p.48
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What is the primary function of macrophages in alternative activation?
Termination of inflammation and repair.
p.60
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What can happen if hepatocytes die but the connective tissue structure remains intact?
It may lead to the formation of fluid-filled cavities or fibrosis.
p.68
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the role of Anti-VEGF in cancer treatment?
Anti-VEGF binds to VEGF and inhibits tumor angiogenesis.
p.60
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What is required for regeneration to occur?
An intact connective tissue scaffold.
p.70
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
How do collagen fibers change during the remodeling of connective tissue?
They become thicker and oriented parallel to stress lines.
p.68
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
How does Anti-VEGF inhibit tumor growth?
By binding to VEGF and preventing the formation of new blood vessels in tumors.
p.43
Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation
What is pus composed of in suppurative or purulent inflammation?
Pus is an exudate consisting of neutrophils, liquefied necrotic debris, and edema fluid.
p.48
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What are the two major pathways of macrophage activation?
Classic activation and alternative activation.
p.76
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What are the consequences of excessive formation of repair components in wound healing?
Keloid, hypertrophic scar, and exuberant granulation tissue.
p.45
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What are the causes of chronic inflammation?
Persistent infections, hypersensitivity diseases (autoimmunity, allergy), and prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents.
p.32
Harmful Effects of Inflammation and Repair
What is a significant side effect of TNF antagonist therapy?
Increased susceptibility to mycobacterial infection.
p.14
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What is the primary method for removing the stimulus for inflammation?
Phagocytosis and clearance of the offending agent.
p.62
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
What happens if the connective tissue of the alveolar wall is destroyed by an abscess?
Even after the infection is controlled, the alveoli cannot regenerate to their original state.
p.8
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Which chemical mediators are responsible for increased vascular permeability?
Histamine, bradykinin, and leukotrienes.
p.39
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What is resolution in the context of acute inflammation?
The complete restoration of the inflamed tissue to its normal state.
p.58
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What are labile cells?
Continuously dividing cells such as blood cells, epidermal keratinocytes, intestinal epithelial cells, and urothelial cells.
p.11
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are some examples of chemoattractants?
Bacterial products, cytokines (IL8), complement (C5a), arachidonic acid metabolites (LTB4).
p.67
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What is the function of FGF in angiogenesis?
FGF promotes endothelial proliferation.
p.65
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
Which type of macrophages stimulate fibroblast proliferation and connective tissue synthesis?
The alternatively activated (M2) type.
p.8
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What causes vasodilatation in blood vessels during an inflammatory reaction?
Histamine acting on arterioles.
p.45
Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation
How does atherosclerosis relate to chronic inflammation?
Atherosclerosis involves the accumulation of cholesterol, which can lead to chronic inflammation.
p.18
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What is Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?
A genetic disorder where neutrophils cannot produce reactive oxygen species to kill certain bacteria and fungi.
p.18
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What does the Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) test diagnose?
It diagnoses Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) by assessing the ability of neutrophils to produce reactive oxygen species.
p.73
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
How does age influence wound healing?
Age affects wound healing through the presence of cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic diseases, and by decreasing the proliferative capacity of cells.
p.65
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What role do macrophages play in tissue repair?
They clear offending agents and dead tissue.
p.70
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What is the initial characteristic of collagen fibers laid down during connective tissue remodeling?
The collagen fibers are thinner and not oriented parallel to the stress line.
p.57
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What is regeneration in tissue repair?
Complete structural and functional restitution of lost or damaged tissue.
p.3
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What is the primary purpose of inflammation?
To serve as a protective response to destroy, dilute, or wall off injurious agents.
p.69
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What type of macrophages are the major sources of factors involved in connective tissue deposition?
Activated (M2) macrophages.
p.33
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is an anaphylatoxin?
A substance produced during the activation of the complement system that can cause increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction.
p.58
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
Which cells are considered stable cells?
Epithelial cells of the liver, kidney, and pancreas, as well as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, chondrocytes, and osteocytes.
p.15
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What are the two major phagocytes involved in inflammation?
Neutrophils and macrophages.
p.5
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What are some common causes of inflammation?
Infection, toxin & chemical agents, physical agents, tissue necrosis, foreign body, immune reaction (hypersensitivity: autoimmune diseases and allergies).
p.31
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is one of the effects of TNF and IL-1 on endothelial cells besides endothelial activation?
Increased production of other cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and eicosanoids.
p.5
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
How can immune reactions cause inflammation?
Through hypersensitivity, such as autoimmune diseases and allergies.
p.41
Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation
What happens when proteins leak into tissues during inflammation?
Fibroblasts accumulate and deposit collagen proteins.
p.40
Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation
What are examples of conditions that can result in serous inflammation?
Pleural effusion and ascites are examples of conditions that can result in serous inflammation.
p.56
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What is sepsis?
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by infection, which can lead to organ dysfunction and can be life-threatening.
p.41
Harmful Effects of Inflammation and Repair
What is a potential consequence of constrictive pericarditis?
Low output heart failure.
p.5
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
How does a foreign body cause inflammation?
A foreign body can trigger an inflammatory response as the body attempts to remove or isolate the foreign material.
p.35
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the role of Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF) in the complement system?
Inhibition of C3 convertase.
p.76
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What can the formation of contraction by myofibroblasts lead to during wound healing?
Deformities of the wound and the surrounding tissues.
p.51
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What type of infection and condition are eosinophils associated with in chronic inflammation?
Helminth infection and allergy.
p.49
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What contributes to persistent inflammation in chronic inflammation?
Memory cells and cytokine secretion.
p.73
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
How does diabetes mellitus affect wound healing?
Diabetes mellitus leads to poor tissue perfusion (microangiopathy), decreased function or number of leukocytes and fibroblasts, and abnormal collagen and enzymatic activity.
p.73
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
What is the impact of hypothyroidism on wound healing?
Hypothyroidism decreases collagen production.
p.26
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Which cells release histamine?
Mast cells, basophils, and platelets.
p.47
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What are the primary functions of macrophages in chronic inflammation?
Ingestion and elimination of microbes and necrotic tissues, initiation of tissue repair, secretion of mediators of inflammation, and antigen presentation to T lymphocytes.
p.26
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What triggers the release of histamine?
Physical injury, cold, heat, binding of antigen to IgE antibodies on mast cells, products of complement (C3a and C5a), neuropeptides, and cytokines.
p.18
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What is the result of the NBT test in neutrophils from a person with CGD?
The NBT test will not show the blue-black deposit (formazan) because the neutrophils cannot produce reactive oxygen species.
p.50
Granulomatous Inflammation
What is a granuloma?
A granuloma is a structured collection of macrophages, often surrounded by lymphocytes, that forms in response to chronic inflammation, typically to contain an infectious or non-infectious agent.
p.66
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What process involves the proliferation of endothelial cells during granulation tissue formation?
The formation of granulation tissue.
p.38
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
How does TGF-β regulate cell proliferation and differentiation?
TGF-β regulates cell proliferation and differentiation, which is crucial for the development and function of many cell types.
p.38
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the role of TGF-β in immune regulation?
TGF-β acts as an immunosuppressant, inhibiting the activation and proliferation of lymphocytes, which is important for maintaining immune tolerance.
p.37
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Which mediators are primarily responsible for vasodilation in inflammation?
Histamine and Prostaglandins
p.36
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
How do kinins contribute to the inflammatory response?
By promoting vasodilation, increasing vascular permeability, stimulating pain receptors, and causing smooth muscle contraction.
p.12
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What are the clinical features of LAD-II?
Developmental abnormalities (e.g., severe mental retardation, short stature, distinctive facial appearance); Bombay (hh) blood phenotype, impaired pus formation, pneumonia, periodontitis, and otitis; reduced or absent sLeX expression, reduced rolling adhesion, normal firm adhesion.
p.74
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
How do cardiovascular diseases affect wound healing?
They cause poor tissue perfusion, which can impair wound healing.
p.43
Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation
What is an abscess in the context of inflammation?
An abscess is a localized collection of pus.
p.3
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What is inflammation?
A response of vascularized tissues that delivers leukocytes and molecules from the circulation to the sites of infection and cell damage.
p.13
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What is absent in Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II?
Absence of sialyl-Lewis X.
p.13
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What type of infections are common in individuals with Leukocyte adhesion deficiency?
Recurrent pyogenic infections but no opportunistic infections.
p.33
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the complement system?
A part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells.
p.39
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What does fibrosis (scarring) result from in acute inflammation?
The replacement of normal tissue with connective tissue, leading to loss of function.
p.15
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What is the primary process for the removal of the stimulus for inflammation?
Phagocytosis and clearance of the offending agent.
p.40
Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation
What characterizes serous inflammation in terms of cellular content?
Serous inflammation is characterized by a cell-poor exudate.
p.31
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What effect do TNF and IL-1 have on endothelial cells?
They cause endothelial activation, increasing adhesion molecules.
p.47
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Which mediators of inflammation are secreted by macrophages?
Cytokines (such as TNF, IL-1, chemokines) and eicosanoids.
p.15
Cells Involved in Inflammation
Name a type of phagocyte receptor that recognizes mannose.
Mannose receptor (lectin).
p.40
Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation
Does serous inflammation involve large numbers of leukocytes?
No, serous inflammation does not involve large numbers of leukocytes.
p.56
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What are some systemic effects of inflammation?
Increased pulse and blood pressure, rigors (shivering), chills, anorexia, somnolence, and malaise.
p.6
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What is the fourth step in an inflammatory reaction?
Removal of the stimulus for inflammation.
p.75
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What provides the tensile strength of collagen?
Cross-linkage of collagen triple peptides.
p.42
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
持續的炎症如何導致纖維化？
持續的炎症會導致纖維蛋白的持續產生，隨著時間推移，這些纖維蛋白會��轉化為膠原蛋白等結構成分，導致纖維化。
p.52
Granulomatous Inflammation
What is the predominant cell type in granulomatous inflammation?
Activated macrophages with epithelioid or multinucleated appearance.
p.56
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
How is sepsis typically diagnosed?
Diagnosis usually relies on clinical symptoms, laboratory tests such as blood cultures, and imaging studies.
p.74
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
How does nutrition influence wound healing?
Deficiency of protein, vitamin C, and trace elements can impair wound healing.
p.35
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the function of CD59 in the complement system?
Inhibition of MAC formation.
p.37
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What causes tissue damage in inflammation?
Lysosomal enzymes of leukocytes and Reactive oxygen species
p.52
Granulomatous Inflammation
What causes immune granulomas?
The body's immune response to certain antigens such as infections, drugs, or autoimmune diseases.
p.2
Harmful Effects of Inflammation and Repair
What are the harmful effects of inflammation and tissue repair?
Harmful effects include chronic inflammation leading to tissue damage, fibrosis, and impaired organ function.
p.32
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What conditions are TNF antagonists used to treat?
Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
p.62
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What is required for regeneration in the context of lung abscess?
An intact connective tissue scaffold.
p.76
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What can result from inadequate formation of granulation tissue or scar during wound healing?
Wound dehiscence and ulceration.
p.69
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What are the two main processes involved in the deposition of connective tissue?
Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts into the site of injury, and deposition of ECM proteins.
p.63
Harmful Effects of Inflammation and Repair
What is myocardial infarction?
Myocardial infarction is a condition where blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked, causing tissue damage.
p.51
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What is chronic osteomyelitis caused by?
Bacterial infection of the bone marrow.
p.20
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What is the composition of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)?
A viscous meshwork of nuclear chromatin that binds and concentrates antimicrobial peptides and enzymes.
p.36
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the primary effects of Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) at high concentrations?
Platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, and bronchoconstriction.
p.67
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
How do Angiopoietin 1 and 2 contribute to angiogenesis?
Angiopoietin 1 and 2 are involved in endothelial proliferation and structural maturation of new vessels.
p.64
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
Which cells are involved in the cell proliferation step of scar formation?
Epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts.
p.40
Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation
What are common causes of serous inflammation in the skin?
Burns or viral infections are common causes of serous inflammation in the skin.
p.38
Cells Involved in Inflammation
Which cells secrete TGF-β?
TGF-β is secreted by various cells, including macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts.
p.64
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What process accompanies the formation of granulation tissue?
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels.
p.5
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What role do toxins and chemical agents play in inflammation?
Toxins and chemical agents can trigger inflammatory responses.
p.12
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What is the clinical phenotype of LAD-I?
Absent or near-absent expression of all β1 integrins; blood neutrophilia with tissue neutropenia, delayed umbilical cord separation, recurrent soft tissue infections (e.g., skin, periodontal), impaired pus formation and wound healing; reduced or absent neutrophil firm adhesion; normal rolling adhesion.
p.52
Granulomatous Inflammation
What are the two main types of granulomas?
Foreign body granuloma and immune granuloma.
p.38
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What dual role does TGF-β play in tumor biology?
TGF-β can inhibit tumor growth in the early stages but may promote tumor metastasis and invasion in later stages.
p.78
Harmful Effects of Inflammation and Repair
What are some complications of liver cirrhosis?
Complications of liver cirrhosis include portal vein pressure, congestive splenomegaly, and thrombocytopenia.
p.12
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What was observed in the case report of a child with a clinical presentation similar to LAD disease but with normal levels of β1-integrins, L-selectin, and sLeX?
Staining of inflamed tissue revealed no E-selectin.
p.74
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
How does pain influence wound healing?
Pain activates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to vasoconstriction and impaired wound healing.
p.19
Immunodeficiency Diseases
哪種疾病符合免疫缺損病患的吞噬細胞游走正常，但無法殺死吞噬的細菌，經常引起明顯的組織發炎反應的描述？
慢性肉芽腫病 (chronic granulomatous disease)
p.13
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What is the defect in Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I?
A defect of biosynthesis of the beta-2 chain shared by LFA-1 and Mac-1 integrin.
p.45
Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation
What is pneumoconiosis?
A condition caused by inhaling mineral dust and its deposition in the lungs, leading to chronic inflammation and fibrosis.
p.39
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What are the possible outcomes of acute inflammation?
Resolution, fibrosis (scarring), abscess formation, and progression to chronic inflammation.
p.13
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What is a potential treatment for Leukocyte adhesion deficiency?
Bone marrow transplantation.
p.59
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What is required for regeneration to occur?
An intact connective tissue scaffold.
p.31
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Which cells mainly produce Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and Interleukin-1 (IL-1)?
Activated macrophages and dendritic cells.
p.50
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What role do macrophages play in chronic inflammation?
Macrophages are key players in chronic inflammation, where they persist at the site of inflammation and release cytokines that sustain the inflammatory response.
p.20
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What role do reactive oxygen species (ROS) play in the formation of NETs?
ROS activate arginine deaminase, MPO, and elastase, which cause chromatin decondensation and rupture of the nuclear membrane.
p.20
Cells Involved in Inflammation
How do NETs help in combating infections?
NETs trap microbes in a meshwork of chromatin and concentrate antimicrobial peptides and enzymes to kill the trapped microbes.
p.6
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What is the fifth step in an inflammatory reaction?
Regulation of the response.
p.66
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
Which cells are recruited for small capillaries and larger vessels during granulation tissue formation?
Pericytes for small capillaries and smooth muscle cells for larger vessels.
p.42
Cells Involved in Inflammation
纖維蛋白如何影響成纖維細胞的活化？
纖維蛋白的存在可以刺激成纖維細胞的增殖，這些細胞負責合成膠原蛋白，從而促進纖維化的發展。
p.36
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the most well-known kinin and its primary function?
Bradykinin, which has a strong vasodilatory effect and increases vascular permeability.
p.37
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Which mediators are involved in chemotaxis, leukocyte recruitment, and activation?
TNF, IL-1, Chemokines, C3a, C5a, and Leukotriene B4
p.35
Immunodeficiency Diseases
Which disease is linked to a deficiency of Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF)?
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobulinuria.
p.56
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What are some risk factors for developing sepsis?
Risk factors include being elderly, having a weakened immune system, and having chronic diseases such as diabetes, liver disease, or kidney disease.
p.35
Immunodeficiency Diseases
Which disease is associated with a deficiency of CD59?
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobulinuria.
p.17
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What are the genetic defects in autosomal recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?
Cytoplasmic NADPH oxidase (p47phox and p67phox).
p.16
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are some lysosomal enzymes involved in inflammation?
Lysosomal enzymes include acid hydrolase, neutral proteases, elastase, and hydrolase.
p.74
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
How does uremia affect wound healing?
Uremia impairs the responses of neutrophils and lymphocytes, hindering wound healing.
p.17
Immunodeficiency Diseases
Why are white blood cells (WBCs) ineffective in killing microbes in CGD?
Due to NADPH oxidase deficiency.
p.2
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What are the systemic effects of inflammation?
Systemic effects of inflammation include fever, leukocytosis, increased acute-phase proteins, and sepsis in severe cases.
p.17
Granulomatous Inflammation
What is the body's purpose in forming granulomas?
To isolate and eliminate stimuli such as infections or foreign substances.
p.57
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What conditions are necessary for tissue regeneration?
Intact integrity of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the ability of cell proliferation.
p.28
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Which arachidonic acid metabolites cause vasoconstriction?
Thromboxane A2, leukotrienes C4, D4, E4
p.8
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the effect of histamine on arterioles during inflammation?
It causes vasodilatation.
p.3
Harmful Effects of Inflammation and Repair
Can inflammation and repair be harmful?
Yes, inflammation and repair may be harmful.
p.39
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What is abscess formation in acute inflammation?
The collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body.
p.41
Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation
What characterizes fibrinous inflammation?
Greater increase in vascular permeability leading to fibrinogen converting to fibrin.
p.6
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What is the first step in an inflammatory reaction?
Recognition of the noxious agent that is the initiating stimulus for inflammation.
p.50
Cells Involved in Inflammation
How do lymphocytes interact with macrophages in chronic inflammation?
Lymphocytes interact with macrophages by releasing cytokines that activate macrophages, enhancing their ability to phagocytose pathogens and present antigens.
p.64
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What are the steps in scar formation?
1. Inflammation, 2. Cell proliferation (epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts), 3. Formation of granulation tissue, 4. Deposition of connective tissue.
p.41
Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation
What condition can result from fibrinous inflammation affecting the pericardium?
Constrictive pericarditis.
p.42
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
纖維蛋白在組織損傷後的主要作用是什麼？
纖維蛋白會迅速形成，幫助止血並在傷口處建立初步的���構支架。
p.26
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Which cells release serotonin?
Platelets and neuroendocrine cells.
p.26
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the role of serotonin in inflammation?
Vasoconstriction; its role in inflammation is unclear.
p.36
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
List the primary effects of bradykinin.
Increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, contraction of some smooth muscle, and pain.
p.46
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
How does healing occur in chronic inflammation?
By connective tissue replacement, also known as fibrosis.
p.64
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
Why does granulation tissue contain many small blood vessels?
Because of angiogenesis, which is the formation of new blood vessels.
p.7
Cells Involved in Inflammation
Which cells are involved in the recognition of microbes and damaged cells?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, leukocytes.
p.38
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
In what context can TGF-β induce apoptosis?
TGF-β can induce apoptosis in certain situations, particularly in tumor suppression.
p.12
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What gene and molecule are defective in LAD-II?
GFTP gene and sLeX (sialyl-Lewis X).
p.52
Granulomatous Inflammation
What causes foreign body granulomas?
The body's reaction to foreign substances such as metals, plant fibers, and silicates.
p.2
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What are the primary events in an inflammatory reaction?
The primary events include the recognition of the injurious agent, recruitment of leukocytes, removal of the agent, regulation of the response, and resolution or repair.
p.52
Granulomatous Inflammation
What are the characteristics of immune granulomas?
They are associated with chronic inflammation and primarily composed of mononuclear cells and lymphocytes, responding to specific pathogens or antigens.
p.22
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What cells and molecules are involved in asthma?
Eosinophils and IgE antibodies
p.16
Harmful Effects of Inflammation and Repair
What are some harmful effects of free radicals released during inflammation?
Free radicals can cause damage to normal tissues when released outside of cells.
p.17
Granulomatous Inflammation
What is a granuloma?
A localized inflammatory lesion caused by the immune response, typically composed of aggregated immune cells like macrophages and lymphocytes.
p.2
Mediators in Tissue Repair
What are the mediators involved in tissue repair?
Mediators involved in tissue repair include growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix components.
p.28
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the principal actions of leukotriene B4, HETE, and PGD2 in inflammation?
Chemotaxis and leukocyte adhesion
p.20
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What are Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)?
Extracellular fibrillar networks that concentrate antimicrobial substances at sites of infection and trap microbes.
p.33
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the function of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)?
To form pores in the membranes of target cells, leading to cell lysis and death.
p.41
Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation
How is fibrin dissolved in fibrinous inflammation?
By fibrinolysis or repair by fibrosis.
p.38
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the role of TGF-β in the inflammatory response?
TGF-β is a multifunctional cytokine involved in many physiological and pathological processes, including cell proliferation and differentiation, immune regulation, fibrosis, apoptosis, and tumor biology.
p.5
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
How can physical agents cause inflammation?
Physical agents such as trauma, heat, or radiation can cause inflammation.
p.15
Cells Involved in Inflammation
Which receptors on phagocytes recognize the Fc region of antibodies and complement (C3b)?
Receptors for Fc of Ab and complement (C3b), also known as opsonins.
p.36
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What physiological processes are kinins primarily involved in?
Inflammation, pain, and blood pressure regulation.
p.38
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
How does TGF-β contribute to fibrosis?
TGF-β plays a key role in tissue repair and fibrosis by promoting the proliferation of fibroblasts and the production of collagen.
p.29
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Which cell types primarily produce cytokines?
Activated lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
p.74
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
Which cofactors are essential for collagen production?
Magnesium, copper, calcium, and iron.
p.17
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What is the genetic defect in X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?
Membrane-bound NADPH oxidase (gp91phox).
p.7
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What role do circulating proteins like complement play in inflammation?
They activate pathways such as the lectin pathway.
p.35
Immunodeficiency Diseases
Which disease is linked to a deficiency of Complement Factor H?
An atypical form of hemolytic uremic syndrome.
p.17
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What types of infections are recurrent in patients with CGD?
Bacterial and fungal infections.
p.30
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the principal sources of TNF in acute inflammation?
Macrophages, mast cells, T lymphocytes.
p.30
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the systemic effects of IL-6 in acute inflammation?
Systemic effects (acute phase response).
p.30
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the role of chemokines in inflammation?
Recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation; migration of cells in normal tissues.
p.27
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
How does COX-1 contribute to kidney function?
COX-1 is involved in the regulation of renal blood flow, which is essential for normal kidney function.
p.72
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
How does infection affect cell proliferation in wound healing?
Infection decreases cell proliferation, which is essential for wound healing.
p.3
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
How is the inflammatory response related to the process of repair?
The inflammatory response is closely intertwined with the process of repair.
p.51
Cells Involved in Inflammation
Why is chronic osteomyelitis difficult to control with antibiotics?
Because the infection persists in the bone, making it hard for antibiotics to be effective.
p.39
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What happens when acute inflammation progresses to chronic inflammation?
The inflammation persists, leading to ongoing tissue damage and repair.
p.40
Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation
Are microbes typically present in serous inflammation?
No, serous inflammation typically does not involve microbes.
p.66
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What happens to pericytes and the basement membrane during the formation of granulation tissue?
Pericytes separate and the basement membrane breaks down.
p.38
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What are the key factors involved in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response?
Short half-lives for neutrophils, TGF-β, and IL-10 from macrophages and other cells.
p.6
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What happens during the recruitment phase of an inflammatory reaction?
Recruitment of leukocytes and plasma proteins into the tissues.
p.58
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, and Mitosis.
p.67
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
How does TGF-β affect angiogenesis?
TGF-β suppresses endothelial proliferation and migration and enhances the production of ECM proteins.
p.11
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What can the presence of specific white blood cells in exudate indicate?
The cause and duration of inflammation.
p.29
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are cytokines?
Proteins produced by many cell types, principally activated lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, but also endothelial, epithelial, and connective tissue cells.
p.12
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What is the defect in LAD-I variants?
β1 integrins are expressed but dysfunctional; biologic consequences are identical to those of LAD-I.
p.25
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
過敏毒素在過敏反應和炎症過程中起什麼作用？
過敏毒素能夠吸引免疫細胞到達感染或損傷的部位，並促進炎症反應。
p.7
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What are NOD-like receptors responsible for sensing?
Cell damage indicators such as uric acid, lipids, cholesterol, and DNA.
p.29
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the role of cytokines in the body?
Regulation of immune and inflammatory reactions.
p.29
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Which cytokines are involved in natural immunity?
TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-α, IFN-β, and IL-6.
p.2
Cells Involved in Inflammation
Which cells are primarily involved in inflammation?
Neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells are primarily involved in inflammation.
p.52
Granulomatous Inflammation
Name some diseases associated with immune granulomas.
Tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, leprosy, and cat-scratch disease.
p.2
Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation
What are the morphologic patterns of acute inflammation?
The morphologic patterns of acute inflammation include serous, fibrinous, purulent, and ulcerative inflammation.
p.4
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
What is an example of a disease where fibrosis can occur without obvious symptoms until later stages?
Hepatitis B, where patients may appear normal but have liver cirrhosis upon diagnosis.
p.72
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
What is ischemia and how does it affect wound healing?
Ischemia is a lack of blood supply to tissues, which can impair wound healing by reducing oxygen and nutrient delivery.
p.53
Granulomatous Inflammation
What type of inflammation is characterized by the formation of granulomas?
Granulomatous inflammation.
p.63
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What happens to the remaining heart muscle cells after a myocardial infarction?
The remaining heart muscle cells undergo fibrosis.
p.49
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What are the two types of macrophage activation in chronic inflammation?
Classic macrophage activation and alternative macrophage activation.
p.67
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What role does VEGF play in angiogenesis?
VEGF is involved in vasodilation and endothelial proliferation.
p.58
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What are permanent cells?
Nondividing cells such as neurons, myocardial cells, and skeletal muscle cells.
p.36
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What effects does Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) have at low concentrations?
Vasodilation and increased venular permeability.
p.67
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What is the role of PDGF in angiogenesis?
PDGF recruits smooth muscle cells.
p.47
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What role do macrophages play in the immune response besides eliminating microbes?
They present antigens to T lymphocytes.
p.31
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What systemic response is triggered by TNF and IL-1?
Systemic acute-phase response.
p.78
Harmful Effects of Inflammation and Repair
What is fibrosis and why can it be harmful?
Fibrosis is the thickening and scarring of connective tissue, often resulting from injury. It can be harmful because it can lead to organ dysfunction.
p.75
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
Which amino acids undergo oxidation in the formation of collagen?
Lysine and hydroxylysine.
p.35
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the function of C1 inhibitor in the complement system?
Blockage of C1 activation.
p.56
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What are common symptoms of sepsis?
Fever, chills, rapid heartbeat, rapid breathing, extreme fatigue, confusion, or disorientation.
p.37
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What mediators increase vascular permeability during inflammation?
Histamine, serotonin, C3a, C5a, and Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4
p.7
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What types of receptors are involved in recognizing Ig and complement?
Receptors of Ig and complement.
p.35
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the role of Complement Factor H in the complement system?
Inhibition of the alternative pathway by promoting the cleavage and destruction of C3b.
p.17
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What is the consequence of NADPH oxidase deficiency in CGD?
Failure to produce superoxide radical.
p.16
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the function of α1-antitrypsin (AAT) in inflammation?
AAT, produced by the liver, inhibits the activity of various proteases, preventing damage to normal tissues.
p.4
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What are the local and systemic signs of acute inflammation?
Prominent: redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function.
p.22
Cells Involved in Inflammation
Which cells are involved in chronic arthritis?
Lymphocytes, macrophages; antibodies?
p.22
Harmful Effects of Inflammation and Repair
How do neutrophils contribute to lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome?
Neutrophils release free radicals and enzymes that damage endothelial cell proteins, causing water to leak into alveoli and form hyaline membranes.
p.24
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the cell-derived mediators of inflammation?
Leukocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells, platelets, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells.
p.72
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
What impact does the presence of a foreign body have on wound healing?
A foreign body can cause prolonged inflammation and hinder the healing process.
p.23
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What actions do leukotrienes have in inflammation?
Increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion, and activation.
p.23
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the sources of chemokines?
Leukocytes and activated macrophages.
p.21
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What is the origin of macrophages in inflammatory reactions?
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in bone marrow.
p.9
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What is margination in the context of leukocyte recruitment?
WBC accumulation at the periphery of the blood vessel.
p.9
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What is chemotaxis of leukocytes?
The movement of leukocytes towards the site of infection or inflammation in response to chemical signals.
p.18
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What happens in the NBT test with neutrophils that have normal free radical production?
NBT is reduced to a blue-black deposit called formazan.
p.66
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What induces vasodilation and increased permeability during the formation of granulation tissue?
Nitric oxide (NO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
p.6
Events in an Inflammatory Reaction
What is the second step in an inflammatory reaction?
Reactions of blood vessels.
p.20
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What triggers the formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)?
ROS-dependent activation of arginine deaminase, MPO, and elastase, leading to chromatin decondensation and rupture of the nuclear membrane.
p.31
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
How do TNF and IL-1 affect leukocytes and other cells?
They activate leukocytes and other cells.
p.46
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What type of cells are involved in the infiltration during chronic inflammation?
Macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
p.64
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What is granulation tissue?
Granulation tissue is a type of new tissue that forms during the healing process, characterized by the presence of many small blood vessels.
p.66
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
How are capillary tubes formed during granulation tissue formation?
Through the remodeling of proliferated endothelial cells.
p.78
Harmful Effects of Inflammation and Repair
What is liver cirrhosis?
Liver cirrhosis is a condition where the liver becomes scarred and permanently damaged due to long-term inflammation or injury.
p.25
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
過敏毒素能引發哪些生理反應？
過敏毒素能引發血管擴張、平滑肌收縮和增加血管通透性。
p.78
Harmful Effects of Inflammation and Repair
What are interstitial lung diseases and give an example?
Interstitial lung diseases are a group of disorders causing progressive scarring of lung tissue. An example is pneumoconiosis.
p.7
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What type of receptors do cells use to recognize microbes?
Toll-like receptors (TLRs).
p.29
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Name some types of cytokines.
Chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, and tumor necrosis factors.
p.37
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the principal mediators of fever in inflammation?
IL-1, TNF, and Prostaglandins
p.37
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Which mediators are responsible for pain during inflammation?
Prostaglandins, Bradykinin, and Substance P
p.16
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in inflammation?
ROS, produced by NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase (MPO), are involved in the intracellular destruction of microbes and debris.
p.4
Cells Involved in Inflammation
Which cells are mainly involved in chronic inflammation?
Monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes.
p.7
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the role of the inflammasome in inflammation?
Activation of caspase-1 leading to the activation and secretion of IL1 and IL1β.
p.16
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What can happen in α1-antitrypsin deficiency?
In α1-antitrypsin deficiency, proteases can damage normal tissues, commonly seen in conditions like emphysema.
p.2
Granulomatous Inflammation
What characterizes granulomatous inflammation?
Granulomatous inflammation is characterized by the formation of granulomas, which are small nodules of inflammatory cells, typically macrophages, surrounded by lymphocytes.
p.2
Proliferative Capacity of Cells
What is the proliferative capacity of cells?
The proliferative capacity of cells refers to their ability to divide and regenerate, which varies among different cell types such as labile, stable, and permanent cells.
p.27
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the function of COX-1 in platelets?
COX-1 promotes platelet aggregation, which is crucial for the hemostasis process.
p.30
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the role of IFN-γ in chronic inflammation?
Activation of macrophages (increased ability to kill microbes and tumor cells).
p.72
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
What happens to neutrophil activity during an infection in a wound?
Neutrophil activity decreases during an infection in a wound.
p.23
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Which cells produce platelet-activating factor?
Leukocytes and mast cells.
p.26
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the effects of histamine on blood vessels?
Dilatation of arterioles and increased vascular permeability of the venules, and contraction of some smooth muscle.
p.47
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
How do macrophages contribute to tissue repair?
By initiating tissue repair processes.
p.50
Granulomatous Inflammation
What is the significance of granuloma formation in chronic inflammation?
Granuloma formation is significant as it represents the body's attempt to isolate and contain persistent inflammatory stimuli that it cannot eradicate.
p.56
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What are some severe systemic effects of bacterial infections (sepsis)?
High blood levels of cytokines, disseminated intravascular coagulation, septic shock, and metabolic disturbances including insulin resistance and hyperglycemia.
p.41
Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation
What can severe fibrinous inflammation lead to in the pericardium?
Calcification, making the pericardium rigid like an iron shell.
p.25
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
什麼是過敏毒素？
過敏毒素是指在免疫反應中產生的一類小分子，主要由補體系統的激活所產生。
p.56
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What are common sources of infection that can lead to sepsis?
Common sources include pneumonia, urinary tract infections, abdominal infections, and skin infections.
p.66
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What happens to endothelial proliferation and migration during the final stages of granulation tissue formation?
They are suppressed, and the basement membrane is deposited.
p.42
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
纖維蛋白的持續沉積和轉化為膠原蛋白會對組織造成什麼影響？
正常組織可能會被纖維組織取代，導致組織硬化和功能喪失，即纖維化的形成。
p.78
Harmful Effects of Inflammation and Repair
What is scleroderma?
Scleroderma is an autoimmune disease characterized by hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues.
p.56
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What are common treatments for sepsis?
Treatments typically include antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, and supportive therapies. Severe cases may require hospitalization or intensive care.
p.25
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
過敏毒素在過敏性反應中可能起到什麼作用？
過敏毒素在過敏性反應（如過敏性休克）中可能起到關鍵作用，因為它們能夠引發嚴重的過敏症狀。
p.12
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What characterizes LAD-III?
A very rare disorder characterized by severe recurrent infections, a bleeding tendency, and marked leukocytosis; leukocytes and platelets have normal expression of CD18 (defective in LAD-I) and normal expression of CD15s (defective in LAD-II) but defective integrin signaling.
p.74
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
What impact do respiratory diseases have on wound healing?
Respiratory diseases can cause hypoxemia, which impairs wound healing.
p.7
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the two main pathways activated by cellular receptors for microbes and cell injury products?
(1) NF-κB pathway leading to cytokine and adhesion molecule production, (2) Interferon regulatory factors (IRF) pathway leading to type I interferon production.
p.29
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Which cytokines are involved in hematopoiesis?
IL-3, IL-7, C-kit ligand, and GM-CSF.
p.22
Cells Involved in Inflammation
Which cells and molecules are involved in glomerulonephritis?
Antibodies and complement; neutrophils, monocytes
p.17
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What clinical condition should be considered in children with recurrent upper respiratory infections and mycobacteria in lymph nodes?
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD).
p.17
Granulomatous Inflammation
What are common causes of granuloma formation?
Infections (e.g., tuberculosis), foreign substances (e.g., implants or dust), and certain autoimmune diseases.
p.2
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
What factors affect tissue repair?
Factors affecting tissue repair include the extent of injury, the presence of infection, nutritional status, and underlying health conditions.
p.30
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the principal sources of IL-12 in chronic inflammation?
Dendritic cells, macrophages.
p.54
Granulomatous Inflammation
What is the cause of Tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
p.72
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
How does infection affect wound healing?
Infection can prolong inflammation, promote bacterial growth, and reduce wound contraction, thereby impairing healing.
p.24
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What potential do most mediators of inflammation have?
Most mediators have the potential to cause harmful effects.
p.54
Granulomatous Inflammation
What is the tissue reaction in Cat-scratch disease?
Rounded or stellate granuloma containing central granular debris and recognizable neutrophils; giant cells uncommon.
p.54
Granulomatous Inflammation
What is the tissue reaction in Crohn disease?
Occasional noncaseating granulomas in the wall of the intestine, with dense chronic inflammatory infiltrate.
p.78
Harmful Effects of Inflammation and Repair
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints and other areas of the body.
p.52
Granulomatous Inflammation
What are the characteristics of foreign body granulomas?
They typically show multinucleated giant cells and structures surrounding foreign material, which do not elicit a specific immune response.
p.52
Granulomatous Inflammation
Give an example of a situation that might lead to a foreign body granuloma.
Implants, splinters, or surgical materials left in the body.
p.16
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are reactive nitrogen species and how are they formed?
Reactive nitrogen species, such as peroxynitrite (ONOO−), are formed by the reaction of nitric oxide (NO) with superoxide.
p.74
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
What effect does hypothermia have on wound healing?
Hypothermia causes vasoconstriction, which can impair wound healing.
p.4
Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation
How is tissue injury and fibrosis characterized in chronic inflammation?
Often severe and progressive.
p.30
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the principal sources of IL-1?
Macrophages, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells.
p.27
Cells Involved in Inflammation
Which cells are involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid?
Endothelial cells, platelets, and mast cells.
p.30
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the principal action of IL-12 in chronic inflammation?
Increased production of IFN-γ.
p.54
Granulomatous Inflammation
What type of granuloma is associated with Tuberculosis?
Noncaseating tubercle (granuloma prototype) and caseating tubercle.
p.23
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the role of chemokines in inflammation?
Chemotaxis and leukocyte activation.
p.21
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What is the origin of tissue-resident macrophages?
Stem cells in the yolk sac or fetal liver (early in development).
p.21
Cells Involved in Inflammation
How do neutrophils produce reactive oxygen species?
Rapidly induced by assembly of phagocyte oxidase (respiratory burst).
p.10
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What cells express E-selectin (CD62E) ligands?
Neutrophils, monocytes, T cells (effector, memory).
p.55
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What are the main cytokines involved in causing fever during inflammation?
IL-1, TNF, prostaglandin (PGE2), IL-6, and bacterial products.
p.55
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
Which acute-phase protein is associated with an increased risk for myocardial infarction?
C-reactive protein (CRP), stimulated by IL-6.
p.10
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the ligands for α4β7 (CD49dCD29)?
VCAM-1 (CD106), MAdCAM-1; expressed on endothelium in gut and gut-associated lymphoid tissues.
p.29
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Which cytokines are involved in the activation of inflammatory cells?
IFNγ, TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-12.
p.2
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are chemical mediators of inflammation?
Chemical mediators of inflammation include histamine, cytokines, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes.
p.74
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
What is the effect of corticosteroids on wound healing?
Corticosteroids inhibit inflammation, epithelial proliferation, and collagen deposition by inhibiting TGF-β.
p.16
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in inflammation?
iNOS produces nitric oxide (NO), which is involved in the intracellular destruction of microbes.
p.27
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the main metabolites of arachidonic acid?
Prostaglandin, leukotriene, and lipoxin.
p.27
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the role of COX-1 enzyme in the body?
COX-1 is responsible for synthesizing prostaglandins that protect the gastric mucosa, regulate platelet function, and maintain kidney function.
p.23
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What actions does histamine have in inflammation?
Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and endothelial activation.
p.77
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What is a keloid?
A scar that grows beyond the limits of the wound and may continue to grow years after the injury.
p.24
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
How do mediators of inflammation exhibit their biological activity?
By binding to specific receptors on target cells or through direct enzymatic activity.
p.21
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What is the origin of neutrophils?
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in bone marrow.
p.9
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What is transmigration in the context of leukocyte recruitment?
The movement of leukocytes through the endothelial cell layer.
p.10
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What activates P-selectin (CD62P) on endothelium?
Cytokines (TNF, IL-1), histamine, or thrombin.
p.55
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What effect does fibrinogen have on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) during inflammation?
Fibrinogen, stimulated by IL-6, increases ESR.
p.55
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What is the effect of thrombopoietin during inflammation?
Thrombopoietin leads to thrombocytosis.
p.79
Immunodeficiency Diseases
Pneumoconiosis 的診斷通常依賴於哪些方法？
病史、臨床症狀及影像學檢查（如胸部X光或CT掃描）。
p.4
Morphologic Patterns of Inflammation
How is tissue injury and fibrosis characterized in acute inflammation?
Usually mild and self-limited.
p.17
Granulomatous Inflammation
What type of inflammation is associated with CGD?
Granulomatous inflammation.
p.4
Cells Involved in Inflammation
Why can't the presence of macrophages and lymphocytes alone diagnose chronic inflammation?
Because macrophages and lymphocytes can appear within 24 hours, so other factors must be considered.
p.22
Harmful Effects of Inflammation and Repair
What can cause inflammation in miners?
Inhalation of carbon particles.
p.72
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
How does edema influence wound healing?
Edema, or elevated tissue pressure, can compress blood vessels, leading to reduced blood flow and impaired healing.
p.77
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
In which age group are keloids more common?
Young people aged 10 to 30.
p.54
Granulomatous Inflammation
What is the tissue reaction in Leprosy?
Acid-fast bacilli in macrophages; non-caseating granulomas.
p.23
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the sources and actions of kinins in inflammation?
Produced in the liver (plasma). Actions: increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, and pain.
p.10
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What types of cells express L-selectin (CD62L)?
Neutrophils, monocytes, T cells (naïve and central memory), B cells (naïve).
p.9
Cells Involved in Inflammation
Why do leukocytes not usually approach the endothelium under normal conditions?
Because the binding strength of ligands is weak under normal conditions.
p.10
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What is the function of CD31 in leukocyte recruitment?
CD31 mediates homotypic interactions between endothelial cells and leukocytes.
p.55
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What is the function of C-reactive protein (CRP) in inflammation?
CRP attaches to microbes, activates complement, and has opsonization functions.
p.55
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What can happen to serum amyloid A (SAA) protein during chronic inflammation?
SAA can undergo structural changes and become amyloid, causing damage.
p.2
Immunodeficiency Diseases
What are immunodeficiency diseases?
Immunodeficiency diseases are disorders in which part of the immune system is missing or dysfunctional, leading to increased susceptibility to infections.
p.30
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the principal actions of TNF in inflammation?
Stimulates expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and secretion of other cytokines; systemic effects.
p.22
Cells Involved in Inflammation
Which cells are involved in chronic asthma?
Eosinophils; IgE antibodies
p.30
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the principal sources of chemokines?
Macrophages, endothelial cells, T lymphocytes, mast cells, other cell types.
p.23
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the sources of histamine in the body?
Mast cells, basophils, and platelets.
p.27
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What distinguishes COX-1 from COX-2?
COX-1 is constitutively expressed and involved in normal physiological functions, while COX-2 is mainly expressed during inflammatory reactions and is associated with pain and inflammation.
p.23
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the sources of leukotrienes?
Mast cells and leukocytes.
p.23
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Which cells produce cytokines like TNF, IL-1, and IL-6?
Macrophages, endothelial cells, and mast cells.
p.72
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
What is the consequence of elevated tissue pressure on arteries?
Elevated tissue pressure can compress arteries, leading to insufficient blood perfusion, tissue hypoxia, and necrosis.
p.54
Granulomatous Inflammation
What is the cause of Crohn disease?
Immune reaction against intestinal bacteria, possibly self antigens.
p.9
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What is firm adhesion in leukocyte recruitment?
The process where leukocytes firmly adhere to the endothelial cells.
p.55
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What causes the proliferation of precursor cells in the bone marrow during prolonged infection?
The production of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs).
p.27
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
How do prostaglandins produced by COX-1 protect the gastric mucosa?
They help maintain the integrity of the gastric mucosa by promoting the secretion of mucus and bicarbonate, protecting the stomach from acid erosion.
p.23
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Which cells produce prostaglandins?
Mast cells and leukocytes.
p.24
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What triggers the production of active mediators of inflammation?
Microbial products or substances from necrotic cells.
p.24
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the typical lifespan of most mediators of inflammation?
Most of these mediators are short-lived.
p.72
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
What is the effect of infection on ECM deposition in wound healing?
Infection decreases extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, which is crucial for tissue repair.
p.54
Granulomatous Inflammation
What type of granulomas are found in Sarcoidosis?
Noncaseating granulomas with abundant activated macrophages.
p.9
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What occurs during the rolling phase of leukocyte recruitment?
Short sticking between endothelial cells and WBC.
p.21
Cells Involved in Inflammation
Do macrophages produce nitric oxide?
Induced following transcriptional activation of iNOS.
p.55
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
Which acute-phase protein is stimulated by IL-1 or TNF and is involved in chronic inflammation?
Serum amyloid A protein (SAA).
p.79
Immunodeficiency Diseases
Pneumoconiosis 的主要特徵是什麼？
肺部因吸入各類粉塵（如煤塵、矽塵、石棉等）而導致的纖維化。
p.77
Tissue Repair Mechanisms
What is a hypertrophic scar?
A raised scar that confines to the limits of the wound and may regress over time.
p.27
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the significance of COX enzymes in drug development?
COX enzymes are important targets in the development of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which aim to reduce inflammation and pain.
p.72
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
What are the effects of mechanical stress on wound healing?
Mechanical stress can impair healing, as seen in conditions like compartment syndrome and severe trauma.
p.54
Granulomatous Inflammation
What is the characteristic lesion in Syphilis?
Gumma: microscopic to grossly visible lesion, enclosing wall of histiocytes; plasma cell infiltrate; central cells are necrotic without loss of cellular outline.
p.23
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Where is complement produced and what are its actions in inflammation?
Produced in the liver (plasma). Actions: leukocyte chemotaxis and activation, direct target killing (membrane attack complex), and vasodilation (mast cell stimulation).
p.21
Cells Involved in Inflammation
How do macrophages respond to activating stimuli?
More prolonged, slower responses, often dependent on new gene transcription.
p.9
Cells Involved in Inflammation
What role do selectins play in leukocyte recruitment?
Selectins are expressed on endothelial cells and facilitate the initial weak binding and rolling of leukocytes.
p.55
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What is the significance of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in inflammation?
ESR is a marker of inflammation, increased by fibrinogen.
p.79
Immunodeficiency Diseases
Pneumoconiosis 的名稱源自哪兩個希臘語詞彙？
“pneumo” 意指肺部，“konis” 指粉塵。
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Immunodeficiency Diseases
Pneumoconiosis 的治療方法有哪些？
避免進一步暴露、使用抗纖維化藥物以及在某些情況下進行肺移植。
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Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the effects of prostaglandins in inflammation?
Vasodilation, pain, and fever.
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Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the local and systemic actions of cytokines in inflammation?
Local: endothelial activation (expression of adhesion molecules). Systemic: fever, metabolic abnormalities, hypotension (shock).
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Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the actions of platelet-activating factor in inflammation?
Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis, degranulation, and oxidative burst.
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Cells Involved in Inflammation
What happens when blood volume increases in the context of leukocyte recruitment?
There is an opportunity for ligands to bind more strongly, leading to leukocyte recruitment.
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Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What are the possible changes in white blood cell count during inflammation?
Leukocytosis or leukopenia.
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Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What is the role of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) in inflammation?
CSFs induce the proliferation of precursor cells in the bone marrow during prolonged infection.
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Immunodeficiency Diseases
Pneumoconiosis 的發病機制是什麼？
當粉塵進入肺部後，巨噬細胞會試圖吞噬這些顆粒，但某些粉塵（如二氧化矽）無法被分解，導致巨噬細胞死亡並釋放出更多的炎症介質，最終導致肺部纖維化。
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Cells Involved in Inflammation
How do neutrophils respond to activating stimuli?
Rapid, short-lived responses, mostly degranulation and enzymatic activity.
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Cells Involved in Inflammation
Do neutrophils form NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps)?
Yes, rapidly induced by extrusion of nuclear contents.
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Cells Involved in Inflammation
Do macrophages secrete lysosomal enzymes?
Yes, but less prominently.
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Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the ligand for L-selectin (CD62L)?
Sialyl-Lewis X/PNAd on GlyCAM-1, CD34, MAdCAM-1, others; expressed on endothelium (HEV).
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Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What are the ligands for LFA-1 (CD11aCD18)?
ICAM-1 (CD54), ICAM-2 (CD102); expressed on endothelium (upregulated on activated endothelium).
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Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What is thrombocytosis and how is it related to inflammation?
Thrombocytosis is an increase in platelets, stimulated by thrombopoietin during inflammation.
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Cells Involved in Inflammation
What is the major response of neutrophils to activating stimuli?
Degranulation induced by cytoskeletal rearrangement.
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Cells Involved in Inflammation
Do macrophages produce cytokines?
Yes, it is a major functional activity requiring transcriptional activation of cytokine genes.
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Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the ligand for VLA-4 (CD49aCD29)?
VCAM-1 (CD106); expressed on endothelium (upregulated on activated endothelium).
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Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What is the role of hepcidin in inflammation?
Hepcidin contributes to anemia.
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Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
What is the ligand for P-selectin (CD62P)?
Sialyl-Lewis X on PSGL-1 and other glycoproteins; expressed on neutrophils, monocytes, T cells (effector, memory).
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Systemic Effects of Inflammation
What is a 'left shift' in the context of inflammation?
A left shift refers to the presence of immature white blood cells in the blood.
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Immunodeficiency Diseases
Pneumoconiosis 通常發生在哪些環境中？
通常發生在長期暴露於職業性環境中，例如礦工、建築工人或其他接觸粉塵的工作人員。
