p.8
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
What do selection theory and behavioral theory imply about underprivileged people?
They suggest that underprivileged people are responsible for making poor health choices, which is akin to victim blaming.
p.17
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What do mid-stream efforts focus on?
Reducing the risk of adverse outcomes during pregnancy.
p.1
Importance of Population Health
What are the benefits of studying population health?
Benefits are seen on a population scale.
p.4
Income Inequality and Health Outcomes
What is the relationship between income and health outcomes?
Income and income inequality impact health problems.
p.9
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
What are Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)?
Factors that influence health outcomes, including early life, stress, social exclusion, and more.
p.3
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
What is the relationship between upstream equity and downstream equality?
Upstream equity in resources leads to downstream equality in outcomes.
p.10
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
Why is disability considered a constitutional factor?
Because it affects an individual's position in a social class.
p.18
Health Needs Assessment Process
What does a health needs assessment systematically identify?
Unmet health and health care needs of a population.
p.13
Impact of Climate Change on Health Inequalities
What role does climate change play in relation to existing issues?
It acts as a threat multiplier.
p.1
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
What is a key goal of studying population health?
To address inequalities in health.
p.9
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
Who identified key determinants of health such as early life and stress?
Michael Marmot and Richard Wilkinson.
p.20
Role of Medical Practitioners in Public Health
What is a key responsibility of medical practitioners regarding disease prevention?
To identify and manage risk factors in patients.
p.12
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
What organization provided the source for the Key Determinants of Health?
National Association of County and City Health Officials.
p.6
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What did the earliest evidence of inequality in health identify as necessary?
Policy approaches required to address inequalities.
p.7
Theories of Health Inequalities
What do structural theories emphasize regarding health inequalities?
They emphasize that politics and policy make it difficult for underprivileged people to adopt healthy behaviors.
p.14
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
What role does socioeconomic status play in health inequalities?
Lower socioeconomic status is often associated with poorer health outcomes and limited access to care.
p.1
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
Who can benefit from addressing health inequalities?
Everyone can reap the benefits.
p.15
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What do safety net programs aim to address?
They provide support for individuals who are at risk or in need, focusing on secondary prevention.
p.5
Whitehall Studies on Health Inequalities
What did the Whitehall 2 study reveal about employment grade?
It showed an inverse association between employment grade and the prevalence of angina, ischaemia, and chronic bronchitis.
p.8
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
What role do political decisions play in health inequalities?
Health inequalities are influenced by political decisions and priorities.
p.14
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What is a key strategy to reduce inequalities in health?
Improving access to healthcare services for underserved populations.
p.10
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
What are 'Constitutional Factors' in the context of Social Determinants of Health?
Recognizable factors that position individuals in a social class.
p.13
Impact of Climate Change on Health Inequalities
What health issues can arise from heat waves?
Increased heat-related illnesses and mortality.
p.16
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What role do stakeholders play in policy interventions?
They collaborate to identify needs, develop strategies, and implement solutions.
p.17
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What are upstream interventions in population policies?
Policies and interventions that seek to reduce women’s risk of adverse birth outcomes prior to conception.
p.17
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What is the focus of downstream care?
Intensive care that seeks to increase the survival of high-risk neonates.
p.1
Importance of Population Health
How does studying population health impact healthcare systems?
It reduces the burden on healthcare.
p.10
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
How does gender serve as a constitutional factor?
It positions individuals in a social class.
p.9
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
List three determinants of health identified by Marmot and Wilkinson.
Early life, social exclusion, and working conditions.
p.19
Health Needs Assessment Process
What does the third step of the Health Needs Assessment involve?
Describing the size and nature of the problem.
p.2
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
What defines inequity in health?
Differences in health between groups that are unjust and could be avoided by reasonable means.
p.11
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
What does the 'upstream' metaphor represent in health determinants?
Factors that influence health at a societal or environmental level.
p.4
Income Inequality and Health Outcomes
What do Pickett and Wilkinson (2015) suggest about income inequality?
They suggest that income inequality impacts health problems.
p.16
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What are policy interventions?
Actions taken by governments or organizations to influence health outcomes and address health inequalities.
p.14
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
Why is community engagement important in reducing health inequalities?
It helps to identify specific health needs and tailor interventions to local populations.
p.20
Role of Medical Practitioners in Public Health
In what way can medical practitioners influence health policy?
By participating in policy development and advocating for changes that benefit public health.
p.19
Health Needs Assessment Process
What is summarized in the seventh step regarding solutions?
Cost-effective solutions and resource implications.
p.7
Theories of Health Inequalities
What is the artefact theory regarding health inequalities?
It suggests that there aren't any inequalities in health; rather, we don't measure determinants and outcomes properly.
p.8
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
Are health inequalities inevitable?
No, they are not inevitable and have been lower in the past and in other populations.
p.14
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
How can education impact health inequalities?
By increasing health literacy and empowering individuals to make informed health choices.
p.20
Role of Medical Practitioners in Public Health
How can medical practitioners contribute to health promotion?
By advocating for healthy lifestyles and preventive measures.
p.15
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What is the focus of primary prevention in health care?
To prevent diseases before they occur.
p.15
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
What do the terms upstream, midstream, and downstream refer to in health?
They describe different levels of intervention: upstream addresses root causes, midstream focuses on social determinants, and downstream deals with direct health care.
p.15
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
What does the 'cliff' metaphor represent in health?
It symbolizes the transition from good health to poor health due to social inequalities.
p.2
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
What is inequality in health?
Any measurable aspect of health that varies across individuals or according to socially relevant groupings, with no moral judgement applied.
p.7
Theories of Health Inequalities
What is the behavioral theory in the context of health inequalities?
It suggests that underprivileged people engage in poor health behaviors.
p.18
Health Needs Assessment Process
What outcomes does a health needs assessment lead to?
Agreed priorities and resource allocation that will improve health.
p.14
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What is the significance of policy changes in addressing health inequalities?
Policies can create systemic changes that improve access to resources and healthcare for disadvantaged groups.
p.5
Whitehall Studies on Health Inequalities
What was the focus of the Whitehall 1 study conducted in 1967?
The study examined the association between social class and mortality from a wide range of diseases among British civil servants.
p.9
Income Inequality and Health Outcomes
Name two factors that can result from low income according to the SDOH model.
Unemployment and social exclusion.
p.9
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
What role does social support play in health outcomes?
It is one of the key determinants that can positively influence health.
p.5
Importance of Population Health
What is the significance of the Whitehall studies?
They provide early evidence of inequality in health related to social class and employment grade.
p.8
Theories of Health Inequalities
Why are behavioral theories considered insufficient in explaining health inequalities?
They do not fully account for the structural factors influencing health.
p.18
Health Needs Assessment Process
What is the purpose of a health needs assessment?
To aid decision making and promote action based on population needs.
p.13
Impact of Climate Change on Health Inequalities
What is the global concern regarding climate change?
Its impact on inequalities.
p.11
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
What does the 'downstream' metaphor signify in health determinants?
Factors that relate to individual health outcomes and behaviors.
p.10
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
What role does race play in social determinants of health?
It is a constitutional factor that positions individuals in a social class.
p.15
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What does tertiary prevention involve?
It focuses on managing and reducing the impact of existing diseases.
p.5
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
What risk behaviors were associated with employment grade differences?
Smoking, diet, and exercise.
p.19
Health Needs Assessment Process
What is synthesized and summarized in the fifth step of the Health Needs Assessment?
The evidence on interventions available.
p.6
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
What did the earliest evidence of inequality in health promote?
A global interest in health inequalities.
p.7
Theories of Health Inequalities
What does selection theory propose?
It proposes that poor health leads to a social slide.
p.18
Health Needs Assessment Process
Why is a health needs assessment considered the backbone of public health work?
It is used to improve health, commission healthcare, and plan other services.
p.13
Impact of Climate Change on Health Inequalities
How can droughts impact health?
By leading to water scarcity and food insecurity.
p.20
Role of Medical Practitioners in Public Health
What is the importance of collaboration for medical practitioners?
To work with other health professionals and community organizations to improve health outcomes.
p.16
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
How can policy interventions address social determinants of health?
By targeting factors like education, income, and housing that influence health outcomes.
p.9
Income Inequality and Health Outcomes
What is argued to be the most important determinant of health?
Income, as it influences other determinants.
p.19
Health Needs Assessment Process
What is the focus of the eighth step in the Health Needs Assessment?
Recommendations for action.
p.4
Income Inequality and Health Outcomes
Why is the association between income and health outcomes considered complex?
Due to the influence of other variables.
p.11
Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
What is represented by the 'mid-stream' metaphor in health determinants?
Factors that affect health at the community or interpersonal level.
p.18
Health Needs Assessment Process
What is emphasized in the recommendations of a health needs assessment?
The actions that are recommended to meet the identified needs.
p.16
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
What types of policy interventions can be implemented?
Regulatory measures, funding for health programs, and public health campaigns.
p.13
Impact of Climate Change on Health Inequalities
What is the effect of changes in disease vectors due to climate change?
Increased transmission of vector-borne diseases.
p.15
Inequality vs. Inequity in Health
How do social inequalities impact health outcomes?
They create disparities in access to resources and health care, leading to unequal health outcomes.
p.19
Health Needs Assessment Process
What should be identified in the ninth step to evaluate change?
The indicators and outcomes needed.
p.20
Role of Medical Practitioners in Public Health
What is one role of medical practitioners in public health?
To provide clinical care and health education to patients.
p.16
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
Why are policy interventions important in public health?
They help to create environments that promote health and reduce barriers to accessing care.
p.13
Impact of Climate Change on Health Inequalities
How do floods affect health?
By causing injuries, waterborne diseases, and displacement.
p.19
Health Needs Assessment Process
What should be defined in the second step of the Health Needs Assessment?
The problem to be addressed.
