.
p.42
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
What is set switching in the context of motor control?
It allows the system to respond to novel stimuli and changing circumstances.
p.24
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What does the sensory homunculus correspond to?
The contralateral side of the body.
p.83
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
How do cranial nerve nuclei receive innervation from UMNs?
Most cranial nerve nuclei receive bilateral innervation from the UMNs.
p.83
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
How do cranial nerve nuclei differ from corticospinal tracts?
Unlike corticospinal tracts, most cranial nerve nuclei receive bilateral innervation from UMNs.
p.9
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What are the two main parts of the cerebrum?
The left and right cerebral hemispheres.
p.56
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What are the three main tracts to/from the cerebellum?
Inferior, middle, and superior cerebellar peduncles.
p.90
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
Which tract is crucial for controlling lower motor neuron activity?
The reticulospinal tract.
p.56
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What is the major route from the cortex to the cerebellum?
The middle cerebellar peduncle (corticopontocerebellar pathway).
p.82
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
What do Lower Motor Neurons (LMNs) innervate?
Muscles and glands throughout the body.
p.85
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
How does the genioglossus muscle receive input from UMN?
It receives input contralaterally from the lower portion of the CN XII nuclei.
p.68
Peripheral Nervous System Organization
What functions does the Somatic Nervous System control?
Voluntary body functions.
p.57
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What is the primary function of the brainstem?
It controls vital life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure.
p.4
Overview of the Nervous System
Which institution holds the copyright mentioned?
Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
p.21
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What is the prefrontal cortex known as?
The multimodal association cortex.
p.4
Overview of the Nervous System
What is the purpose of the URL provided?
It links to a specific article or figure related to the copyright notice.
p.30
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What happens if the Occipital Lobe is damaged?
It can result in cortical blindness for some portion of the visual field and an inability to recognize faces.
p.32
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
How does the hippocampus categorize memories?
It helps file experiences in categories, storing similar memories in the same place.
p.27
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What is the primary function of the Temporal Lobe?
Auditory function and receptive language.
p.88
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
What is the role of gamma motor neurons?
They are crucial to maintaining muscle tone.
p.22
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What is the primary function of the Parietal Lobe?
Conscious reception and integration of various sensations.
p.88
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
What is a somatic reflex arc?
A quick muscle response that bypasses the brain, resulting in faster effector response.
p.29
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What is a characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia?
Impaired ability to understand language.
p.2
Overview of the Nervous System
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System.
p.77
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
What is the primary function of the pyramidal tract?
Control of muscular movements.
p.15
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What is the primary function of the primary motor cortex (PMC)?
It is responsible for voluntary motor control.
p.1
Overview of the Nervous System
What is the primary focus of the class mentioned?
Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology I.
p.42
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
What is the role of posture and tone regulation in motor control?
It regulates muscle tone and maintains normal posture and static muscle contraction for voluntary and skilled movements including speech.
p.26
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
Which region is referred to as the P-T-O region?
The Parietal - Temporal - Occipital region.
p.71
Autonomic Nervous System
Where do projections of the parasympathetic division arise from?
The brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord.
p.20
Central Nervous System Anatomy
Where is Broca's Area located in relation to the premotor cortex?
Just inferior to and anterior to the premotor cortex.
p.76
Peripheral Nervous System Organization
Which part of the nervous system does the somatic system belong to?
The peripheral nervous system.
p.33
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What functions does the insular cortex serve?
It is involved in sensory and affective processing as well as high-level cognition.
p.5
Peripheral Nervous System Organization
What does the peripheral division consist of?
Cranial and spinal nerves.
p.20
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What is the primary function of Broca's Area?
To provide projections to the premotor cortex for speech.
p.47
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
Where is the thalamus located?
In the brain, situated above the brainstem and between the cerebral cortex and midbrain.
p.21
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What executive functions are managed by the prefrontal cortex?
Planning, organization, monitoring, and controlling of behavior.
p.22
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?
In the post central gyrus.
p.71
Autonomic Nervous System
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
To conserve energy and return the body to a resting condition, maintaining internal balance (homeostasis).
p.24
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What is the primary function of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex?
It is responsible for sensory perception and processing.
p.45
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
What does the brainstem connect to?
The brain to the spinal cord.
p.2
Peripheral Nervous System Organization
What systems are included in the Peripheral Nervous System?
Somatic Nervous System, Pyramidal System, Extrapyramidal System, and Autonomic Nervous System.
p.83
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
What is the role of lower motor neurons?
They serve as the final common pathway to the muscle.
p.50
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What are the three main parts of the brainstem?
Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, and Myelencephalon.
p.17
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
How are body parts represented in the primary motor cortex?
Representations are arranged topographically.
p.77
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
Into what two tracts does the pyramidal tract divide?
Corticospinal tract (CST) and corticobulbar tract (CBT).
p.44
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
What role does the hypothalamus play in the body?
It regulates homeostasis and controls the endocrine system.
p.51
Central Nervous System Anatomy
Which structures are part of the Diencephalon?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and the 3rd ventricle.
p.46
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
How does the thalamus relate to movement?
It integrates motor information from the cerebellum and basal ganglia and transmits messages to motor areas in the cerebrum.
p.51
Central Nervous System Anatomy
What is the function of the Midbrain?
It is part of the Mesencephalon and contains the cerebral aqueduct.
p.85
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
What is the effect of a unilateral lesion at the UMN on the functions of certain cranial nerve nuclei?
It should not significantly affect the functions of these nuclei.
p.65
Peripheral Nervous System Organization
How is the Peripheral Nervous System divided?
Into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
p.9
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What type of matter primarily makes up the cortex?
Gray matter, which consists of neuronal cell bodies.
p.78
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
Where does the corticospinal tract primarily receive input from?
The primary motor cortex.
p.23
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
From where does the Primary Somatosensory Cortex receive sensory information?
Via tracts from the brainstem and spinal cord.
p.55
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
How does the flocculonodular lobe assist in motor control?
By controlling eye movements and postural judgment.
p.78
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
Where do most fibers of the corticospinal tract cross the midline?
In the decussation of the pyramids (of the medulla).
p.66
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
What is the role of the Extrapyramidal System?
It regulates involuntary and automatic control of muscles.
p.78
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What is the characteristic of the corticospinal tract regarding its lateralization?
It is largely contralateral.
p.53
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What does the dashed line in the context indicate?
The approximate transition from the medulla to the spinal cord.
p.32
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What is the function of the amygdala in the limbic system?
Filters incoming sensory information and evaluates its importance in terms of emotional needs and survival.
p.69
Peripheral Nervous System Organization
What does the Somatic Nervous System coordinate and process?
Movements at a subconscious level, including muscle tone, balance, posture, and locomotion.
p.54
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What side of the body does each cerebellar hemisphere control?
The ipsilateral side of the body.
p.5
Central Nervous System Anatomy
What are the main anatomical divisions of the brain?
Supratentorial, posterior fossa, and peripheral.
p.33
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What is the insular cortex?
A region of the brain located beneath the opercula of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.
p.73
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What is the Arcuate Fasciculus?
A neural pathway that connects speech and language cortical areas.
p.45
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
How is the thalamus classified in some literature?
As part of the basal ganglia (BG).
p.24
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What does the sensory homunculus represent?
A topographical representation of the sensory distribution of the body in the cerebral cortex.
p.11
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What are the names of the lobes in the cerebrum?
Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Temporal lobe, Occipital lobe, and Insular lobe/cortex.
p.77
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
What type of control does the pyramidal tract provide?
Conscious, voluntary control of body and face muscles.
p.20
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What happens when Broca's Area is damaged?
It results in nonfluent aphasia, where understanding of language is intact but speech production is affected.
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Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
What type of circuitry is involved in the basal ganglia's function?
Cortico-striatal-cortical loop / basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuitry.
p.47
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
How does the thalamus contribute to consciousness?
By regulating the flow of information to the cortex, influencing alertness and awareness.
p.89
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
What are the main functions of the Extrapyramidal Tract?
Regulate reflexes and maintain posture and tone, assisting the pyramidal system in achieving skilled movements.
p.10
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What are the grooves in the cerebrum referred to as?
Sulci (singular = sulcus).
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Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What did Paul Broca contribute to the study of language?
He related lesions and damage to deficits in speech and language.
p.85
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
Which structures are less prone to unilateral weakness due to UMN lesions?
Jaw, larynx, pharynx, soft palate.
p.48
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
Where is the hypothalamus located in relation to the thalamus?
Below the thalamus (anterior and ventral).
p.10
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What does the longitudinal fissure separate?
The left hemisphere from the right hemisphere.
p.61
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
What are the segments of the spinal cord?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal.
p.64
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
What is a consequence of lesions to Lower Motor Neurons?
Paralysis and anaesthesia below the level of the injury.
p.53
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What types of information does the superior colliculus receive?
Information from multiple senses: visual, auditory, and somatosensory.
p.81
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
Which cranial nerves receive innervation from the contralateral cortex?
Cranial nerves VII and XII.
p.14
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?
Higher cognitive functions such as decision-making and social behavior.
p.76
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What types of activities does the somatic system control?
It controls activities such as walking, talking, and other voluntary movements.
p.46
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
What is the primary function of the thalamus?
To serve as a relay station for all sensory information (except for smell) to the cerebral cortex.
p.76
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
How does the somatic system transmit sensory information?
Through sensory neurons that carry signals from the body to the central nervous system.
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Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
How does stimulation or damage to the Premotor Cortex affect behavior?
It reflects behaviors related to motor function but in a less specific and localized way than the PMC.
p.12
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What is the focus of Functional Neuroanatomy?
Correlating brain anatomy to language behaviors.
p.50
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What is the role of the mesencephalon?
It is involved in vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal, and temperature regulation.
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Lower and Upper Motor Neurons
How are the muscles of the body innervated?
By hundreds of thousands of motor units.
p.46
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
What is the role of the thalamus in processing information?
All information passes through the thalamus before being routed to the appropriate destination in the cerebral cortex for further processing and interpretation.
p.87
Neuromuscular Junction Function
What does acetylcholine (ACh) do after being released?
It crosses the synaptic gap and binds to ACh receptors on the muscle fiber.
p.66
Peripheral Nervous System Organization
What are the two branches of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Parasympathetic Nervous System and Sympathetic Nervous System.
p.12
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What are Brodmann Areas?
Areas of the brain assigned numbers by Brodmann based on cell structure.
p.63
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
What is the composition of white matter in the spinal cord?
Myelinated axons arranged in bundles/tracts/columns/pathways.
p.84
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
What is the effect of an UMN lesion on the lower face?
If an UMN lesion occurs on one side, the lower face loses its function due to lack of input.
p.48
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
What is the infundibulum?
The pituitary stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
p.84
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
Which side of the lower face is affected by an UMN lesion?
The contralateral side of the lower face is affected.
p.75
Central Nervous System Anatomy
What type of matter is the corpus callosum primarily composed of?
White matter (myelinated axons).
p.14
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What is the function of the premotor cortex?
It is involved in the planning of movements.
p.79
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
Where does the corticobulbar tract terminate?
On motor neurons within the brainstem of motor nuclei.
p.66
Overview of the Nervous System
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System.
p.89
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
What is the Extrapyramidal Tract?
An indirect activation pathway that connects the cortex to the cranial/spinal cord nuclei.
p.66
Central Nervous System Anatomy
What components make up the Central Nervous System?
The brain and spinal cord.
p.75
Central Nervous System Anatomy
What is the corpus callosum?
A C-shaped bundle of myelinated axons that connects the left and right hemispheres.
p.81
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What is decussation in the context of the nervous system?
A crossed tract of nerve fibers passing between centers on opposite sides of the nervous system.
p.78
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What does the corticospinal tract carry?
Information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.
p.51
Central Nervous System Anatomy
What is the role of the Myelencephalon?
It includes the medulla oblongata and the 4th ventricle.
p.66
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
What is the function of the Pyramidal System?
It is involved in voluntary motor control.
p.23
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What does the Primary Somatosensory Cortex transmit?
Conscious sensations from sensory receptors in the head, neck, and body.
p.63
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
What do ascending tracts in the spinal cord do?
Transmit sensory information up the spinal cord to the brain.
p.75
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What does the right hemisphere process in relation to speech?
Speech prosody, including melody, rate, and stress.
p.61
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
What types of information do spinal nerves carry?
Both sensory and motor information.
p.14
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What cognitive functions are associated with the frontal lobe?
Attention, memory, reasoning, and personality.
p.61
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
C1, also known as the atlas.
p.47
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
What types of information does the thalamus process?
Sensory information (except for smell) and motor information.
p.55
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What is the function of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum?
Regulating posture, gait, and truncal tone.
p.65
Peripheral Nervous System Organization
What is the primary function of the Peripheral Nervous System?
To connect the central nervous system to the limbs and organs.
p.64
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
What are motor neurons above the level of the synapse called?
Upper Motor Neurons (UMNs).
p.62
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
What is the primary function of tracts in the spinal cord?
They run up and down in the spinal cord.
p.89
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
What type of activities does the Extrapyramidal Tract primarily involve?
Many of the activities are inhibitory.
p.81
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
At what level does the decussation of the corticospinal tract occur?
At the level of the lower medulla.
p.87
Neuromuscular Junction Function
What is the result of ACh binding to its receptors?
It leads to the endplate potential, initiating the muscle action potential and muscle contraction.
p.64
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
What is a consequence of lesions to Upper Motor Neurons?
Paralysis and anaesthesia below the level of the injury.
p.48
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
What does the hypothalamus influence?
Endocrine function via its attachment to the pituitary gland.
p.10
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What does the central sulcus (Fissure of Rolando) separate?
The frontal lobe from the parietal lobe in each hemisphere.
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Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
What types of sensory information are primarily processed by the spinal cord?
Pain, touch, and temperature.
p.63
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
What functions are associated with the spinal cord?
Sensory functions and motor functions.
p.90
Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
What is the function of corticoreticular tracts?
They connect the cortex to the reticular formation, mainly contralaterally.
p.82
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
Where do Upper Motor Neurons (UMNs) travel to?
Down to the brainstem or spinal cord.
p.55
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What does the posterior lobe of the cerebellum coordinate?
Skilled, sequential voluntary muscle activity.
p.44
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
What are some functions regulated by the hypothalamus?
Temperature control, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms.
p.55
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What is the role of the flocculonodular lobe?
Receives information from the vestibular system.
p.65
Peripheral Nervous System Organization
What does the somatic nervous system control?
Voluntary movements and the transmission of sensory information.
p.9
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What is the inner layer of the cerebrum composed of?
White matter, primarily made up of myelinated axons.
p.78
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
Where do descending fibers of the corticospinal tract synapse?
In the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord with lower motor neurons.
p.78
Functional Neuroanatomy and Localization Theory
What happens if there is a stroke that damages the left hemisphere?
It results in paresis or paralysis of limb muscles on the right side and vice versa.
p.62
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
To what does the spinal cord send motor information?
To skeletal muscle for movement.
p.10
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What does the lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure) separate?
The frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe.
p.14
Cerebral Lobes and Their Functions
What is the role of the primary motor cortex?
It is involved in the planning and execution of voluntary movements.
p.53
Cerebellum and Brainstem Structure
What do the abbreviations ICP, MCP, and SCP stand for?
Inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP), middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP), and superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP).
p.48
Thalamus and Hypothalamus Functions
What is the primary function of the pituitary gland?
To make essential hormones.
p.84
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
What is the effect of a lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion on facial function?
The same side of both the upper and lower face are affected.
