What is lanugo?
The fine hair covering the body of the fetus.
p.4
Posture and Muscle Tone in Infants
What type of tone do preterm infants primarily exhibit?
Unopposed passive extensor tone.
p.11
Posture and Muscle Tone in Infants
How does the tone of an infant approaching term differ from that of a preterm infant?
Shows progressively less opposed passive flexor tone.
p.14
Breast and Genital Examination
What measurement does the examiner estimate during the breast examination?
The diameter of the breast tissue in millimeters.
What does the Heel to Ear maneuver measure?
Passive flexor tone about the pelvic girdle.
What does the examiner do with the infant's hand during the Scarf Sign test?
Supports it across the upper chest with one hand.
What muscles are tested for resistance during the Heel to Ear maneuver?
Posterior hip flexor muscles.
p.6
Arm Recoil Measurement
How is the angle of recoil measured in the Arm Recoil test?
By noting the angle to which the forearm springs back into flexion after brief extension.
p.4
Posture and Muscle Tone in Infants
What does total body muscle tone reflect in infants?
It is reflected in the infant's preferred posture at rest and resistance to stretch of individual muscle groups.
What angles are estimated during the Square Window Test?
> 90°, 90°, 60°, 45°, 30°, and 0°.
p.7
Popliteal Angle Evaluation
What is tested during the Popliteal Angle maneuver?
Resistance to extension of the lower extremity.
p.13
Skin Maturation in Infants
What factors may contribute to the appearance of foot creases?
Foot flexion in utero and dehydration of the skin.
p.6
Arm Recoil Measurement
What is noted on the score sheet during the Arm Recoil test?
The angle of recoil of the forearm.
p.19
Neuromuscular Maturity Assessment
What does limpness or total absence of muscular response in a newborn suggest?
Narcosis, shock, or cerebral injury.
What factors influence the angle of flexion at the wrist during the Square Window Test?
Wrist flexibility and/or resistance to extensor stretching.
p.17
Breast and Genital Examination
By the end of which weeks are both testicles usually palpable in the inguinal canals?
By the end of the 33rd to 34th weeks of gestation.
p.17
Breast and Genital Examination
What changes occur in the scrotal skin during fetal development?
The scrotal skin thickens and develops deeper and more numerous rugae.
p.13
Skin Maturation in Infants
What does the plantar surface refer to?
The major foot creases on the sole of the foot.
p.17
Breast and Genital Examination
When do fetal testicles begin their descent into the scrotal sack?
Approximately the 30th week of gestation.
What is the procedure for conducting the Square Window Test?
The examiner straightens the infant's fingers and applies gentle pressure on the dorsum of the hand near the fingers.
p.14
Breast and Genital Examination
What type of tissue is present in the breast bud besides breast tissue?
Fatty tissue, dependent on fetal nutritional status.
p.14
Breast and Genital Examination
What does the examiner note regarding the areola during the breast examination?
The size of the areola and the presence or absence of stippling.
p.13
Skin Maturation in Infants
Where does the first appearance of a crease occur on the foot?
On the anterior sole at the ball of the foot.
p.6
Arm Recoil Measurement
What does the Arm Recoil maneuver measure?
The passive flexor tone of the biceps muscle.
p.7
Popliteal Angle Evaluation
What does the Popliteal Angle maneuver assess?
The maturation of passive flexor tone about the knee joint.
p.19
Neuromuscular Maturity Assessment
What are some signs of neuromuscular function in newborns?
Moving extremities, attempting to control head movement, exhibiting a strong cry, and demonstrating newborn reflexes.
p.11
Skin Maturation in Infants
What is involved in the maturation of fetal skin?
The development of intrinsic structures and the gradual loss of vernix caseosa.
p.17
Breast and Genital Examination
When does the left testicle usually enter the scrotum?
During the 32nd week of gestation.
p.15
Neuromuscular Maturity Assessment
How is the pinna assessed for cartilage thickness?
By palpation and then folding the pinna forward toward the face and releasing it.
p.7
Popliteal Angle Evaluation
What happens to the leg during the Popliteal Angle maneuver?
The leg is extended until resistance to extension is appreciated.
p.15
Neuromuscular Maturity Assessment
What changes occur in the pinna of the fetal ear as maturation progresses?
It changes configuration and increases in cartilage content.
What is selected on the score sheet after performing the Square Window Test?
The appropriate square corresponding to the estimated angle.
p.11
Skin Maturation in Infants
What flexion occurs after the ankles during fetal development?
Knees begin to flex as wrists start to flex.
p.15
Neuromuscular Maturity Assessment
What does the examiner note after releasing the folded pinna?
The rapidity with which the pinna snaps back away from the face.
p.16
Breast and Genital Examination
How should the hips be positioned when examining an infant female?
Partially abducted to approximately 45° from the horizontal.
How does the examiner support the infant's thigh during the maneuver?
With the palm of one hand laterally alongside the body.
What does the Scarf Sign test assess?
The passive tone of the flexors about the shoulder girdle.
p.15
Neuromuscular Maturity Assessment
What additional indicator of fetal maturation is noted in very premature infants?
The state of eyelid development.
p.14
Breast and Genital Examination
What does the examiner do after estimating the diameter of the breast tissue?
Selects the appropriate square on the score sheet.
p.7
Popliteal Angle Evaluation
What is measured at the end of the Popliteal Angle maneuver?
The angle formed at the knee by the upper and lower leg.
p.14
Breast and Genital Examination
What creates the stippling observed in the areola?
The developing papillae of Montgomery.
p.4
Posture and Muscle Tone in Infants
How does muscle tone change as an infant approaches term?
The infant shows progressively less opposed passive flexor tone.
What action does the examiner perform with the elbow during the Scarf Sign test?
Nudges the elbow across the chest.
p.15
Neuromuscular Maturity Assessment
What is selected to describe the degree of cartilaginous development?
The square that most closely describes the degree of development.
p.11
Skin Maturation in Infants
What is the sequence of flexion in fetal development?
Hip flexion, then adduction, followed by elbow and shoulder girdle flexion.
p.14
Breast and Genital Examination
How does the examiner palpate the breast tissue?
By holding it between thumb and forefinger.
What characterizes the skin of extremely immature fetuses regarding lanugo?
The skin lacks any lanugo.
p.16
Breast and Genital Examination
What are the characteristics of the labia in extreme prematurity?
The labia are flat and the clitoris is very prominent.
What is done with the infant's lower extremity in the Heel to Ear maneuver?
It is brought to rest on the mattress alongside the infant's trunk.
What is the role of the examiner's other hand in the Heel to Ear maneuver?
To grasp the infant's foot and pull it toward the ipsilateral ear.
What is the examiner feeling for during the Scarf Sign test?
Passive flexion or resistance to extension of posterior shoulder girdle flexor muscles.
p.11
Posture and Muscle Tone in Infants
What tone does a preterm infant primarily exhibit?
Unopposed passive extensor tone.
p.4
Posture and Muscle Tone in Infants
What is the sequence of muscle flexion during gestation?
Ankles, knees, wrists, hips, elbows, then shoulder girdle.
