p.10
Malaria and its Impact
What significant event in 1972 affected malaria eradication efforts?
The banning of DDT nearly eradicated malaria.
p.14
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
Does chemoprophylaxis prevent mosquito blood meals?
No, chemoprophylaxis does not prevent mosquito blood meals; it deals with Plasmodium once it is in the body.
What is Trichomonas vaginalis?
A protozoan that causes a common sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the US.
How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted?
Through sexual transmission.
p.5
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
What are parasites?
Organisms that need a host to live.
p.19
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
What are the multiple forms of Leishmaniasis?
Leishmaniasis has three forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral.
p.11
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are the paroxysms associated with malaria?
Paroxysms of fever and rigors (shaking) with coldness.
p.10
Malaria and its Impact
How many malaria cases were reported worldwide in 2022?
~249 million malaria cases.
How is Trichinella spiralis typically transmitted to humans?
Through ingestion of undercooked wild game, particularly bear meat.
p.16
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
How is Amebiasis transmitted?
Infection occurs from ingesting cysts in food or water.
p.26
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What medications are used to treat Ascariasis?
Mebendazole (Vermox), Albendazole, or Ivermectin
p.20
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What is the recommended treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis?
Treat both/all sexual partners.
p.8
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are some common diseases caused by protozoa?
Common diseases include malaria, amoebic dysentery, and giardiasis.
p.8
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
What is the role of protozoa in the ecosystem?
Protozoa play a crucial role in nutrient cycling and serve as a food source for larger organisms.
What behavior do female pinworms exhibit at night?
They migrate outside the anus to lay eggs, causing intense itching.
Which roundworm is second in prevalence worldwide to Ascaris?
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworms)
p.29
Life Cycle of Parasites
How do Strongyloides stercoralis larvae enter the bloodstream?
They burrow through the skin.
p.23
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
How does Cryptosporidiosis affect healthy individuals?
Healthy people typically experience self-limited diarrhea.
p.36
Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Strategies
What is Mass Drug Administration (MDA)?
A strategy where drugs are periodically administered to entire populations at risk for soil-transmitted helminths and some other NTDs.
p.29
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
Who is at risk for severe disease from Strongyloides stercoralis?
Immunocompromised individuals.
What is the classic tapeworm's method of attachment?
It attaches to the gut lining and grows in the intestinal lumen.
Where are Crab Lice typically found on the body?
In pubic or other coarse hair, including eyebrows, eyelashes, axillary hair, and facial hair.
p.31
Life Cycle of Parasites
How do Trichinella larvae enter the body?
By ingesting encysted larvae from infected meat.
p.33
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
How are flukes typically transmitted to humans?
Typically from eating contaminated fish, shellfish, and water plants like watercress.
p.26
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are potential complications of Ascariasis?
Pneumonitis or intestinal obstruction
p.28
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What symptoms are associated with hookworm infection?
Pulmonary symptoms, sore throat, cough, and small intestinal bleeding.
p.18
Life Cycle of Parasites
What type of cells does the Leishmania parasite infect and survive in?
The Leishmania parasite infects and survives in macrophages.
p.5
Life Cycle of Parasites
What is an intermediate host?
A transitory host for a period of the parasite's life cycle.
p.17
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are common symptoms around the bite site of Chagas Disease?
Swelling of the eyelid or corner of the mouth
How is Toxoplasmosis commonly contracted?
Through raw, infected meat or oocysts, often found in cat feces.
p.21
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are the clinical manifestations of Giardiasis?
Abdominal bloating, gas, and foul-smelling greasy diarrhea.
p.22
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What condition may Toxoplasmosis cause in the brain of immunocompromised patients?
Toxoplasmosis encephalitis.
p.4
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
Why should you avoid swimming in natural bodies of water?
To prevent exposure to parasites.
p.12
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What is hemoglobinuria and how is it related to severe malaria?
Hemoglobinuria is the presence of hemoglobin in the urine due to hemolysis, which can occur in severe malaria.
How does cysticercosis occur?
It occurs through the ingestion of flesh containing larvae.
p.4
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What is a travel-related rule to prevent parasite infection?
Don’t leave the United States.
What disease is caused by Trichinella spiralis?
Trichinellosis (formerly trichinosis)
What should persons infested with Crab Lice be screened for?
Other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
p.25
Life Cycle of Parasites
What is the first step in the life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides?
Eggs in soil are ingested.
p.35
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
What are some common treatments for parasitic infections in the developing world?
Common treatments include antiparasitic medications, such as albendazole and ivermectin, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms.
p.11
Malaria and its Impact
What is a characteristic symptom of malarial illness?
Intermittent febrile illness with fever spikes every 2-3 days depending on plasmodial species.
p.14
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What is chemoprophylaxis in relation to malaria prevention?
Chemoprophylaxis involves taking preventive medication days before and during exposure to malaria, and continuing for several days after exposure.
What are the two main species of hookworms?
Necator americanus and Ancyclostoma.
Is Trichinella spiralis still commonly found in commercial pork?
No, it is no longer found in the commercial food supply.
p.26
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What happens several hours after medication for Ascariasis is ingested?
Dead worms are voided through defecation into the toilet
p.19
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are the characteristics of cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Cutaneous leishmaniasis presents with skin lesions that are usually ulcerative and can last months to years, resulting in atrophic skin scarring.
p.5
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
What role does a vector play in parasitic infections?
A vector is a transmitter of the parasite between hosts.
p.8
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What are the main methods of transmission for protozoan infections?
Protozoan infections can be transmitted through contaminated water, food, or via vectors like mosquitoes.
p.5
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
Why are areas with poor sanitation significant in parasitic diseases?
They are often locations of endemic parasite disease.
p.7
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
What are some mitigation efforts for Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)?
Controlling vectors, improving basic water, sanitation, hygiene, and mass drug administration (MDA).
p.4
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What type of repellent should you use to protect against mosquito-borne parasites?
Wear DEET-containing mosquito repellent.
How is Crab Louse transmitted?
By sexual contact or contact with intimate items used by an infested person, such as towels, bedclothes, and clothing.
p.36
Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Strategies
Are multiple drugs given simultaneously in MDA?
Yes, multiple drugs for multiple NTDs are often given simultaneously.
p.33
Life Cycle of Parasites
What characterizes the life cycles of flukes?
Flukes have complex life cycles with intermediate hosts.
p.6
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
What impact do NTDs have on mother and child health?
NTDs contribute to mother and child illness and death.
p.9
Malaria and its Impact
What are the four species of Plasmodium that are of human interest?
P. falciparum, P. ovale, P. vivax, and P. malariae.
p.8
Life Cycle of Parasites
How do protozoa reproduce?
Protozoa can reproduce asexually through processes like binary fission, or sexually through conjugation.
p.28
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
What type of fertilizer is associated with hookworm transmission?
Nightsoil fertilizer, which is human feces.
p.21
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
What is a common source of infection for Giardiasis?
Drinking raw water from mountain streams or lakes contaminated with bear and beaver feces.
What is visceral leishmaniasis?
Visceral leishmaniasis is an advanced form affecting the entire body, involving macrophages in the reticuloendothelial system, often accompanied by immunosuppression.
p.23
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
What are common sources of Cryptosporidiosis infection?
Infection can come from recreational water sources contaminated with Cryptosporidium.
p.12
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are some clinical manifestations of severe malaria?
CNS disturbances, anemia, hemoglobinuria, black water fever, respiratory failure, renal failure, DIC, and shock.
p.13
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What type of repellent should be used on the skin to prevent mosquito bites?
DEET-containing mosquito repellent.
p.32
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are the potential consequences of tapeworm infections?
They can cause profound malnutrition and growth retardation.
p.32
Life Cycle of Parasites
What happens to the ova in human tissues during neurocysticercosis?
The ova develop into larvae, typically in neuro tissue.
p.31
Life Cycle of Parasites
What happens to the larvae after they are ingested?
They release from ingested meat and mature in the intestine.
p.10
Malaria and its Impact
What percentage of the world's population is at risk of malaria?
Half of the world’s population is at risk of malaria.
p.6
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
In what ways do NTDs affect livelihoods?
NTDs make it difficult to farm or earn a living and limit productivity in the workplace.
p.17
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
What insect serves as the vector for Chagas Disease?
The assassin bug, or 'kissing bug'
p.28
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What is the effect of a large worm load in the small intestine?
It causes small intestinal bleeding, leading to iron-deficiency anemia, malnutrition, and low albumin levels.
What are the four types of flukes that can infect humans?
Liver, Lung, Intestinal, and Blood flukes.
p.34
Life Cycle of Parasites
Where do blood flukes live in the human body?
In the portal blood system.
What is the causative agent of Strongyloidiasis?
Strongyloides stercoralis
p.23
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are the clinical manifestations of Cryptosporidiosis?
It causes severe diarrhea in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals.
p.23
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
Why is Cryptosporidiosis particularly dangerous for immunocompromised individuals?
Diarrhea can be life-threatening in immunocompromised individuals.
p.29
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What severe conditions can arise from Strongyloides infection?
Hyperinfection or disseminated disease.
p.32
Life Cycle of Parasites
What happens to the ova released by tapeworms?
They are released into stool and can be consumed by an intermediate animal host.
How does neurocysticercosis occur?
It occurs by consuming ova (eggs) in infected flesh or through fecal-oral transmission in the environment.
What are the main types of protozoan infections?
Malaria, Amebiasis, Chagas Disease, Leishmaniasis, Trichomonas Genital Tract Infections, Giardiasis, Toxoplasmosis, and Cryptosporidiosis.
p.25
Life Cycle of Parasites
Where do the larvae travel after entering the portal circulation?
They pass through the liver to the lungs.
What are the four types of flukes that can infect humans?
Liver, Lung, Intestinal, and Blood flukes.
p.15
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
What is the focus when presenting each parasitic disease?
The focus is on what makes each parasitic disease unique.
p.18
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
What is the vector for Leishmaniasis?
The vector for Leishmaniasis is phlebotomous (blood-eating) sandflies.
p.18
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
In which regions of the world does Leishmaniasis occur?
Leishmaniasis occurs in the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and Central/South America.
What are protozoa?
Protozoa are single-celled organisms that can be free-living or parasitic in nature.
p.16
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are the primary clinical manifestations of Amebiasis?
It causes colitis, resulting in diarrhea or dysentery, which includes blood and mucus in stool.
p.18
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What was a notable consequence for ground troops in Kuwait/Iraq regarding Leishmaniasis?
Many ground troops in Kuwait/Iraq came home with Leishmaniasis.
How do pinworms typically spread within a family?
Often spreads from child to whole family
p.17
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What severe condition can Chagas Disease often cause?
Acute severe myocarditis/necrosis
What is the most common roundworm in the United States?
Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis)
p.29
Life Cycle of Parasites
How do Strongyloides eggs differ from those of other soil-transmitted helminths?
Strongyloides eggs hatch into larvae in the intestines, rather than waiting to hatch in a soil environment.
p.7
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
Which vectors are targeted in the control of Neglected Tropical Diseases?
Mosquitoes, black flies, and sandflies.
p.12
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What serious complications can arise from severe malaria?
Serious organ failures or abnormalities in the patient's blood or metabolism.
p.12
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What is the significance of renal failure in severe malaria?
Renal failure in severe malaria indicates serious complications that can lead to increased morbidity and mortality.
p.40
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What is a safe practice regarding drinking water to prevent parasite infection?
Don’t drink from streams.
p.40
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What type of mosquito repellent should you use to prevent parasite infection?
Wear DEET-containing mosquito repellent.
What are some examples of arthropod infections?
Scabies and Crab Louse Infection.
What is the deadliest animal on earth?
The deadliest animal on earth is the mosquito, responsible for spreading diseases like malaria, dengue, and Zika virus.
p.6
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
How do NTDs affect physical and cognitive development?
NTDs impair physical and cognitive development.
p.14
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What medication should be taken after leaving a malaria region?
After leaving a malaria region, Primaquine should be taken in addition to the preventive medication for 14 days to eliminate all life stages of Plasmodium.
How is Ascariasis transmitted?
Through fecal-oral transmission.
What is the name of the protozoan infection that affects the genital tract and is caused by Trichomonas vaginalis?
Trichomonas Genital Tract Infections.
p.15
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
What is the general construct for presenting parasitic diseases?
Parasitic Disease Name, Parasite genus/species, Vector or mode of transmission, Life cycle (if applicable), Distribution/epidemiology (if applicable), Clinical details, Other details.
p.28
Life Cycle of Parasites
How do hookworm larvae enter the human body?
They burrow through the skin into the bloodstream.
What is the current prevalence of Trichinella spiralis in the US?
It is now very rare in the US.
p.20
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are the clinical manifestations of Trichomonas vaginalis in females?
It causes inflammation of the vaginal vault and produces a profuse, foul-smelling, frothy discharge.
p.16
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What severe condition can occur if cysts from Amebiasis enter the portal circulation?
They can cause hepatitis or hepatic abscess.
p.17
Life Cycle of Parasites
How does Trypanosoma cruzi spread in the body?
It spreads systemically in blood and lodges in muscle.
p.23
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
What is Cryptosporidiosis?
A water-borne disease caused by multiple Cryptosporidium species, transmitted via fecal-oral route.
p.23
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
How is Cryptosporidiosis transmitted?
Through fecal-oral transmission, often from infected feces of farm animals running off into surface water sources.
p.22
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What are potential outcomes of congenital Toxoplasmosis?
Miscarriage, stillbirth, or CNS issues that may appear at birth or later.
p.38
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
Which areas of the body are commonly affected by scabies?
Wrists, webs of fingers and toes, axillae, and beltline.
p.4
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What is a safe practice regarding drinking water to prevent parasite infection?
Don’t drink from streams.
p.36
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
Which parasites are commonly targeted by MDA?
Hookworm, Ascaris, and whipworm.
p.12
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What is black water fever in the context of severe malaria?
Black water fever is a severe complication of malaria characterized by hemoglobinuria and severe anemia.
p.36
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What are the characteristics of the drugs used in MDA?
They are inexpensive, safe, and often donated.
p.36
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What is a common outcome of MDA regarding unaffected individuals?
Unaffected individuals often receive medication.
What does the presence of Crab Lice in a child's eyebrows or eyelashes indicate?
It may indicate sexual exposure or abuse.
p.31
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What type of reaction do larvae cause in filtration organs like the spleen?
An intense inflammatory reaction.
p.6
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
What are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)?
NTDs are several parasitic, viral, and bacterial diseases that cause substantial illness for more than one billion people globally.
p.10
Malaria and its Impact
Which population is most vulnerable to malaria?
People living in the poorest countries are the most vulnerable.
p.26
Life Cycle of Parasites
Where can Ascaris lumbricoides be found in the body?
In the lung and intestine
How is scabies transmitted?
Through direct, prolonged skin-to-skin contact, often during sexual contact.
Where do the mites of scabies reproduce?
On the skin surface, then they burrow into the skin to lay eggs.
p.22
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
Who is at risk for severe complications from Toxoplasmosis?
Fetuses and immunocompromised individuals.
p.19
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
What does 'Kala azar' refer to?
'Kala azar' is Hindi for 'black fever' and typically refers to advanced visceral leishmaniasis, also known as 'dum dum fever.'
p.7
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
Are several of our current parasites classified as Neglected Tropical Diseases?
Yes, several of our parasites today are NTDs.
p.40
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
Why should you avoid swimming in natural bodies of water?
To prevent exposure to parasites.
p.40
Prevention of Parasitic Infections
What is a travel-related rule to prevent parasite infection?
Don’t leave the United States.
Which infections are caused by metazoan parasites?
Roundworms (Ascaris, Pinworms, Hookworms, Strongyloidiasis, Trichinella), Tapeworms, and Flukes.
p.25
Life Cycle of Parasites
What happens to the larvae after they are released in the intestines?
They burrow through the intestinal wall into portal circulation.
p.5
Life Cycle of Parasites
What is a definitive host?
The ultimate host for the adult form of the parasite.
p.19
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
How does mucocutaneous leishmaniasis develop?
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis usually develops from untreated cutaneous leishmaniasis and destroys tissue in the nasopharynx, starting with the nose.
p.5
Transmission of Parasitic Infections
How is transmission of parasites often facilitated?
It often includes defecation of eggs from the intermediate host.
p.34
Life Cycle of Parasites
How do larvae of blood flukes penetrate the human body?
They penetrate the skin in freshwater.
p.34
Overview of Parasitic Diseases
Are blood flukes found in the United States?
No, they are not found in the US.
p.29
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What unique process can occur with Strongyloides that leads to auto-infection?
Hatched larvae in stool can immediately attach to the intestine or burrow into the skin around the anus.
What are the two types of tapeworm infections?
Cysticercosis and Neurocysticercosis.
p.36
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)
In which areas is MDA typically implemented?
Endemic areas of the developing world.
p.12
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
How can severe malaria lead to respiratory failure?
Severe malaria can cause respiratory failure as a result of complications affecting the lungs or overall metabolic distress.
p.36
Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Strategies
How are drugs administered during MDA?
To every person in a geographic area with minimal screening.
p.31
Clinical Manifestations of Parasitic Diseases
What is the initial illness caused by Trichinella spiralis like?
Fairly severe, with protean symptoms.
p.25
Life Cycle of Parasites
How are eggs released back into the environment?
They are defecated out into the soil.
p.25
Life Cycle of Parasites
What occurs after the larvae reach the lungs?
They are coughed up and swallowed.
p.35
Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Strategies
What role does mass drug administration (MDA) play in treating parasitic infections in developing countries?
Mass drug administration (MDA) involves distributing medications to entire populations to reduce the prevalence of parasitic infections and prevent outbreaks.
