p.7
Behaviorism: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner
What did behaviorists study in relation to learned behavior?
The interaction between learned behavior and inborn qualities of the organism.
p.1
Contemporary Psychology and Its Divisions
What unique experience does James Wanner have?
He associates taste sensations with the sound of words.
p.13
History of Psychology
Who was the first president of Clark University?
The first president of Clark University was the individual mentioned in Pickren & Rutherford (2010).
p.9
Humanistic Psychology: Maslow and Rogers
What is the role of the patient in client-centered therapy?
The patient takes a lead role in the therapy session.
p.9
Humanistic Psychology: Maslow and Rogers
What are the three features a therapist should display according to Rogers?
Unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy.
p.7
Behaviorism: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner
What approach did Watson advocate for in psychology?
Behaviorism, which emphasizes the study and control of observable behavior.
p.7
Behaviorism: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner
What is the operant conditioning chamber, also known as the Skinner box?
A device developed by Skinner to study the principles of modifying behavior through reinforcement and punishment.
p.5
Freud and Psychoanalytic Theory
What did Freud theorize about the source of many patients' problems?
They arose from the unconscious mind.
p.2
Definition and Scope of Psychology
What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
A hypothesis is a tentative explanation, while a theory is a broad explanation supported by evidence over time.
p.3
Definition and Scope of Psychology
What is critical thinking?
The active application of a set of skills to information for understanding and evaluation.
p.13
Contemporary Psychology and Its Divisions
What is the purpose of the Association for Psychological Science (APS)?
To advance the scientific orientation of psychology.
p.2
Definition and Scope of Psychology
What is a hypothesis in psychological research?
A tentative explanation proposed to explain a phenomenon.
p.1
Contemporary Psychology and Its Divisions
What is a significant aspect of Clive Wearing's condition?
He can remember how to play the piano perfectly but cannot recall recent events.
p.6
Founders of Psychology: Wundt and James
What is a major emphasis of Gestalt psychology?
How parts relate to each other as a whole in perception.
p.11
Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology
What barriers did George I. Sanchez identify in intelligence testing?
Language and cultural barriers that prevented Mexican American children from equal opportunities.
p.1
Contemporary Psychology and Its Divisions
What happened to Clive Wearing at the age of 46?
He lost his ability to form new memories due to illness.
p.2
Definition and Scope of Psychology
What is psychology?
The scientific study of the mind and behavior.
p.13
History of Psychology
What led to the founding of the APS?
Disagreements between members of the scientific and clinical branches of psychology within the APA.
p.11
Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology
What does WEIRD stand for in psychological research?
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic.
p.5
Freud and Psychoanalytic Theory
How could the unconscious mind be accessed, according to Freud?
Through dream analysis, first thoughts, and slips of the tongue.
p.11
History of Psychology
What was the significance of Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark's research?
Their studies on African American children and doll preference were instrumental in the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court desegregation case.
p.12
Feminist Psychology and Its Impact
What significant work did Margaret Floy Washburn write?
The Animal Mind: A Textbook of Comparative Psychology.
p.10
Cognitive Revolution in Psychology
How did the cognitive revolution affect communication between European and American psychologists?
It helped reestablish lines of communication.
p.8
Humanistic Psychology: Maslow and Rogers
What is self-actualization according to Maslow?
The process of achieving one's full potential.
p.1
Contemporary Psychology and Its Divisions
Who is John Nash?
A brilliant mathematician and Nobel Prize winner diagnosed with schizophrenia.
p.7
Behaviorism: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner
What applications has behaviorism influenced in therapy?
Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy.
p.6
Founders of Psychology: Wundt and James
Who were the key figures in Gestalt Psychology?
Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler.
p.5
Freud and Psychoanalytic Theory
What does psychoanalytic theory focus on?
The role of the unconscious and early childhood experiences.
p.2
Definition and Scope of Psychology
Why do students often take psychology courses?
To learn more about themselves and others, and to fulfill educational requirements.
p.3
Founders of Psychology: Wundt and James
What is voluntarism in psychology according to Wundt?
The belief that people have free will and should know the intentions of a psychological experiment.
p.10
Feminist Psychology and Its Impact
Who faced difficulties entering the field of psychology historically?
Women, ethnic minorities, and individuals with non-straight sexual orientations.
p.7
Behaviorism: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner
What was John B. Watson's main focus in psychology?
He focused on observable behavior rather than consciousness.
p.7
Behaviorism: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner
What did B.F. Skinner contribute to the field of psychology?
He focused on how behavior is affected by its consequences, introducing concepts of reinforcement and punishment.
p.5
Freud and Psychoanalytic Theory
What is the unconscious mind according to Freud?
A repository of feelings and urges of which we have no awareness.
p.9
Humanistic Psychology: Maslow and Rogers
Is client-centered therapy still used today?
Yes, it is commonly used in therapeutic settings.
p.2
Definition and Scope of Psychology
How does psychology relate to biology?
Some aspects of psychology take on biological elements since behavior is rooted in biological processes.
p.8
Behaviorism: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner
What types of reinforcement can be delivered in a Skinner box?
Positive reinforcement (like food) or punishment (like a noise).
p.4
Founders of Psychology: Wundt and James
What type of experiments did Wundt and his students conduct?
Experiments on reaction times.
p.2
Founders of Psychology: Wundt and James
Name a few well-known individuals who were psychology majors.
Mark Zuckerberg, Jon Stewart, Natalie Portman, Wes Craven.
p.4
Founders of Psychology: Wundt and James
What was the purpose of psychology according to William James?
To study the function of behavior in the world.
p.4
Founders of Psychology: Wundt and James
What methods did James rely on to study mental activities?
More objective measures, including recording devices and examinations of concrete products of mental activities.
p.6
Freud and Psychoanalytic Theory
What does Drew Westen argue about criticisms of Freud's ideas?
Many criticisms are misplaced and do not consider his later writings.
p.9
Humanistic Psychology: Maslow and Rogers
How has humanism influenced psychology?
It has shaped therapeutic practices and is foundational in understanding human potential.
p.11
Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology
What did Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan find about WEIRD societies?
They found that WEIRD societies have been over-studied, leading to misapplications of results to non-WEIRD societies.
p.10
Behaviorism: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner
What did behaviorism emphasize in psychology?
Objectivity and focus on external behavior.
p.10
Cognitive Revolution in Psychology
What shift did the cognitive revolution bring to psychology?
A renewed focus on the mind and mental processes.
p.3
Definition and Scope of Psychology
What do psychology students learn about behavior?
They understand the complex factors that shape behavior, including biology, environment, and experiences.
p.12
Feminist Psychology and Its Impact
Why was Mary Whiton Calkins denied her PhD?
Harvard University refused to award her the degree because she was a woman.
p.12
Feminist Psychology and Its Impact
What did Mary Calkins study in her memory research?
Primacy and recency effects.
p.12
Feminist Psychology and Its Impact
What study did Mary Cover Jones conduct related to John B. Watson's work?
She unconditioned fear in Little Peter.
p.4
Founders of Psychology: Wundt and James
What theory did functionalists accept to explain an organism's characteristics?
Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
p.8
Humanistic Psychology: Maslow and Rogers
What type of research approach did humanistic psychologists reject?
Reductionist experimentation based on physical and biological sciences.
p.11
Feminist Psychology and Its Impact
What was the state of psychology regarding women's participation until the 1960s?
Psychology was largely a 'womanless' field, with few women practicing and little influence on the studies.
p.11
Feminist Psychology and Its Impact
What did Naomi Weisstein critique about male psychologists?
She criticized them for constructing the psychology of women based on their own cultural biases without careful experimental tests.
p.3
Definition and Scope of Psychology
What skills do psychology students develop during their education?
Critical thinking skills and training in the use of the scientific method.
p.3
Definition and Scope of Psychology
Why is evaluating information important?
To assess its reliability and usefulness in a world full of competing 'facts'.
p.3
Definition and Scope of Psychology
What attitude is important in critical thinking?
Maintaining an attitude of skepticism.
p.13
Cognitive Revolution in Psychology
What do biological psychologists aim to understand?
The relationship between the structure and function of the nervous system and behavior.
p.13
Cognitive Revolution in Psychology
What research strategies do biological psychologists often combine?
The research strategies of both psychologists and physiologists.
p.8
Behaviorism: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner
What was Skinner's focus in psychology?
Positive and negative reinforcement of learned behaviors.
p.10
Feminist Psychology and Its Impact
What biases influenced the early development of psychology?
The dominance of Western, White, and male academics.
p.4
Founders of Psychology: Wundt and James
What does adaptation mean in the context of functionalism?
A trait of an organism has a function for survival and reproduction.
p.8
Humanistic Psychology: Maslow and Rogers
What kind of research has been largely associated with humanistic psychology?
Qualitative research, though there are quantitative strains as well.
p.1
Definition and Scope of Psychology
What is psychology?
The scientific study of mind and behavior.
p.7
Behaviorism: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner
How did behaviorism establish psychology as a scientific discipline?
Through its objective methods and emphasis on experimentation.
p.9
Humanistic Psychology: Maslow and Rogers
What does unconditional positive regard mean?
The therapist accepts the client for who they are, regardless of what they say.
p.12
Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology
What historic civil rights case is influenced by African American psychology research?
Brown v. Board of Education.
p.13
Cognitive Revolution in Psychology
What does biopsychology study?
How our biology influences our behavior.
p.4
Founders of Psychology: Wundt and James
What is the main focus of structuralism in psychology?
The contents of mental processes rather than their function.
p.4
Founders of Psychology: Wundt and James
When did Wilhelm Wundt establish his psychology laboratory?
In 1879 at the University of Leipzig.
p.6
Behaviorism: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner
What is classical conditioning?
A form of learning where a reflex response is elicited by a new stimulus associated with the original stimulus.
p.4
Founders of Psychology: Wundt and James
How precise could Wundt measure reaction time?
To one-thousandth of a second.
p.4
Founders of Psychology: Wundt and James
How did functionalism differ from structuralism?
Functionalism focused on the operation of the whole mind rather than its individual parts.
p.1
Contemporary Psychology and Its Divisions
What delusions did John Nash experience?
He believed the New York Times contained coded messages from extraterrestrial beings.
p.12
Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology
What organization facilitates interactions among ethnic minority psychologists?
The American Psychological Association (APA).
p.5
Freud and Psychoanalytic Theory
What is the title of one of Freud's influential books?
A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis.
p.3
Founders of Psychology: Wundt and James
Who are credited as the founders of psychology as a science?
Wilhelm Wundt and William James.
p.3
Founders of Psychology: Wundt and James
What was Wilhelm Wundt's view of psychology?
He viewed it as a scientific study of conscious experience.
p.3
Founders of Psychology: Wundt and James
What method did Wundt use to study consciousness?
Introspection, or 'internal perception'.
p.6
Freud and Psychoanalytic Theory
What are some key ideas introduced by Freud?
The importance of childhood experiences, unconscious motivations, and the development of personality over time.
p.7
Behaviorism: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner
What did Tolman believe about studying behavior?
He believed that important aspects of psychology could be investigated through the analysis of rat behavior in mazes.
p.13
Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology
What is the focus of organizations like the National Latina/o Psychological Association (NLPA) and the Asian American Psychological Association (AAPA)?
They provide networking and collaboration opportunities for professionals of various ethnic or racial groups in psychology.
p.8
Behaviorism: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner
What is the purpose of the Skinner box?
To isolate the subject from the external environment and measure behavior through reinforcement or punishment.
p.11
Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology
What is the focus of multicultural psychologists?
Developing theories and conducting research with diverse populations within one country.
p.8
Humanistic Psychology: Maslow and Rogers
Who are two well-known proponents of humanistic psychology?
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
p.3
Founders of Psychology: Wundt and James
What did Wundt suggest in his book 'Völkerpsychologie'?
That psychology should include the study of culture.
p.12
Contemporary Psychology and Its Divisions
What is the mission of the American Psychological Association (APA)?
To advance and disseminate psychological knowledge for the betterment of people.
p.2
Definition and Scope of Psychology
Why is psychological science considered empirical?
Because it is based on measurable data.
p.11
Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology
What is the focus of cross-cultural psychologists?
Comparing populations across countries.
p.4
Founders of Psychology: Wundt and James
Who were the key figures in establishing functional psychology?
William James, John Dewey, and Charles Sanders Peirce.
p.8
Humanistic Psychology: Maslow and Rogers
What does Maslow's hierarchy of needs propose?
That higher-level needs motivate behavior once basic survival needs are met.
