p.45
Antibiotics vs. Antiseptics
What do antiseptics do?
Kill bacteria outside the body.
p.33
Electron Shuttles and Cofactors
What role does FAD play in cellular metabolism?
It acts as a cofactor in various enzymatic reactions, particularly in the Krebs cycle.
p.19
Exergonic Reactions and Activation Energy
What is an exergonic reaction?
A reaction that releases energy.
p.4
Sucrose and Enzyme Function
Where is sucrose primarily produced?
In plants, especially sugar beets and sugar cane.
p.26
Differences Between Allergies and Food Intolerances
What is an allergy?
When a person's immune system overreacts to a harmless molecule.
p.10
Exergonic Reactions and Activation Energy
What occurs during a typical chemical reaction?
Two bonds are broken and two bonds are made.
p.39
Penicillin as a Transpeptidase Inhibitor
What is ampicillin?
A derivative of penicillin.
p.3
Overview of Energy and Cells
What is the primary focus of the Campbell text 6/e Fig 6.1?
An overview of cellular structures and functions.
p.21
Ethanol Metabolism and Alcohol Dehydrogenase
What is ethanol?
A type of alcohol made by yeast as they feed on fruit and other sugars.
p.12
Regulation and Function of Enzymes
What effect do enzymes have on the free energy change (D G) of a reaction?
Enzymes do not change D G.
p.11
Exergonic Reactions and Activation Energy
What is required to break chemical bonds?
An initial input of energy, known as activation energy (E A).
p.6
Sucrose and Enzyme Function
What is sucrase?
An enzyme that breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose.
p.42
Penicillin as a Transpeptidase Inhibitor
Where can more information about Beta Lactamase be found?
On the Tulane University PharmWiki website.
p.6
Sucrose and Enzyme Function
Where is sucrase found in the human body?
In the intestinal epithelial cells.
p.5
Sucrose and Enzyme Function
What is a typical reaction rate for the enzyme sucrase?
1000 reactions per second.
p.8
Overview of Energy and Cells
What is the mechanism by which glucose enters cells?
Through the SGLT (Sodium-Glucose Transporter).
p.44
Antibiotics vs. Antiseptics
What is the primary function of antibiotics in humans?
To kill bacteria inside us.
p.7
Sucrose and Enzyme Function
What is sucrase?
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose.
p.32
Electron Shuttles and Cofactors
What is NADP+?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in its oxidized form.
p.32
Electron Shuttles and Cofactors
What is NADPH?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in its reduced form.
p.40
Penicillin as a Transpeptidase Inhibitor
What is the primary function of Penicillin?
To inhibit the enzyme transpeptidase.
p.14
Overview of Energy and Cells
In which organisms is Glutamine Synthetase found?
It is found in bacteria, plants, and animals.
p.40
Penicillin as a Transpeptidase Inhibitor
What is Transpeptidase's role in bacterial cells?
It is involved in the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall.
p.6
Sucrose and Enzyme Function
What type of protein is sucrase?
An integral membrane protein.
p.36
Penicillin as a Transpeptidase Inhibitor
What is the function of transpeptidase in bacteria?
It synthesizes peptidoglycan.
p.13
Endergonic Reactions and ATP
What characterizes endergonic reactions?
They have a positive change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG > 0).
p.18
Endergonic Reactions and ATP
What are the products of ATP hydrolysis?
ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate.
p.7
Sucrose and Enzyme Function
Why is sucrase important in biological systems?
It helps in the digestion of sucrose, providing energy through glucose.
p.37
Penicillin as a Transpeptidase Inhibitor
What effect does penicillin have on bacteria?
It weakens the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell lysis and death.
p.37
Penicillin as a Transpeptidase Inhibitor
Why is penicillin considered a selective antibiotic?
Because it targets bacterial cells without harming human cells.
p.25
Ethanol Metabolism and Alcohol Dehydrogenase
What type of cells contain Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)?
Human liver cells and other cells.
p.43
Penicillin as a Transpeptidase Inhibitor
What is the function of the R6K plasmid?
It encodes the gene for Beta Lactamase.
p.21
Ethanol Metabolism and Alcohol Dehydrogenase
How is ethanol produced?
By yeast during the fermentation process as they consume sugars.
p.13
Endergonic Reactions and ATP
What does a positive ΔG indicate about a reaction?
It indicates that the reaction requires energy input to proceed.
p.33
Electron Shuttles and Cofactors
What does FAD stand for?
Flavin adenine dinucleotide.
p.19
Endergonic Reactions and ATP
What are coupled reactions?
Reactions that involve an endergonic reaction paired with an exergonic reaction.
p.10
Exergonic Reactions and Activation Energy
What limits exergonic reactions?
The energy required to break bonds and the activation energy needed for the reaction to proceed.
p.32
Electron Shuttles and Cofactors
What is the role of NADP+ and NADPH in cellular processes?
They act as electron carriers in various biochemical reactions.
p.37
Penicillin as a Transpeptidase Inhibitor
What is penicillin primarily used for?
As an antibiotic to treat bacterial infections.
p.19
Endergonic Reactions and ATP
What is an endergonic reaction?
A reaction that requires energy input to proceed.
p.46
Antibiotics vs. Antiseptics
What is the main difference between antibiotics and antiseptics?
Antibiotics target bacteria internally, while antiseptics are used on surfaces to kill bacteria.
p.10
Exergonic Reactions and Activation Energy
What characterizes exergonic reactions?
They have a negative change in Gibbs free energy (– ΔG).
p.5
Sucrose and Enzyme Function
How is the name of an enzyme typically formed?
By combining the substrate name with 'ase'.
p.38
Penicillin as a Transpeptidase Inhibitor
What type of inhibitor is penicillin?
Transpeptidase inhibitor.
p.18
Endergonic Reactions and ATP
Why is ATP hydrolysis important for cellular processes?
It provides the energy needed for various biochemical reactions.
p.14
Overview of Energy and Cells
Why is glutamine important in the body?
It plays a crucial role in nitrogen metabolism and is a key amino acid for various cellular functions.
p.37
Penicillin as a Transpeptidase Inhibitor
How does penicillin function at a molecular level?
It inhibits the enzyme transpeptidase, which is crucial for bacterial cell wall synthesis.
p.46
Regulation and Function of Enzymes
What are enzymes made of?
One or more polypeptides.
p.22
Ethanol Metabolism and Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Why must animals that eat fruit be able to break down ethanol?
Because fruit often contains ethanol, which can be toxic in high amounts.
p.18
Endergonic Reactions and ATP
What is ATP hydrolysis?
The process of breaking down ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy.
p.18
Endergonic Reactions and ATP
What type of reaction is ATP hydrolysis considered?
An exergonic reaction, as it releases energy.
p.41
Penicillin as a Transpeptidase Inhibitor
What are penicillin binding proteins?
Proteins that are targeted by penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics.
p.24
Ethanol Metabolism and Alcohol Dehydrogenase
How does ADH affect kidney function?
It promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys.
p.24
Ethanol Metabolism and Alcohol Dehydrogenase
What is the effect of alcohol on ADH?
Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH, leading to increased urination.
p.46
Regulation and Function of Enzymes
How do enzymes perform endergonic reactions?
By coupling them to ATP hydrolysis.
p.46
Regulation and Function of Enzymes
What factors are enzymes sensitive to?
Extremes of temperature and pH.
p.30
Electron Shuttles and Cofactors
What are electron shuttles?
A type of organic cofactor that some enzymes work with.
p.30
Electron Shuttles and Cofactors
Which enzyme is mentioned as working with an electron shuttle?
ADH (Alcohol Dehydrogenase).
p.7
Sucrose and Enzyme Function
What reaction does sucrase facilitate?
The hydrolysis of sucrose.
p.27
Differences Between Allergies and Food Intolerances
What is food intolerance?
When a person doesn't make the enzyme needed to digest a molecule.
p.41
Penicillin as a Transpeptidase Inhibitor
What is the role of beta-lactamase?
To hydrolyze beta-lactam antibiotics, rendering them ineffective.
p.41
Penicillin as a Transpeptidase Inhibitor
Why are penicillin binding proteins important in antibiotic resistance?
Because bacteria can modify these proteins to evade the effects of penicillin.
p.46
Regulation and Function of Enzymes
How are enzymes regulated?
By competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors.
p.45
Antibiotics vs. Antiseptics
Give an example of an antiseptic.
Chlorhexidine in skin scrubs.
p.23
Ethanol Metabolism and Alcohol Dehydrogenase
What is the function of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)?
To convert ethanol into acetaldehyde.
p.24
Ethanol Metabolism and Alcohol Dehydrogenase
What is the primary function of ADH?
To regulate water balance in the body.
p.24
Ethanol Metabolism and Alcohol Dehydrogenase
What triggers the release of ADH?
Increased blood osmolarity or decreased blood volume.
p.19
Endergonic Reactions and ATP
How do endergonic and exergonic reactions work together?
The energy released from an exergonic reaction can drive an endergonic reaction.
p.46
Regulation and Function of Enzymes
Do enzymes affect a reaction's change in free energy (ΔG)?
No, they do not affect ΔG.
p.14
Overview of Energy and Cells
What is the primary function of Glutamine Synthetase?
To catalyze the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia.
p.41
Penicillin as a Transpeptidase Inhibitor
How do penicillin binding proteins function?
They are involved in the synthesis of bacterial cell walls.
p.2
Electron Shuttles and Cofactors
What are electron shuttles?
Molecules that transport electrons during metabolic reactions.
p.46
Regulation and Function of Enzymes
What do enzymes decrease in a reaction?
The energy of activation (E A).
p.2
Exergonic Reactions and Activation Energy
What limits exergonic reactions?
Factors such as activation energy.
p.33
Electron Shuttles and Cofactors
How does FADH2 differ from FAD?
FADH2 carries electrons and protons, while FAD is in its oxidized form.
p.46
Differences Between Allergies and Food Intolerances
What is the main difference between allergies and food intolerances?
Allergies involve the immune system, while food intolerances do not.
p.2
Endergonic Reactions and ATP
What allows endergonic reactions to occur?
Coupling with exergonic reactions or the input of energy.
p.19
Endergonic Reactions and ATP
What is the significance of coupled reactions in biological systems?
They allow cells to perform work by using energy from exergonic reactions to fuel endergonic processes.
