p.7
Scalp Tissues and Blood Supply
What is the aponeurosis associated with the scalp?
The aponeurosis of the occipitofrontalis muscle.
p.7
Scalp Tissues and Blood Supply
What covers the skull beneath the loose connective tissue?
The periosteum of the skull.
p.8
Scalp Tissues and Blood Supply
Which layer of the scalp contains the majority of the blood vessels supplying the tissues?
The connective tissue layer.
p.9
Scalp Tissues and Blood Supply
Which layer of the scalp contains the majority of the blood vessels supplying the tissues of the scalp?
B. Dense Connective Tissue
p.10
Clinical Significance of Skull Anatomy
Why do blood vessels remain open in scalp lacerations?
Because the dense connective tissue layer cannot retract to its original position.
p.10
Clinical Significance of Skull Anatomy
What must be done during suturing of scalp lacerations?
All layers must be closed.
p.23
Cranial Foramina and Nerves
What is the primary function of the olfactory nerve (CN I)?
To convey special sensory information.
p.16
Clinical Significance of Skull Anatomy
What clinical conditions are associated with the Pterion?
Hydrocephalus, aneurysm, and hemorrhage.
p.30
Stroke and Neurological Deficits
What is a significant characteristic of cerebral arteries once they are within the brain?
There are no anastomoses of cerebral arteries.
p.31
Blood Supply to the Brain
What portion of the brain does the middle cerebral artery supply?
Lateral aspects of the cerebral hemispheres.
What are fontanelles?
Cartilaginous structures present before sutures form.
p.27
Cerebral Arterial Circle (Circle of Willis)
Which arteries form the Circle of Willis?
2 Internal Carotid arteries and 2 Vertebral arteries.
p.16
Clinical Significance of Skull Anatomy
Which artery runs deep to the Pterion?
Middle Meningeal Artery (MMA).
p.31
Stroke and Neurological Deficits
Which artery is most commonly involved in strokes?
The middle cerebral artery.
p.29
Blood Supply to the Brain
What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?
The inferior surfaces and occipital pole of the brain.
p.26
Blood Supply to the Brain
Where does the common carotid artery lie in relation to the sternocleidomastoid?
Deep to the sternocleidomastoid.
p.25
Blood Supply to the Brain
What are the two main arteries that supply blood to the brain?
Internal carotid artery and vertebral artery.
p.27
Cerebral Arterial Circle (Circle of Willis)
What is the significance of the anastomoses in the Circle of Willis?
They allow for collateral circulation.
p.29
Blood Supply to the Brain
What areas does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
The medial and superior surfaces of the brain and the frontal pole.
p.17
Clinical Significance of Skull Anatomy
What is the pterion?
A region on the skull where several bones meet, significant in clinical considerations.
p.18
Clinical Significance of Skull Anatomy
What is an aneurysm?
A localized enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the artery wall.
p.26
Blood Supply to the Brain
What does the external carotid artery supply?
The face, larynx, and thyroid.
p.22
Cranial Foramina and Nerves
Which cranial nerves and structure pass through the Jugular Foramen?
CN 9, 10, 11, and the Internal Jugular Vein (IJV).
What are the two main portions of the skull?
Neurocranium and Viscerocranium.
What does the Neurocranium consist of?
Bones surrounding the brain.
p.26
Blood Supply to the Brain
What is a useful pulse palpation point in the neck?
The common carotid artery.
p.25
Cerebral Arterial Circle (Circle of Willis)
What structure is formed by the anastomosis of the branches of the main arteries supplying the brain?
Cerebral Arterial Circle, also known as the Circle of Willis.
p.29
Blood Supply to the Brain
Which artery supplies the lateral surfaces and temporal pole of the brain?
The middle cerebral artery.
p.17
Clinical Significance of Skull Anatomy
What is hydrocephalus?
A condition characterized by the buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the skull.
p.30
Stroke and Neurological Deficits
What determines the type of neurological deficits experienced after a stroke?
The area of the brain supplied by the affected vessel.
p.28
Cerebral Arterial Circle (Circle of Willis)
What is the function of the Cerebral Arterial Circle?
It gives rise to the cerebral arteries.
p.12
Neurocranium vs. Viscerocranium
What is the neurocranium?
The part of the skull that encases the brain.
p.26
Blood Supply to the Brain
What vein is associated with the common carotid artery?
Internal jugular vein (IJV).
p.21
Cranial Foramina and Nerves
What are the three branches of the Trigeminal nerve (V)?
Ophthalmic (V1), Maxillary (V2), Mandibular (V3).
p.30
Stroke and Neurological Deficits
What is the consequence of no anastomoses in cerebral arteries?
There is no way to avoid ischaemia, leading to neurological deficits.
p.30
Stroke and Neurological Deficits
What imaging techniques are mentioned for clinical consideration of strokes?
A. CT scan and B. T2-weighted MRI.
p.13
Neurocranium vs. Viscerocranium
What bones are included in the viscerocranium?
Nasal, lacrimal, zygoma, vomer, maxilla, inferior concha, mandible, palatine.
p.20
Cranial Foramina and Nerves
What is the function of cranial foramina?
Sites of exit and entry to the skull.
p.28
Cerebral Arterial Circle (Circle of Willis)
What are the three main cerebral arteries that arise from the Cerebral Arterial Circle?
Anterior, Middle, and Posterior cerebral arteries.
p.26
Blood Supply to the Brain
Which artery supplies blood to the brain?
The internal carotid artery.
p.13
Neurocranium vs. Viscerocranium
What is the role of the vomer bone?
It forms part of the nasal septum.
p.13
Neurocranium vs. Viscerocranium
What is the palatine bone's role?
It forms part of the hard palate and the floor of the nasal cavity.
p.16
Cranial Foramina and Nerves
What is the Pterion?
The suture point between the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones.
p.17
Clinical Significance of Skull Anatomy
How does hydrocephalus present differently in children compared to adults?
The symptoms and physical manifestations can vary significantly between the two age groups.
p.17
Clinical Significance of Skull Anatomy
What are potential complications associated with the pterion?
Aneurysm and hemorrhage due to its anatomical significance.
p.18
Clinical Significance of Skull Anatomy
What is a common consequence of a skull fracture at the pterion?
Potential damage to the middle meningeal artery, leading to epidural hematoma.
p.22
Cranial Foramina and Nerves
Which structures pass through the Optic Canal?
CN 2 and the Ophthalmic artery.
p.30
Stroke and Neurological Deficits
What causes strokes?
An embolism in a cerebral artery.
What is the primary function of the skull?
To provide a bony casing that surrounds the brain.
p.20
Cranial Foramina and Nerves
What exits through the cranial foramina?
Veins and cranial nerves.
p.13
Neurocranium vs. Viscerocranium
What is the function of the lacrimal bone?
It contributes to the structure of the eye socket and contains the lacrimal sac.
p.18
Clinical Significance of Skull Anatomy
What is the pterion?
The region on the skull where the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones meet.
p.20
Cranial Foramina and Nerves
What are cranial foramina?
Small holes in the skull.
p.22
Cranial Foramina and Nerves
What is the content of the Foramen Ovale?
CN 5 (V3) and the Accessory Meningeal Artery (AMMA).
p.22
Cranial Foramina and Nerves
What cranial nerves are associated with the Superior Orbital Fissure?
CN 3, 4, 6, and CN 5 (V1).
p.26
Blood Supply to the Brain
What are the main arteries mentioned that supply blood to the head and neck?
Common carotid, internal carotid, and external carotid.
p.13
Neurocranium vs. Viscerocranium
What is the function of the inferior concha?
It helps to filter and humidify the air we breathe.
