p.16
Functions of the Integumentary System
What do nociceptors detect?
Pain and cellular injury.
p.33
Structure of the Skin
What does the statement 'but skin is pretty deep' suggest?
It implies that the skin has complex structures and functions beyond just appearance.
p.13
Skin Disorders and Conditions
How do hormonal changes affect acne?
They increase sebum production, especially during adolescence.
p.28
Burns: Types and Effects
What layers of the skin are affected by a 2nd degree burn?
Epidermis and part of the dermis.
p.20
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What do sweat glands secrete?
Sweat, which is a watery fluid.
p.5
Epidermis and Its Layers
Where is the thickest epidermis found?
On the palms of the hands and soles of the feet (approximately 1 mm).
p.30
Skin Disorders and Conditions
What can frequently irritate the skin?
Irritants and microorganisms.
How is the inactive form of vitamin D converted into its active form?
The kidneys convert the inactive form into the active form of vitamin D.
p.30
Skin Disorders and Conditions
What is a common cause of skin cancer?
Excessive exposure to sunlight.
What is the function of active vitamin D?
It acts as a hormone to maintain calcium homeostasis and enhance Ca2+ absorption from the digestive tract.
p.24
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What are the main components involved in thermoregulation?
Hypothalamus, skin, and blood vessels.
p.12
Cutaneous Glands: Types and Functions
What effect does the acidic nature of sebum have?
It has an antibacterial effect.
p.28
Burns: Types and Effects
What damage can a 2nd degree burn cause?
Damage to hair follicles, nerve endings, and cutaneous glands.
p.12
Cutaneous Glands: Types and Functions
What is one function of sebum for the skin?
It allows the skin to be waterproof and supple.
p.3
Dermis Composition and Functions
What cells are primarily found in the dermis?
Fibroblasts (connective-tissue cells).
p.19
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What are the two types of thermoreceptors involved in thermoregulation?
Peripheral (skin) thermoreceptors and visceral (internal organs) thermoreceptors.
What role does sunlight play in vitamin D synthesis?
Sunlight helps convert cholesterol in the skin into the inactive form of vitamin D3.
p.20
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What is the role of effectors in thermoregulation?
Effectors regulate the amount of heat in the body.
p.19
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What are some effectors involved in thermoregulation?
Skin/cutaneous arterioles, sweat glands, skeletal muscles, and fat tissues.
p.3
Epidermis and Its Layers
What are keratinocytes?
Tough and flattened cells found in the epidermis.
p.18
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What are the effectors involved in thermoregulation?
Sweat glands, skin blood vessels, skeletal muscles, and fat tissues.
p.3
Epidermis and Its Layers
What can the epidermis modify into?
Cutaneous glands and nails.
p.31
Hair and Nails: Structure and Function
What is one sensory function of hair on limbs and face?
Enhancing facial expression.
p.26
Burns: Types and Effects
What causes burns?
Hyperthermal damage (high heat).
p.1
Functions of the Integumentary System
What is the primary function of the skin?
To protect the body and regulate temperature.
p.24
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What is the primary function of body temperature regulation?
To maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
p.10
Epidermis and Its Layers
What is the primary function of Langerhans' cells?
To defend against microorganisms.
p.17
Structure of the Skin
What is the third layer of skin called?
Hypodermis or Subcutaneous Tissue.
p.22
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What happens when body temperature is lower than the set point?
Thermoreceptors inform the thermoregulatory center (hypothalamus).
p.25
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What is the result of increased body heat during a fever?
Increased body temperature.
p.12
Cutaneous Glands: Types and Functions
Where do the ducts of sebaceous glands open?
Into hair follicles (exocrine).
p.9
Epidermis and Its Layers
What pigment do melanocytes produce?
Melanin, a brown-black pigment.
p.11
Cutaneous Glands: Types and Functions
Where are Apocrine sweat glands primarily found?
In the armpits, groin, and anal region.
p.2
Functions of the Integumentary System
What is one of the major functions of the integumentary system?
Protection as an external covering of the body against infection.
p.4
Epidermis and Its Layers
What is the name of the dead keratinocyte layer?
Stratum corneum (Horny layer).
p.13
Skin Disorders and Conditions
What causes acne?
Blockage and inflammation of the sebaceous glands.
What are the three tissue layers of the skin?
Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis.
p.26
Burns: Types and Effects
Why can burns be life-threatening?
Due to fluid loss, infection, and toxic effects of eschar (dead tissue).
p.21
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What is shivering thermogenesis?
An involuntary motor response that increases muscle activity to generate more body heat.
p.26
Burns: Types and Effects
What are the three main life-threatening conditions caused by burns?
Fluid loss, infection, and toxic effects of eschar.
p.1
Hair and Nails: Structure and Function
What role do hair and nails play in the integumentary system?
They provide protection and enhance sensory functions.
p.17
Structure of the Skin
What type of tissue primarily composes the hypodermis?
Thick adipose tissue (connective tissue).
p.30
Skin Disorders and Conditions
What causes contact dermatitis?
Allergic reaction or direct irritation of chemicals.
p.22
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What is one effect of vasoconstriction of cutaneous arterioles?
It reduces blood flow to the skin to conserve heat.
p.22
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What role does shivering play in thermoregulation?
It promotes shivering thermogenesis, increasing skeletal muscle tone to generate heat.
p.9
Epidermis and Its Layers
Why do black people typically have more melanin and melanocytes?
Due to higher UV exposure and genetic factors.
p.5
Epidermis and Its Layers
Where is the thinnest epidermis found?
In the breast of women (approximately 0.07 mm).
p.19
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What role does the hypothalamus play in thermoregulation?
It receives nerve impulses from thermoreceptors and produces motor signals to effectors.
p.32
Hair and Nails: Structure and Function
What is the structure of a nail composed of?
Hard nail plate, root, nail body, and free edge.
p.1
Cutaneous Glands: Types and Functions
What are cutaneous glands?
Glands located in the skin that produce various substances.
p.5
Epidermis and Its Layers
What does the variation in epidermal thickness indicate?
Different epidermal thickness at different body sites.
p.25
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What are two physiological responses that occur during a fever?
Increased heat production (shivering) and reduced heat loss (vasoconstriction, curling up).
p.31
Hair and Nails: Structure and Function
Where does hair not grow on the human body?
Lips, nipples, palms, and soles.
p.30
Skin Disorders and Conditions
What are some examples of skin disorders?
Allergy, hypersensitivity, eczema, and contact dermatitis.
p.24
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What happens when the body is too cold?
Blood vessels constrict, and shivering may occur to generate heat.
p.15
Functions of the Integumentary System
What type of sensory organ is the skin classified as?
A 'general' sensory organ.
p.31
Hair and Nails: Structure and Function
What is another function of hair related to scents?
Dispersal of sexual scents.
p.9
Epidermis and Its Layers
How does melanin protect the skin?
By absorbing UV light, blocking some from reaching stem cells and the dermis.
p.22
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
Why does curling up the body help in thermoregulation?
It decreases surface area to inhibit heat loss.
p.11
Cutaneous Glands: Types and Functions
What type of sweat do Apocrine glands produce?
A thicker, salty protein-and-lipid-rich fluid.
p.11
Cutaneous Glands: Types and Functions
How do Merocrine sweat glands contribute to thermoregulation?
By producing sweat that cools the body through evaporation.
What are the two main layers of the skin?
A tough and waterproof outer layer and a deep middle layer.
p.33
Structure of the Skin
What does the phrase 'Beauty is only skin-deep' imply?
It suggests that physical appearance is superficial and not as important as inner qualities.
p.32
Hair and Nails: Structure and Function
What are the primary functions of nails?
Protect sensitive tips of fingers and toes, grip objects, and scratch itches.
p.13
Skin Disorders and Conditions
What role do bacteria play in acne?
Harmless bacteria contaminate plugged hair follicles and sebaceous glands, causing inflammation and infection.
p.20
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
How does sweating contribute to thermoregulation?
Sweating promotes heat loss through the evaporation of sweat, which has a cooling effect and lowers body temperature.
p.21
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
How does shivering affect muscle tone?
It gives a higher 'muscle tone'.
What carries active vitamin D3 in the blood?
Active vitamin D3 is carried by vitamin D binding protein (DBP) in the blood.
p.21
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What effect does increased skeletal muscle activity have on body temperature?
It increases body temperature.
p.30
Skin Disorders and Conditions
What symptoms are associated with eczema?
Itching, redness, dryness, and cracking of skin.
p.31
Hair and Nails: Structure and Function
What are two functions of hair on the head?
Protection and heat retention.
p.3
Dermis Composition and Functions
What fibers are present in the dermis?
Collagen and elastic fibers.
p.2
Hair and Nails: Structure and Function
What structural protein do hair, nails, and cutaneous glands contain?
Keratin, which provides toughness and rigidity.
What does the integumentary system consist of?
Skin, hair, nails, and cutaneous glands.
p.21
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What is the major control of heat production in thermoregulation?
Skeletal muscle activity.
p.18
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What are the sensors involved in thermoregulation?
Thermoreceptors in the skin and some internal organs, such as the brain.
p.13
Skin Disorders and Conditions
What are common symptoms of acne?
Small red spots, blackheads, and plugs on the face, neck, upper chest, and back.
p.30
Skin Disorders and Conditions
What types of disorders can affect nails and hair?
Localized diseases or general health problems.
p.32
Hair and Nails: Structure and Function
How much faster do fingernails grow compared to toenails?
Fingernails grow 3 times faster than toenails.
p.24
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
How does the body respond to overheating?
By increasing blood flow to the skin and activating sweat glands.
p.6
Epidermis and Its Layers
What happens to dead epidermal cells?
They shed from the surface of the skin.
p.16
Functions of the Integumentary System
How do mechanoreceptors send signals to the brain?
By sending nerve impulses when they are physically pulled or touched.
p.15
Structure of the Skin
Where are most sensory receptors located in the skin?
In the dermis, with some close to the epidermis.
p.15
Functions of the Integumentary System
What do mechanoreceptors respond to?
Touch, pressure, and distortion.
p.11
Cutaneous Glands: Types and Functions
What is a key characteristic of the ducts of Apocrine sweat glands?
They open into hair follicles.
What structures are included in the integumentary system?
Hair, nails, and cutaneous glands (sebaceous and sweat glands).
p.25
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What happens to the body temperature set-point during a fever?
It is elevated by the thermoregulatory center.
p.31
Hair and Nails: Structure and Function
What is hair primarily made of?
Keratinized epidermal cells.
p.3
Epidermis and Its Layers
What type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
p.23
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What is non-shivering thermogenesis?
A process that uses brown fat tissues to generate heat.
p.6
Epidermis and Its Layers
What are the characteristics of the horny layer of the epidermis?
It consists of dead flattened cells filled with keratin, closely packed to form an interlocking barrier.
p.7
Functions of the Integumentary System
What role does the epidermis play in body defense?
It acts as a barrier against pathogens.
p.9
Epidermis and Its Layers
What is the primary function of melanocytes in the epidermis?
To produce melanin, which absorbs UV light.
p.24
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What role does the hypothalamus play in thermoregulation?
It acts as the body's thermostat, detecting changes in temperature.
p.3
Dermis Composition and Functions
What structures are found in the dermis besides connective tissues?
Nerves and blood vessels.
p.11
Cutaneous Glands: Types and Functions
What causes the unpleasant odor associated with Apocrine sweat?
The metabolism of sweat by bacteria.
p.2
Functions of the Integumentary System
How does the integumentary system contribute to sensation?
It contains receptors (sensory neurons).
p.4
Epidermis and Its Layers
What is the function of the Stratum basale?
It contains basal cells that are stem cells for making new keratinocytes.
p.20
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
How do skin arterioles help in thermoregulation?
Skin arterioles constrict to retain body heat and dilate to promote heat loss.
p.3
Dermis Composition and Functions
What types of tissues are found in the dermis?
Loose connective and dense irregular connective tissues.
p.22
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What does the thermoregulatory center trigger in response to low body temperature?
It triggers effectors such as vasoconstriction, shivering thermogenesis, and curling up the body.
p.11
Cutaneous Glands: Types and Functions
What are the two types of sweat glands?
Merocrine sweat glands and Apocrine sweat glands.
p.17
Structure of the Skin
What are the primary functions of the hypodermis?
Stores energy, acts as a shock absorber, and insulates.
p.27
Burns: Types and Effects
What are the common symptoms of a 1st degree burn?
Redness, slight edema, and pain.
p.4
Epidermis and Its Layers
What is the function of the outermost layer of the epidermis?
It serves as a physical barrier and helps with water retention.
p.6
Epidermis and Its Layers
What type of cells are found in the regenerative layer of the epidermis?
Box-like stem cells that produce new keratinocytes.
p.16
Functions of the Integumentary System
What are free nerve endings responsible for?
Sensation, including temperature and pain.
p.11
Cutaneous Glands: Types and Functions
What is the primary function of Merocrine sweat glands?
To excrete water and metabolic wastes, and to cool down the body through evaporation.
p.9
Epidermis and Its Layers
What factors determine the number of melanocytes and melanin in an individual?
UV intensity exposure and genetic factors.
p.15
Functions of the Integumentary System
What is the function of Meissner’s corpuscle?
It acts as a mechanoreceptor for light touch.
p.2
Thermoregulation Mechanisms
What mechanism does the integumentary system use for thermoregulation?
Maintains body temperature through sweating and dilation or constriction of skin blood vessels.
p.4
Epidermis and Its Layers
What are the sub-layers of the epidermis?
Horny layer, Prickly layer, Granular layer, and Regenerative layer.
p.6
Epidermis and Its Layers
What do keratinocytes do?
They are epidermal cells that form the outer layer of the skin.
p.15
Functions of the Integumentary System
Why are fingertips and lips more sensitive than the dorsal side of the body?
They have a higher concentration of sensory receptors.
p.4
Epidermis and Its Layers
What type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
p.4
Epidermis and Its Layers
What happens to keratinocytes as they move to the surface?
They die and form a dead-cell layer.
