p.16
Levels of Structural Organization
What is the cellular level in the context of structural organization?
It is where molecules combine to form cells, the smallest living units in the human body.
p.15
Levels of Structural Organization
What are collagen molecules?
Strong, ropelike fibers that give skin structural strength and flexibility.
p.12
Levels of Structural Organization
What does structural organization refer to in the body?
The arrangement of different body parts and systems.
p.6
Subspecialties of Anatomy
What does cell biology study?
Cellular structure and functions.
p.38
Characteristics of Life
What does growth refer to in the context of anatomy and physiology?
An increase in the size or number of cells, leading to overall enlargement in all or part of an organism.
p.5
Subspecialties of Anatomy
What is histology?
The study of the microscopic structure of tissues.
p.21
Levels of Structural Organization
What constitutes the total organism in the human body?
All the parts of the human body functioning together.
p.39
Definition of Anatomy
What does development in anatomy and physiology refer to?
The changes an organism undergoes through time, from fertilization to death.
p.10
Subspecialties of Physiology
What is the main concern of immunology?
How the body defends itself against disease-causing agents.
p.24
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What is one of the primary functions of the skeletal system?
To support and protect the body.
p.19
Levels of Structural Organization
What is the organ level in the context of structural organization?
It refers to structures that perform specific functions and are made up of different types of tissues.
p.47
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What are some examples of homeostatic processes?
Temperature regulation, pH balance, and glucose levels.
p.67
Terminology and Body Plan
How is the abdomen subdivided superficially?
Into four quadrants by two imaginary lines intersecting at the navel.
p.29
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What role do lymphocytes play in the lymphatic system?
They protect against disease-causing microbes and mature in lymphatic structures.
p.57
Terminology and Body Plan
What do right and left refer to in anatomical terminology?
Directional terms used to describe parts of the body relative to each other.
p.62
Terminology and Body Plan
What does 'superior' mean in anatomical terms?
Higher or above; for example, the mouth is superior to the chin.
p.8
Definition of Physiology
What is physiology?
The study of the functions and processes of the body's systems.
p.15
Levels of Structural Organization
How does aging affect collagen in the skin?
The structure of collagen changes, making the skin fragile and more easily torn.
p.15
Levels of Structural Organization
What role do collagen molecules play in the skin?
They provide structural strength and flexibility.
p.21
Levels of Structural Organization
How can an organism be compared in an analogy?
To a book, where all parts function together.
p.12
Levels of Structural Organization
What are the main levels of structural organization in the body?
Cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
p.12
Levels of Structural Organization
How do structure and function relate in the human body?
Structure determines function; the way something is built affects how it works.
p.33
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What are the primary components of the reproductive system?
Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus, vagina in females; epididymis, ductus deferens, penis in males).
p.27
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
How are hormones transported in the body?
Hormones are transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ.
p.39
Definition of Physiology
What is differentiation in the context of development?
Changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature state.
p.30
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What is one of the primary functions of the respiratory system?
Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air.
p.49
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What is the role of thrombin in the body?
It is responsible for blood clot formation.
p.58
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the term 'ventral' refer to?
The belly or front of the body.
p.46
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What is the hallmark of negative feedback?
Effectors stop their response once the variable has returned to its set point.
p.9
Definition of Physiology
What is Physiology?
The science of body functions — how the body parts work.
p.17
Levels of Structural Organization
What does the nucleus contain?
The cell's hereditary information.
p.37
Characteristics of Life
What is responsiveness in the context of anatomy and physiology?
An organism’s ability to sense changes in the external or internal environment and adjust to those changes.
p.51
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What is one basic principle of homeostasis related to disease states?
Many disease states result from the failure of negative feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.
p.11
Subspecialties of Physiology
What is the focus of pathophysiology?
Functional changes associated with disease and aging.
p.20
Levels of Structural Organization
What is the system level in the context of structural organization?
A system consists of related organs with a common function.
p.43
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What is homeostasis?
The process of maintaining a stable internal environment in the body.
p.18
Levels of Structural Organization
What is the primary function of tissues?
To work together to perform a particular function.
p.43
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
How does body temperature fluctuate in homeostasis?
It increases and decreases slightly around the set point, producing a normal range of values.
p.20
Levels of Structural Organization
What is the primary function of the digestive system?
To break down and absorb food.
p.26
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What are the main components of the nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs (such as the eyes and ears).
p.28
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What does blood remove from cells?
Carbon dioxide and wastes.
p.69
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the focus of the topic 'Terminology and Body Plan' in Anatomy and Physiology?
It covers the specific terms and concepts used to describe the human body and its organization.
p.47
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What role do feedback mechanisms play in homeostasis?
They help regulate physiological processes by providing information about changes in the internal environment.
p.40
Definition of Physiology
What is reproduction in the context of anatomy and physiology?
The formation of new cells or new organisms.
p.5
Subspecialties of Anatomy
What is embryology?
The study of the first eight weeks of development following fertilization of an egg in humans.
p.10
Subspecialties of Physiology
What does neurophysiology study?
The functional properties of nerve cells.
p.6
Subspecialties of Anatomy
What does systemic anatomy focus on?
The structure of specific systems of the body, such as the nervous and respiratory systems.
p.18
Levels of Structural Organization
What are the four main types of tissues?
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.
p.30
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What are the main components of the respiratory system?
Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes.
p.14
Levels of Structural Organization
Why is the structure of a molecule important?
Because it determines its function.
p.31
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What are the main organs of the gastrointestinal tract?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus.
p.29
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What is one of the primary functions of the lymphatic system?
To return proteins and fluid to the blood.
p.48
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What is homeostasis?
The process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite external changes.
p.52
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What is homeostasis?
The process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.
p.55
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the anatomical position?
A person standing upright with the face directed forward, upper limbs hanging to the sides, and palms facing forward.
p.24
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What substances does the skeletal system store?
Minerals and lipids (fats).
p.73
Terminology and Body Plan
What does a transverse (horizontal) plane do?
It runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.
p.42
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Why are body conditions called variables?
Because their value is not constant.
p.48
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What role do feedback mechanisms play in homeostasis?
They help regulate physiological processes by providing information about changes in the internal environment.
p.26
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What does the nervous system detect?
Changes in the body’s internal and external environments.
p.45
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What does the control center do in the negative feedback mechanism?
Determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor.
p.45
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What is the function of the effector in negative feedback?
Adjusts the value of the variable when directed by the control center.
p.11
Subspecialties of Physiology
What is renal physiology concerned with?
Functions of the kidneys.
p.17
Levels of Structural Organization
What molecule do cells use for energy?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
p.27
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What are the main components of the endocrine system?
Hormone-producing glands such as the pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes, along with hormone-producing cells in other organs.
p.56
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the focus of the topic 'Terminology and Body Plan' in Anatomy and Physiology?
It covers the specific terms and concepts used to describe the human body and its organization.
p.5
Subspecialties of Anatomy
What does surface anatomy focus on?
Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation.
p.19
Levels of Structural Organization
What are organs composed of?
Two or more different types of tissues.
p.28
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?
Blood, heart, and blood vessels.
p.25
Definition of Anatomy
Why is skeletal muscle tissue named so?
Because it is usually attached to the bones.
p.28
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What is the primary function of the heart in the cardiovascular system?
To pump blood through blood vessels.
p.19
Levels of Structural Organization
Can you name some examples of organs?
Stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver, lungs, and brain.
p.43
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What does the 'set point' refer to in the context of homeostasis?
The ideal value or range for a physiological variable, such as body temperature.
p.31
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What is one of the primary functions of the digestive system?
Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food.
p.42
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What do homeostatic mechanisms like sweating or shivering do?
They maintain body temperature near an average normal value, or set point.
p.52
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What are some examples of homeostatic processes?
Temperature regulation, pH balance, and glucose levels.
p.54
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the origin of most anatomical terms?
They are derived from Latin or Greek.
p.87
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the layer that lines the walls of the cavities called?
Parietal (wall) serous membrane.
p.64
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the term 'medial' mean?
Toward the middle or midline of the body.
p.87
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the layer covering the internal organs known as?
Visceral serous membrane.
p.7
Subspecialties of Anatomy
What does pathological anatomy focus on?
Structural changes associated with disease, from gross to microscopic levels.
p.12
Levels of Structural Organization
What is functional organization in the context of the body?
How the body parts work together to maintain life.
p.10
Subspecialties of Physiology
What is the focus of endocrinology?
Hormones and how they control body functions.
p.10
Subspecialties of Physiology
What does cardiovascular physiology examine?
The functions of the heart and blood vessels.
p.14
Levels of Structural Organization
What do molecules consist of?
Two or more atoms joined together.
p.49
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What happens during blood loss in terms of positive feedback?
Thrombin stimulates the production of even more thrombin.
p.39
Definition of Physiology
What happens to immature cells following fertilization?
They differentiate to become specific types of cells, such as skin, bone, muscle, or nerve cells.
p.30
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
How does the respiratory system help regulate the body?
It helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids.
p.23
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin and structures associated with it, such as hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands.
p.41
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Why is homeostasis important for the human body?
It is crucial for maintaining optimal conditions for cellular functions and overall health.
p.28
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
How does blood help regulate the body?
By regulating acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids.
p.86
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the layer that lines the walls of the cavities called?
Parietal (wall) serous membrane.
What is anatomy?
Anatomy is the branch of science concerned with the structure of organisms and their parts.
p.7
Subspecialties of Anatomy
What is radiographic anatomy?
The study of body structures that can be visualized with x-rays.
What does the word 'anatomy' mean?
To dissect, or cut apart and separate, the parts of the body for study.
p.16
Levels of Structural Organization
What is the significance of cells in the human body?
They are the smallest living units.
p.5
Subspecialties of Anatomy
What does developmental biology encompass?
The complete development of an individual from fertilization of an egg to death.
p.36
Definition of Physiology
What are some vital functions that metabolism supports?
Growth, movement, and reproduction.
p.38
Characteristics of Life
What are the components involved in growth?
Cell size and the amount of substance surrounding cells.
p.27
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
Regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers transported in blood to target organs.
p.24
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What are the main components of the skeletal system?
Bones, joints, and associated cartilages.
p.29
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What are the main components of the lymphatic system?
Lymphatic fluid (lymph), vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils.
p.25
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What is one of the primary functions of the muscular system?
Produces body movements such as walking.
p.47
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Why is homeostasis important for the human body?
It is crucial for the proper functioning of cells and overall health.
p.20
Levels of Structural Organization
Name three organs included in the digestive system.
Mouth, stomach, and small intestine.
p.48
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Why is homeostasis important for the human body?
It is crucial for maintaining optimal conditions for cellular functions and overall health.
p.20
Levels of Structural Organization
What role do salivary glands play in the digestive system?
They help in breaking down food by producing saliva.
p.28
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What role do blood components play in the body?
They help defend against diseases and repair damaged blood vessels.
p.32
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What are the main components of the urinary system?
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
p.41
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What role do feedback mechanisms play in homeostasis?
They help regulate physiological processes by providing information about changes in the internal environment.
p.76
Terminology and Body Plan
Why is terminology important in Anatomy and Physiology?
It provides a standardized language for healthcare professionals to communicate effectively.
What is Anatomy?
The science of body structures and the relationships among structures.
p.35
Levels of Structural Organization
What does organization refer to in the context of anatomy and physiology?
The specific interrelationships among the individual parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.
p.11
Subspecialties of Physiology
What does respiratory physiology study?
Functions of the air passageways and lungs.
p.16
Levels of Structural Organization
What are examples of cells at the cellular level?
Nerve cells and epithelial cells.
p.17
Levels of Structural Organization
What is the function of mitochondria?
To manufacture adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a source of energy for cells.
p.21
Levels of Structural Organization
What does the organismal level represent in the levels of structural organization?
It represents any living individual.
p.36
Definition of Physiology
What is metabolism?
The ability to use energy to perform vital functions.
p.6
Subspecialties of Anatomy
What is gross anatomy?
The study of structures that can be examined without using a microscope.
p.11
Subspecialties of Physiology
What does exercise physiology examine?
Changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity.
p.51
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What is the second basic principle of homeostasis?
Some positive feedback mechanisms can be detrimental instead of helpful.
p.18
Levels of Structural Organization
What is the tissue level in the levels of structural organization?
It refers to groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.
p.51
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Give an example of a detrimental positive feedback mechanism.
Inadequate delivery of blood to cardiac (heart) muscle.
p.6
Subspecialties of Anatomy
What is regional anatomy?
The study of specific regions of the body, such as the head or chest.
p.49
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What is positive feedback in homeostasis?
A response to the original stimulus that results in an even greater deviation from the set point.
p.33
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What is the function of gonads in the reproductive system?
They produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) and release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes.
p.47
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What is homeostasis?
The process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite external changes.
p.42
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What is Homeostasis?
The maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.
p.33
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What role do associated organs play in the reproductive system?
They transport and store gametes.
p.31
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What are the accessory organs involved in the digestive process?
Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
p.24
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
How does the skeletal system aid in body movements?
By providing a surface area for muscle attachments.
p.41
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What is homeostasis?
The process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite external changes.
p.29
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
How does the lymphatic system assist in lipid transport?
It carries lipids from the gastrointestinal tract to the blood.
p.30
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What role do vocal cords play in the respiratory system?
Air flowing out of the lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.
p.24
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What type of cells does the skeletal system house?
Cells that produce blood cells.
p.26
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What is one of the primary functions of the nervous system?
Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities.
p.44
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What is negative feedback in homeostasis?
It is when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or resisted.
p.48
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What are some examples of homeostatic processes?
Temperature regulation, pH balance, and glucose levels.
p.61
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the term 'right' refer to in directional terms?
Toward the body’s right side.
p.71
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the focus of the study in Anatomy and Physiology?
The structure and function of the human body.
p.32
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What is one of the primary functions of the urinary system?
Produces, stores, and eliminates urine.
p.60
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the term 'superficial' refer to?
A structure close to the surface of the body.
p.92
Terminology and Body Plan
What type of membrane is involved in the formation of mesenteries?
Double-folded sheet of visceral peritoneum.
p.71
Terminology and Body Plan
Why is terminology important in Anatomy and Physiology?
It provides a clear and precise language for describing body structures and functions.
p.65
Terminology and Body Plan
Which organs are found in the abdomen?
The liver, stomach, and intestines.
p.77
Body Cavities and Membranes
Are the body cavities open or closed to the outside?
They are closed to the outside.
p.84
Body Cavities and Membranes
What does the pelvic cavity contain?
The urinary bladder, urethra, rectum, and reproductive organs.
p.74
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the term 'physiology' refer to?
The study of the functions of body parts.
p.64
Terminology and Body Plan
Provide an example of 'deep'.
The lungs are deep to the ribs.
p.72
Terminology and Body Plan
What is a median plane?
A sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.
p.93
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the body plan?
The organization and arrangement of body structures.
p.93
Terminology and Body Plan
Why is understanding body terminology important for healthcare professionals?
It ensures clear communication and understanding of medical concepts.
p.53
Terminology and Body Plan
What does 'sagittal plane' divide?
The body into left and right parts.
p.80
Body Cavities and Membranes
What are the two subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?
The cranial cavity and the vertebral canal.
p.63
Terminology and Body Plan
Provide an example of 'ventral'.
The navel is ventral to the spine.
p.45
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What are the three components of negative feedback in homeostasis?
Receptors, control center, and effector.
p.67
Terminology and Body Plan
What are the names of the four quadrants of the abdomen?
Right-upper, left-upper, right-lower, and left-lower quadrants.
p.23
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
How does the integumentary system help regulate body temperature?
By providing protection and facilitating heat loss through sweat.
p.60
Terminology and Body Plan
Where is the nose located in relation to the midline?
In a medial position on the face.
p.73
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the function of a frontal (coronal) plane?
It divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves.
p.61
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the term 'left' indicate in directional terms?
Toward the body’s left side.
p.81
Body Cavities and Membranes
What are the two major subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?
The thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
p.92
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the function of mesenteries in the thoracic cavity?
They attach the digestive organs to the posterior abdominopelvic cavity wall.
p.23
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What types of sensations can the integumentary system detect?
Touch, pain, warmth, and cold.
p.95
Terminology and Body Plan
What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of the pericardium.
p.75
Terminology and Body Plan
What is a transverse section?
A cut that goes completely through an organ, similar to cutting a hot dog or banana into round pieces.
p.32
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
How does the urinary system contribute to mineral balance?
It maintains the body's mineral balance.
p.64
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the term 'deep' mean?
Away from the surface, internal.
p.95
Terminology and Body Plan
What does peritonitis refer to?
Inflammation of the peritoneum.
p.93
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the significance of terminology in anatomy and physiology?
It provides a standardized language for describing the body and its functions.
p.34
Characteristics of Life
What are the characteristics of life?
The traits that define living organisms, such as growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, and metabolism.
p.34
Characteristics of Life
What does metabolism refer to in the context of life?
The chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life.
p.82
Terminology and Body Plan
Which cavity is more superior to the abdominopelvic cavity?
The thoracic body cavity.
p.52
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Why is homeostasis important for the human body?
It is crucial for maintaining optimal conditions for cellular functions and overall health.
p.46
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Do effectors produce an indefinite response in negative feedback?
No, they do not produce an indefinite response.
p.26
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
How does the nervous system respond to changes in the body?
By causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
p.45
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What is the role of receptors in negative feedback?
They monitor the value of a variable.
p.76
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the focus of the topic 'Terminology and Body Plan' in Anatomy and Physiology?
It covers the specific terms and concepts used to describe the human body's structure and organization.
p.44
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Give an example of negative feedback.
Maintenance of normal body temperature.
p.26
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What role does the nervous system play in interpreting changes?
It interprets changes in the environment and coordinates responses.
p.65
Terminology and Body Plan
Into how many regions can the trunk be divided?
Three regions: thorax, abdomen, and pelvis.
p.71
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the term 'physiology' refer to?
The study of the functions of body parts.
p.61
Terminology and Body Plan
Provide an example of the term 'inferior'.
The nose is inferior to the forehead.
p.60
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the term 'deep' indicate?
'Toward the interior of the body.'
p.84
Body Cavities and Membranes
What organs are primarily found in the abdominal cavity?
The stomach, intestines, liver, and spleen.
p.88
Definition of Physiology
What is 'physiology' concerned with?
The study of the functions and processes of the body.
p.78
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the term 'anatomy' refer to?
The study of the structure of body parts.
p.94
Terminology and Body Plan
What does retroperitoneal mean?
Located behind the peritoneum.
p.66
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the extension range of the leg?
From the knee to the ankle.
p.53
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the significance of body planes in anatomy?
They are used to describe the locations and relationships of body parts.
p.53
Terminology and Body Plan
What are the three main body planes?
Sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse.
p.80
Body Cavities and Membranes
What does the dorsal body cavity enclose?
The organs of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.
p.82
Body Cavities and Membranes
How is the thoracic cavity subdivided?
Into two lateral pleural cavities and a medial mediastinum.
p.63
Terminology and Body Plan
Provide an example of 'distal'.
The ankle is distal to the hip.
p.41
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What are some examples of homeostatic processes?
Temperature regulation, pH balance, and glucose levels.
p.86
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the layer covering the internal organs known as?
Visceral serous membrane.
p.23
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What waste elimination function does the integumentary system perform?
Eliminates some wastes through sweat.
p.64
Terminology and Body Plan
Provide an example of 'medial'.
The bridge of the nose is medial to the eye.
p.76
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the body plan refer to in Anatomy?
The arrangement and organization of different body parts and systems.
p.66
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the extension range of the arm?
From the shoulder to the elbow.
p.77
Body Cavities and Membranes
What is the function of the body cavities?
To contain internal organs and provide protection for them.
p.92
Terminology and Body Plan
What do mesenteries provide a pathway for?
Nerves and blood vessels to reach the digestive organs.
p.74
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the term 'anatomy' refer to?
The study of the structure of body parts.
p.88
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the significance of terminology in anatomy and physiology?
It provides a standardized language for describing the body and its functions.
p.54
Terminology and Body Plan
How are anatomical terms often modified?
By adding a prefix or suffix.
p.88
Terminology and Body Plan
What is meant by 'body plan' in anatomy?
The organization and arrangement of body structures.
p.91
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the term 'peritoneal' refer to?
It refers to the cavity that houses internal organs and is surrounded by serous membranes.
p.53
Terminology and Body Plan
What does 'frontal plane' divide?
The body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
p.82
Body Cavities and Membranes
What does the medial mediastinum house?
The heart, major blood vessels, thymus, trachea, and esophagus.
p.63
Terminology and Body Plan
Provide an example of 'lateral'.
The nipple is lateral to the breastbone.
p.44
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Does negative feedback prevent variation?
No, it maintains variation within a normal range.
p.81
Body Cavities and Membranes
What does the ventral body cavity house?
The vast majority of our internal organs, collectively referred to as the viscera.
p.52
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What mechanisms are involved in maintaining homeostasis?
Feedback mechanisms, including negative and positive feedback loops.
p.62
Terminology and Body Plan
What does 'posterior' refer to?
Toward the back of the body; for example, the brain is posterior to the eyes.
p.66
Terminology and Body Plan
What are the four divisions of the upper limb?
The arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.
p.59
Terminology and Body Plan
In anatomical terms, how are 'proximal' and 'distal' used?
To refer to the relative positions of structures, especially on the limbs.
p.75
Terminology and Body Plan
What is a longitudinal section?
A cut along the length of the organ, similar to a cut along a hot dog bun.
p.74
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the focus of the study in Anatomy and Physiology?
The structure and function of the human body.
p.70
Terminology and Body Plan
Why is terminology important in Anatomy and Physiology?
It provides a standardized language for healthcare professionals to communicate effectively.
p.83
Body Cavities and Membranes
What is the peritoneal cavity?
The cavity that houses the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
p.71
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the significance of understanding body plans?
It helps in understanding the organization and relationships of body parts.
p.75
Terminology and Body Plan
What is an oblique section?
A cut made diagonally across the long axis of an organ.
p.32
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What role does the urinary system play in red blood cell production?
It helps regulate the production of red blood cells.
p.53
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the term 'anatomy' refer to?
The study of the structure of the body and its parts.
p.74
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the significance of understanding body plans?
It helps in understanding the organization and relationships of body structures.
p.82
Body Cavities and Membranes
What is the thoracic body cavity primarily responsible for housing?
The heart and lungs, among other organs.
p.63
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the term 'distal' mean?
Farther from a point of attachment.
p.62
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the meaning of 'anterior'?
Toward the front of the body; for example, the teeth are anterior to the throat.
p.65
Terminology and Body Plan
What are the main components of the central region of the body?
The head, neck, and trunk.
p.71
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the term 'anatomy' refer to?
The study of the structure of body parts.
p.68
Terminology and Body Plan
How is the abdomen subdivided into regions?
By four imaginary lines—two horizontal and two vertical.
p.77
Body Cavities and Membranes
What are the two types of internal cavities in the body?
The dorsal body cavity and the ventral body cavity.
p.79
Body Cavities and Membranes
What does the dorsal body cavity enclose?
The organs of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.
p.88
Definition of Anatomy
What does the term 'anatomy' refer to?
The study of the structure of the body and its parts.
p.78
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the focus of the study in Anatomy and Physiology?
The structure and function of the human body.
p.59
Terminology and Body Plan
Where is the distal end of a limb located?
Farther away from the body, such as the hand.
p.65
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the pelvis contain?
The bladder and reproductive organs.
p.72
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the term 'sagittal' refer to?
It means 'the flight of an arrow' and describes how the body is split by an arrow passing anteriorly to posteriorly.
p.22
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
What are the eleven systems of the human organism?
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive systems.
p.78
Terminology and Body Plan
Why is terminology important in Anatomy and Physiology?
It provides a clear and precise language for describing the body and its functions.
p.78
Terminology and Body Plan
What is meant by 'body plan' in Anatomy?
The organization and arrangement of body structures.
p.53
Terminology and Body Plan
What does 'transverse plane' divide?
The body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
p.63
Terminology and Body Plan
Provide an example of 'proximal'.
The shoulder is proximal to the elbow.
p.83
Body Cavities and Membranes
What two cavities make up the abdominopelvic cavity?
The superior abdominal cavity and the inferior pelvic cavity.
p.62
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the definition of 'dorsal'?
Toward the back (synonymous with posterior); for example, the spine is dorsal to the breastbone.
p.64
Terminology and Body Plan
Provide an example of 'superficial'.
The skin is superficial to muscle.
p.79
Body Cavities and Membranes
What are the two subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?
The cranial cavity and the vertebral canal.
p.70
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the body plan refer to?
The arrangement and organization of different body parts and systems.
p.66
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the extension range of the thigh?
From the hip to the knee.
p.75
Terminology and Body Plan
Why are organs sectioned?
To reveal their internal structure.
p.94
Terminology and Body Plan
Which organs are considered retroperitoneal?
Kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, a large portion of the pancreas, parts of the large intestine, and the urinary bladder.
p.53
Terminology and Body Plan
What is 'physiology'?
The study of the functions of the body's structures.
p.90
Body Cavities and Membranes
What do the pleural cavities house?
Each pleural cavity houses a lung.
p.34
Characteristics of Life
Why is reproduction important for living organisms?
It allows for the continuation of species and genetic diversity.
p.53
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the anatomical position?
A standard position where the body is standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.
p.82
Body Cavities and Membranes
What do the lateral pleural cavities enclose?
Each encloses a lung and is surrounded by the ribs.
p.63
Terminology and Body Plan
What does 'lateral' mean?
Away from the midline of the body.
p.32
Eleven Systems of the Human Organism
How does the urinary system help with blood regulation?
It eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood.
p.45
Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
What initiates a homeostatic mechanism?
A changed variable, referred to as a stimulus.
p.54
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the foramen magnum?
A large hole in the skull through which the spinal cord continues from the brain.
p.66
Terminology and Body Plan
What are the four divisions of the lower limb?
The thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.
p.91
Body Cavities and Membranes
What does the peritoneal cavity house?
Many internal organs, such as the liver, digestive organs, and reproductive organs.
p.68
Terminology and Body Plan
What are the names of the nine abdominal regions?
Epigastric, right hypochondriac, left hypochondriac, umbilical, right lumbar, left lumbar, hypogastric, right iliac, left iliac.
p.89
Terminology and Body Plan
What are serous membranes named for?
The specific cavity and organs they are in contact with.
p.93
Definition of Physiology
What is 'physiology'?
The study of the functions and processes of the body.
p.74
Terminology and Body Plan
Why is terminology important in Anatomy and Physiology?
It provides a clear and precise language for describing body structures and functions.
p.66
Terminology and Body Plan
What is a common misconception about the terms 'arm' and 'leg'?
They refer only to a part of the limb, not the entire limb.
p.34
Characteristics of Life
How do living organisms respond to stimuli?
They react to changes in their environment to maintain homeostasis.
p.63
Terminology and Body Plan
What does 'proximal' refer to?
Closer to a point of attachment.
p.70
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the focus of the topic 'Terminology and Body Plan' in Anatomy and Physiology?
It covers the specific terms and concepts used to describe the human body's structure and organization.
p.64
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the term 'superficial' refer to?
Toward or on the surface.
p.72
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the purpose of planes in anatomy?
They divide or section the body, allowing observation of its structures.
p.72
Terminology and Body Plan
What does a sagittal plane do?
It separates the body or a structure into right and left halves.
p.93
Definition of Anatomy
What does the term 'anatomy' refer to?
The study of the structure of the body and its parts.
p.54
Terminology and Body Plan
What is appendicitis?
An inflammation of the appendix.
p.70
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the significance of understanding body planes?
They help in describing locations and movements of body structures.
p.78
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the term 'physiology' refer to?
The study of the functions of body parts.
p.70
Terminology and Body Plan
What are the three main body planes?
Sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse.
p.94
Terminology and Body Plan
What is the relationship between retroperitoneal organs and the posterior body wall?
They are tightly adhered to the posterior body wall.
p.34
Characteristics of Life
What role does growth play in the characteristics of life?
It indicates the increase in size and complexity of an organism over time.
p.63
Terminology and Body Plan
What does the term 'ventral' mean?
Toward the belly (synonymous with anterior).
