Caudal neuropore.
A form of Neural Tube Defect characterized by incomplete fusion of vertebral arches.
A bulge over the defect containing meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space.
It may be present over the bony defect, indicating the condition.
Hypervitaminosus A and folic acid deficiency.
The forebrain prominence is an early developmental structure that will give rise to the forebrain, including the cerebral hemispheres.
Rhomboidal.
A condition due to the failure of fusion of the two vertebral arches, more common in the lumbosacral region.
The cavity of the neural tube.
The midbrain is a portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.
Less than 50% of pregnancies are planned.
When ingested in the periconception period.
The 25th day.
The 27th day.
The heart prominence is an early developmental structure indicating the location of the developing heart.
Ventricular zone.
There is a defect in the vertebral arch.
Because of the differential growth between the vertebral column and the spinal cord.
The marginal zone.
Between the ventricular zone and the marginal zone.
The neural tube.
NTDs occur 26 days post-fertilization, often before many women know they are pregnant.
Somites are blocks of mesoderm that segment along the head-to-tail axis of the developing embryo and give rise to important structures such as vertebrae and skeletal muscle.
Valproic acid (sodium valproate, e.g., Depakine) and carbamazepine.
Exencephaly or (mero)anencephaly with spina bifida.
The amnion is a membrane that surrounds and protects the developing embryo, forming the amniotic sac.
They are part of the structures affected by the defect in the vertebral arch.
Anencephaly is one of the most common neural tube defects (NTDs) where no survival is possible.
A thick layer of neuroepithelium.
The ependymal zone.
Neuroblasts, which form neurons.
Rostral neuropore and caudal neuropore.
Mal-development of mesoderm, which forms skeletal and muscular structures that cover neural structures.
The neural groove is a structure that forms during the early stages of neural tube development.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
A bulge containing meninges, cord, and nerves.
An open spinal cord seen as a mass of neural tissue.
The space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater, containing cerebrospinal fluid.
Superficial to the ventricular zone.
A bundle of spinal nerve roots caudal to the lower end of the spinal cord (conus medullaris) that resembles a pony tail.
The narrow caudal part of the neural tube.
A skin dimple in the mid sacral region connected to the dura by a fibrous strand. It indicates the site of closure of the posterior (caudal) neuropore.
The filum terminale.
Rostral neuropore.
They range from simple Spina Bifida occulta to severe conditions like Anencephaly.
Marginal zone, Mantle zone, Ventricular zone.
Spina bifida with myeloschisis.
Basal plates.
A bend in the neural tube that occurs between the hindbrain and the spinal cord.
A cluster of nerve cell bodies in the dorsal root of a spinal nerve.
The hindbrain develops into structures such as the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata.
At the level of L1.
At the level of S1.
No bulge over the bony defect; a tuft of hairs may be present.
The yolk stalk is a structure that connects the yolk sac to the midgut of the developing embryo.
The outermost layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
The anterior part of the brain, located at the front.
A bend in the neural tube that occurs in the midbrain region during development.
It causes the spinal nerves to course obliquely downward to reach their corresponding intervertebral foramina.
The formation of the neural tube from the neural plate, including structures like the neural groove, neural fold, neural crest, and notochord.
Hyperthermia, sulfas, antihistaminics, and nutritional deficiencies.
26 days post-fertilization.
The vertebral arch.
The neural tube is the precursor to the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord.
The cerebrum is exposed, open, and undeveloped, while the brain stem and its functions are preserved.
No, there are no neurological deficiencies.
Roof plate.
The basal lamina forms the ventral and lateral grey horns, which are motor.
At the level of L3.
Failure of neuropore to close or neural folds to fuse in midline and form neural tube (Neuroectoderm).
With meningomyelocele and with myeloschisis.
Mantle zone.
Marginal zone.
A tuft of hair may be present.
The ventricular zone.
A long fibrous strand of pia mater extending between the conus medullaris and the coccyx, indicating the line of regression of the spinal cord.
They course horizontally laterally through their corresponding intervertebral foramina.
The vertebral column elongates faster than the spinal cord, resulting in differential growth.
A fibrous extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx.
The neural tube.
A severe form of Neural Tube Defect where there are wide openings in cranial and vertebrae bones and absence of brain, nerves, and meninges.
The connecting stalk is a structure that connects the developing embryo to the placenta.
Absence of calvarium, posterior bone elements, and deficiency in procencephalus.
Four regions.
A form of spina bifida that is not visible externally. A skin dimple or a tuft of hair may be seen over it, and it has no neurological symptoms.
At the S2 level.
Floor plate.
The alar lamina forms the dorsal grey horn, which is sensory.
Near the forebrain, it is an early structure that will develop into the eyes.
A tough membrane that surrounds the spinal cord.
Meninges, cord, and nerves.
It contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons.
A sac that contains the displaced spinal cord, meninges, and nerves.
No, survival is not possible for individuals with anencephaly.
The mantle zone.
Sulcus limitans.
Neural groove, neural fold, neural crest, neural tube, surface ectoderm, paraxial mesoderm, notochord, yolk sac.
Alar plates.
They multiply and newly formed cells move out to form the intermediate zone (mantle layer).
They are at the same level.
The underlying notochord and paraxial mesoderm.
The neural plate.
The neural crest cells migrate to form various structures in the body.
It induces the ectodermal layer to form the neural plate.
