Saccharides, especially glucose.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the universal currency of energy, generated by the oxidation of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.
6 grams.
Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle and is oxidized to CO2 and water, serving as a key metabolic intermediate.
By transferring hydrogen to pyruvate to form lactate.
Glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose into pyruvate under aerobic conditions or lactate under anaerobic conditions, generating ATP and providing important intermediary substrates.
Lactate levels increase.
Citric acid can inhibit phosphofructokinase, the main control site of glycolysis, affecting glucose metabolism.
They decrease to zero after 20 minutes.
Acetyl-CoA is completely oxidized to CO2 and water, with hydrogen atoms accepted by dehydrogenases to form reduced coenzymes.
38 molecules of ATP.
It generates NADPH for reductive biosyntheses and ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis.
85%.
Through gluconeogenesis, mainly from amino acids and lactate.
Two molecules of pyruvate.
It is stopped.
First, dehydrogenases accept hydrogen atoms from substrates to form reduced coenzymes, then these carriers transfer electrons to O2 via an electron transport chain.
It causes a decrease in pH and inhibits enzymes.
Only two molecules of ATP.
The citric acid cycle is the common pathway for the oxidation of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids, generating energy.
