Boron-free Glassware is a type of glass that has high resistance to alkali but less thermal resistance compared to borosilicate glass.
A Dispenser / Dilutor Pipette is a device that obtains liquid from a common reservoir and dispenses it repeatedly, combining sampling and dispensing functions.
Mechanical pipettes are manually operated devices used to measure and transfer precise volumes of liquid, typically featuring a plunger mechanism for aspiration and dispensing.
It provides polychromatic light and must generate sufficient radiant energy or power to measure the analyte of interest, directing an intense beam of light through the monochromator and the sample, with a linear response to changes in light intensity for accurate absorbance measurements.
It is the ratio of the radiant energy transmitted (T) divided by the radiant energy incident on the sample (I).
The demographics of the patient and the laboratory tests requested for that individual are encrypted in the RFID chip.
A Random Access Analyzer is an automated system that selects samples and reagents at random, regardless of their placement on the platform.
I t represents the transmitted light through the sample.
Colorimetry is the science and technology used to quantify and describe physical color, often through the measurement of light absorption by colored solutions.
A Meter or Readout Device displays the output of the detection system, such as a galvanometer, ammeter, or light-emitting diode (LED) display.
A reagent system where reagents other than the manufacturer's reagents can be utilized for measurement.
Wavelength is the distance between successive peaks of a wave, commonly measured in nanometers for light waves.
A detection system that measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample at specific wavelengths to determine its concentration.
A detection system that measures the amount of light reflected off a sample surface to analyze its properties.
A type of double-beam spectrophotometer that uses one photodetector and alternately passes monochromatic light through the sample cuvette and then through the reference cuvette using a chopper or rotating sector mirror.
Cs stands for the concentration of the standard solution.
Nephelometry is a technique used to measure the scattering of light by antigen-antibody complexes, typically with diameters ranging from 250 nm to 1500 mm, using wavelengths between 320 mm to 550 nm.
A Line Source is a type of light source that emits limited radiation and specific wavelengths, commonly used in spectrophotometers, such as mercury and sodium vapor lamps, and hollow cathode lamps.
It involves measurement of the light transmitted by a solution to determine the concentration of the light-absorbing substances in the solution.
Barcode-labeled tubes are specimen holders that contain patient information and test requests, used in automation.
Au represents the absorbance of the unknown solution.
Liquid level sensors detect the presence of inadequate sample as they scan or travel into the sample container.
Most analyzers will automatically reconstitute a lyophilized reagent.
Frequency is the number of vibrations of wave motion per second.
An absorbance check is performed using glass filters or solutions with known absorbance values for a specific wavelength, where the operator measures the absorbance of each solution and compares the results with the stated values.
In the formula A = abc, A represents Absorbance, a is the molar absorptivity of the compound under standard conditions, b is the length of light through the solution, and c is the concentration of absorbing molecules in the solution.
The basic components of a Nephelometry system include a light source (such as a mercury-arc lamp, tungsten-filament lamp, light emitting diode, or laser), collimator, monochromator, sample cuvette, stray light trap, and photodetector.
To maintain the integrity of the seals that prevent air leakage when the piston is moved.
Lipids interfere mainly by increasing light scatter, which leads to turbidity in the sample.
LASER, which stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation, is used as a light source in spectrophotometry, providing precise wavelengths.
It functions by utilizing a Teflon-tipped plunger that fits tightly inside the capillary, which can be made of siliconized glass or plastic.
It is the simplest type of an absorption spectrophotometer designed to make one measurement at a time at one specified wavelength.
A Photodetector detects and converts transmitted light into photoelectric energy, measuring the amount of light that passes through the sample cuvette.
A cuvette, also known as an absorption cell, analytical cell, or sample cell, is a container that holds the solution whose concentration is to be measured.
Nominal wavelength represents the wavelength in nanometers at peak transmittance.
The Automate 800-Beckman Coulter is an all-in-one biochemistry analyzer that performs various procedures including sample receipt, sorting, centrifugation, decapping, sample volume detection, aliquoting, and sample storage, in addition to measurement and LIS phases.
Major Analytical Methods in Clinical Chemistry refer to the various techniques used to analyze biological samples for diagnostic purposes, including spectrophotometry, chromatography, and immunoassays.
Stray light refers to any wavelengths outside the band transmitted by the monochromator; it does not originate from the polychromatic light source and causes absorbance error.
Spectrophotometry is an analytical method that measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample at specific wavelengths to determine the concentration of solutes.
Stray light limits the maximum absorbance that a spectrophotometer can achieve.
Fluorometry is a technique that measures the emitted light from a sample at a right angle to the incident light, allowing for the detection of fluorescence.
Class A specifications are standards defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) that volumetric flasks must meet for the preparation of standards and other solutions.
Fluorometry is 1000 times more sensitive than a spectrophotometer because it measures emitted radiation directly.
Wavelength accuracy refers to the actual wavelength of light that passes through the monochromator.
Borosilicate Glass is a type of glass used for heating and sterilization purposes, characterized by high thermal resistance, low alkali content, and absence of heavy metals, arsenic, and antimony.
The maximum absorption of the analyte must be known in advance.
Flint Glass (Soda lime) is made up of soda-lime glass and a mixture of calcium, silicon, and sodium oxides. It is used to make disposable glassware and has poor thermal resistance, making it easy to melt.
A Discrete Analyzer is a type of laboratory analyzer where each sample-reagent mixture is handled separately in its own reaction vessel, focusing on the number of tests run per hour rather than the number of samples.
Complementary colors are the colors that are observed when a solution absorbs light of a certain color; they are the colors opposite on the color wheel.
A type of double-beam spectrophotometer that uses two photodetectors, one for the sample beam and one for the reference beam.
I O is the intensity of light striking the sample.
Electrodes designed to measure the concentration of specific ions in a solution, providing a direct measurement of ion activity.
A Continuous Flow Analyzer is a system where liquids are pumped through continuous tubing, allowing samples to flow through a common reaction vessel or pathway for sequential testing.
Polyethylene is used for test tubes, bottles, stoppers, disposable transfer pipettes, volumetric flasks, and graduated tubes.
A Reagent Blank corrects absorbance caused by the color of the reagents, automatically subtracting the absorbance of reagents from each unknown reading.
A Self-draining Pipette is a type of pipette that allows the liquid to drain by gravity and does not have etched or frosted rings.
A Sample Blank measures the absorbance of the sample and reagent in the absence of the end product, correcting for optical interference like hemoglobin that absorbs the wavelength of measurement.
The ultraviolet region (UV) refers to wavelengths shorter than 400 nm.
The basic parts of a micropipette include the plunger, tip ejector, volume adjustment dial, and the pipette tip.
A Discrete Analyzer is a popular and versatile analyzer that measures only the tests requested on a sample, requiring a minimum volume of 2 - 6 uL, and employs syringe pipettes to aspirate and dispense samples and reagents with a single analytic pathway.
It is an instrument that splits monochromatic light into two components: one beam passes through the sample, and the other through a reference solution or blank, correcting for variation in light source intensity.
Types of glassware include beakers, flasks, test tubes, pipettes, and graduated cylinders, each designed for specific laboratory tasks such as mixing, heating, or measuring liquids.
Automatic pipettes, also known as electronic pipettes, are devices that use electronic mechanisms to aspirate and dispense liquids, allowing for greater precision and ease of use compared to manual pipettes.
Reflectance Photometry is the measurement of light reflected from solid surfaces, comparing the intensity of reflected light from a reagent carrier with that from a reference surface.
A To Contain (TC) Pipette holds a particular volume but does not dispense the exact volume; it is also known as the rinse-out pipette and does not meet Class A certification criteria.
Chemiluminescence quantifies sample analytes in a wide range of wavelengths not observed in the visible spectrum.
Examples of To Contain (TC) Pipettes include Sahli hemoglobin and Long-Levy pipettes.
To ensure the fixed stroke length functions correctly and to maintain the integrity of the pipette.
A Photovoltaic Cell is a type of photodetector that detects and measures radiation in the visible region, with sensitivity falling to about 10% of the maximum at wavelengths of 350 nm and 750 nm.
Calibration intervals should coincide with the requirements of the laboratory's licensing and accrediting organizations.
A Positive Displacement Pipette operates by moving the piston in the pipette tip or barrel, similar to a hypodermic syringe, and does not require a different tip for each use.
Fluorometry is affected by quenching, which can be caused by changes in pH and temperature, chemical contaminants, and variations in UV light.
Fluorometry determines the amount of light emitted by a molecule after excitation by electromagnetic radiation.
It is used to quickly check the plunger setting of positive displacement pipettes.
Quality Assurance in Spectrophotometry refers to the systematic processes and procedures implemented to ensure that spectrophotometric measurements are accurate, reliable, and consistent over time.
An Ostwald Folin Pipette is used for viscous fluids and features an etched ring.
A graduated pipette is a pipette marked with a scale that allows for the measurement and transfer of varying volumes of liquid, providing flexibility in volume delivery.
A Monochromator is a device that isolates specific or individual wavelengths of light.
A spectrometer is a device that measures the wavelengths of light or the intensity of radiation.
Photometric measurement is the measurement of light intensity using a specific wavelength.
RFID is utilized for managing reagent supplies and storage.
Dry Slide Technology, or reflectance photometry, involves a spreading layer that allows for rapid and uniform spreading of the sample over the reagent layer.
A Barrier Layer Cell is the simplest and least expensive type of photodetector, which is temperature-sensitive and used in filter photometers with a wide bandpass for detecting and measuring radiation in the visible region.
Calibration of an Analytical Balance ensures accurate measurements by aligning the balance with standard weights at regular intervals.
The Blanking Technique means the blank contains serum but without the reagent to complete the assay.
Operators should avoid direct contact with weights to prevent corrosion, which can affect the accuracy of measurements.
Filters are simple, least expensive monochromators that are not precise but useful, made by placing semi-transparent silver films on both sides of a dielectric like magnesium fluoride.
It is used for testing calcium levels in volumetric analysis.
Immunoassays are biochemical tests that utilize the specificity of antibodies to detect and quantify substances, often used for hormones, drugs, and proteins.
The spring needs to be checked and the Teflon tip replaced periodically.
The signal processor processes the electrical signals from the radiation detector to prepare them for analysis and interpretation.
Fluorometry is used for the measurement of porphyrins, magnesium, calcium, and catecholamines.
The readout device displays the processed data, allowing users to interpret the results of the spectrophotometric analysis.
The basic components include a light source (mercury arc or xenon lamp), primary monochromator, secondary monochromator, cuvette, and photodetector (photomultiplier tube or phototube).
A Centrifugal Analyzer is a device that uses the force generated by centrifugation to transfer specimens and reagents, with liquids placed in separate cuvettes for measurement at the perimeter of a spinning rotor.
It removes any residual substances from the probe that could contaminate subsequent samples.
Examples of To Deliver (TD) Pipettes include serologic, Mohr, and volumetric transfer pipettes.
A Phototube is a device that contains a cathode and anode enclosed in a glass case, featuring a photosensitive material that emits electrons when light energy strikes it, and requires an external voltage for operation.
Vycor (Corning) is a material utilized for high thermal resistance, capable of withstanding drastic heat shock and extreme chemical treatment with acids (except hydrofluoric) and dilute alkali, and can be heated to 900°C.
RFID is a system for tracking samples, starting from the collection of specimens to the release of laboratory results.
A reagent system where the operator can only use the manufacturer's reagents.
The primary analytical utility of spectrophotometry or filter photometry is the isolation of discrete portions of the spectrum for purposes of measurement.
A slight error in wavelength adjustments can introduce a significant error in absorbance readings.
Temperature-monitoring devices should be verified for accuracy at 6- or 12-month intervals to ensure reliable measurements.
The unknown sample is made to react with a known solution in the presence of an indicator.
A filter isolates a specific region of the electromagnetic spectrum to allow only certain wavelengths to pass through for analysis.
The lower the wave frequency, the longer the wavelength.
Chromatography is a technique used to separate components in a mixture based on their different interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase.
The visible spectrum is the range of wavelengths from 400 to 700 nm that can be perceived by the human eye.
Air bubbles at regular intervals serve as separating and cleaning media within the system.
A Transfer Pipette is used to transfer fluids without consideration of a specific volume.
Ultracentrifugation may be necessary to clear serum or plasma of chylomicrons when the blanking process is not effective due to turbidity.
Class A pipettes are high-precision pipettes that do not require recalibration.
It is particularly useful when a reagent reacts to plastics.
The calibrating medium for TD (To Deliver) pipettes is distilled water.
The tip ejector is used to safely remove the pipette tip without the need for direct contact.
Corex is a special alumina-silicate glass that has been chemically strengthened, making it six times stronger than borosilicate glass.
A Basic Filter Fluorometer is an analytical instrument that measures the fluorescence emitted by a sample after it has been excited by a specific wavelength of light, using filters to isolate the excitation and emission wavelengths.
A TD (To Deliver) pipette is designed to deliver a specific volume of liquid, and it is calibrated to account for the liquid that remains in the tip after dispensing.
Wavelength is the distance between two successive peaks and is expressed in nanometers (nm).
The kinds of cuvettes include alumina silica glass (most commonly used, available in 350 nm to 2000 nm), quartz/plastic (used for visible and ultraviolet spectra), borosilicate glass, and soft glass.
Beer’s Law states that the concentration of an unknown substance is directly proportional to the absorbed light (absorbance or optical density) and inversely proportional to the amount of transmitted light (% Transmittance). It mathematically establishes the relationship between concentration and absorbance.
A Positive Displacement Pipette is a type of pipette that uses a piston to directly contact the liquid, allowing for accurate dispensing of highly viscous or volatile liquids.
Polycarbonate is used for making tubes for centrifugation, graduated cylinders, and flasks.
An Air Displacement Pipette uses air pressure to move liquid, while a Positive Displacement Pipette uses a piston that contacts the liquid directly, making it suitable for different types of liquids.
Examples of Blow-out Pipettes include the Ostwald-Folin pipette and the serological pipette.
1 microliter is equal to 1.0 milligram.
Teflon is used for stirring bars, tubing, cryogenic vials, and bottle cap liners; it is almost chemically inert, suitable for extreme temperature treatment (-70 °C to 200°C), and resistant to strong chemicals such as acids, bases, alcohol, and hydrocarbons.
Examples of Discrete Analyzers include Vitros, Dimension Dade, Beckman ASTRA System, Hitachi, Bayer Advia, Roche Cobas Integra, and Analytics P Module.
The main parts of a spectrophotometer include the light source, monochromator, sample holder, detector, and readout device.
Filters usually pass a wide band of radiant energy and have a low transmittance of the selected wavelength.
A technique used to clean the pipette tip by reversing the flow of liquid to remove residual sample.
Diffraction gratings are optical components made by cutting parallel grooves or slits into an aluminized surface of a flat piece of crown glass, providing better resolution than prisms by bending wavelengths as they pass a sharp corner.
Types of automation include fixed, programmable, and flexible automation, each serving different manufacturing and production needs.
Monochromators are devices that isolate specific wavelengths of light from a broader spectrum. Common types include prism monochromators, grating monochromators, and filter monochromators.
Beer's Law states that the absorbance of a solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the absorbing species and the path length of the light through the solution.
Automation increases the number of tests to be performed in a given period, minimizes variation of results from one laboratorian to another, and eliminates potential errors in manual analyses such as pipetting, calculation, and transcription of results.
Radiant Energy is the energy of electromagnetic waves, which includes light energy, and is emitted by objects in the form of radiation.
As represents the absorbance of the standard solution.
The three basic approaches to automation are: 1) Fixed or hard automation, which is used for high-volume production with little flexibility; 2) Programmable automation, which allows for reprogramming for different tasks and is suitable for batch production; 3) Flexible or soft automation, which can adapt to changes in product types and volumes.
Percent Transmittance (%) is the ratio of the sample transmitted beam divided by the blank transmitted beam, calculated as (sample beam signal/blank beam signal × 100).
Micropipettes are precision instruments used to measure and transfer small volumes of liquid, which must be checked for accuracy and precision before use.
The Exit Slit controls the width of the light beam (bandpass) and allows only a narrow fraction of the spectrum to reach the sample cuvette.
Absorption spectroscopy is preferred for solutions with absorbance values of less than 2.0.
Wavelength is inversely related to frequency and energy; the shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency and energy, and vice versa.
Any glassware that fails to fulfill the Class A tolerance should be discarded.
The disposable tip in an Air Displacement Pipette is a one-time use polypropylene tip that is attached to the pipette barrel to prevent contamination and ensure accurate sample transfer.
Didymium or holmium oxide filters are used to check wavelength accuracy as part of wavelength quality assurance calibration.
A Volumetric Pipette is designed for nonviscous fluids, is self-draining, and leaves a small amount in the tip that should not be blown out.
Didymium glass has an absorption peak around 600 nm.
Carry over contamination refers to the unintended transfer of substances from one sample to another, which can lead to inaccurate results in automated systems.
Holmium oxide has multiple absorption peaks, with a sharp peak at 360 nm, used for wavelength accuracy verification.
A Photodiode is a light detector that is not as sensitive as a Photomultiplier Tube (PMT) but offers excellent linearity, measuring light at multiple wavelengths and detecting lower amounts of light. It is particularly useful as a simultaneous multichannel detector.
Spectrophotometric measurement is the measurement of light intensity in a narrower wavelength.
Light Energy is the form of energy that is visible to the human eye and is responsible for the sense of sight.
A Single-beam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer is an analytical instrument that measures the concentration of elements in a sample by detecting the absorption of light at specific wavelengths by free atoms in the gaseous state.
An Air Displacement Pipette is a type of pipette that uses air pressure to aspirate and dispense liquid, relying on a piston mechanism to create a vacuum.
Chemiluminescence is a principle where a chemical reaction yields an electronically excited compound that emits light as it returns to its ground state or transfers its energy to another compound, which then produces an emission.
A reflectometer is used to measure analytes by quantifying the amount of light reflected by a liquid sample dispensed onto a grainy or fibrous solid support.
Lambda is equivalent to 1 microliter (0.001 mL).
The two types of thermometers are Total immersion (used in freezers and refrigerators) and Partial immersion (used in water baths and heating blocks).
The major advantage of a Discrete Analyzer is its random access capability, which allows for STAl samples to be easily tested.
Stray light is the most common cause of loss of linearity at high-analyte concentration.
An Air Displacement Pipette is a type of pipette that relies on a piston for suction creation to draw the sample into a disposable tip, where the piston does not come in contact with the liquid.
The Photomultiplier Tube (PMT) is the most sensitive photodetector, which begins its response when incoming photons strike a photocathode.
Mixing methods used in Discrete Analyzers include magnetic driven teflon stirring bars, forceful dispensing, magnetic stirring bars, rotating paddles, and ultrasonic energy.
Intense light causes irreversible damage to the photoelectric surface of the Photomultiplier Tube (PMT), limiting its use to measuring low power radiation.
A To Deliver (TD) Pipette is designed to deliver the exact amount it holds into a container without blowing out, and it drains by gravity, with the desired volume obtained when draining stops.
The light source used in AAS is a hollow-cathode lamp.
The strain point of Pyrex Borosilicate Glass is 515° C.
AAS is a technique that is more sensitive than Flame Emission Photometry (FEP), known for its accuracy, precision, and specificity.
Sample evaporation is the loss of liquid from a sample due to vaporization, which can alter the concentration and affect the accuracy of the results.
A Deuterium lamp is routinely used to provide UV radiation in analytic spectrometers.
Detergent-contaminated water has a more alkaline pH compared to the pH of appropriate grade water.
AAS is used for the measurement of unexcited trace metals, such as calcium and magnesium.
Rectangular racks or carousels are utilized as sample containers or stations in the loading zone of modular platforms.
The Entrance Slit minimizes unwanted or stray light and prevents the entrance of scattered light into the monochromator system.
The relationship between wavelength and energy (E) is described by Planck's formula.
Absorbance (A) is the amount of light absorbed by a solution, which is proportional to the inverse log of transmittance and mathematically derived from % T using the formula A = abc = 2 - log%T.
A Photocell is a basic photodetector composed of selenium on a plate of iron covered with a transparent layer of silver, typically having maximum sensitivity at about 550 nm.
It is a chloride test method used in volumetric analysis.
The sample holder is where the sample is placed for analysis, ensuring it is positioned correctly in the path of the light beam.
Bandpass is the total range of wavelengths transmitted by the spectrophotometer.
The radiation detector measures the intensity of light that passes through the sample, converting it into an electrical signal.
Accurate absorbance measurement requires a bandpass less than 1/5 the natural bandpass of the spectrophotometer.
A method used to differentiate two compounds that have excitation reactions at the same wavelength but emit at different wavelengths, known for its high sensitivity.
Turbidimetry determines the amount of light blocked by particulate matter in a turbid solution, depending on specimen concentration and particle size.
A method that utilizes chemiluminescence for immunoassays, widely used for its high sensitivity in various applications.
Turbidimetry depends on specimen concentration and particle size.
A Continuous Flow Analyzer is a laboratory instrument that maintains the required temperature of a reaction to allow complete color development, controls reaction rates by temperature, and can perform batch analysis.
The calibrating medium for TC (To Contain) pipettes is mercury.
The heating bath maintains the required temperature of the reaction to allow complete color development.
Gravimetric and spectrometric methods are used to verify the accuracy and precision of pipette volumes.
A pipette with graduations along its length, allowing for precise measurement of liquid volumes.
The process of providing the necessary reagents to the analytical system for the chemical reactions.
The process where the mixture is allowed to separate and incubate for a specific time to facilitate reactions.
The step where the measured signals are processed and data is managed for interpretation.
A type of pipette used for transferring liquids, designed to allow for overflow to ensure accurate measurement.
A stable source of radiant energy provides the necessary light for the spectrophotometer to analyze samples.
A Blow-out Pipette is a type of pipette that has continuous etched rings on top or near the mouthpiece, allowing for the exact volume to be obtained when the last drop is blown out. This type of pipette is not rinsed out.
A Discrete Analyzer is a type of laboratory equipment that allows for the random access testing of samples, utilizing various mixing methods such as magnetic stirring bars and ultrasonic energy.
A detection method that uses the light emitted during a chemical reaction to quantify the presence of specific antigens or antibodies.
It performs analysis through sequential testing in a single or multiple parallel channel configuration, conducting the same group of tests on each sample regardless of the tests ordered.
Fluorescence is the light emission from a single excited state.
Filters produce monochromatic light based on the principle of constructive interference of waves, where light waves enter one side of the filter and are reflected at the second surface.
Phosphorescence is the light emission from an excited triplet state.
Prisms are wedge-shaped pieces of glass, quartz, or sodium chloride that can be rotated to allow only the desired wavelength to pass through an exit slit, refracting light as it enters the denser material.
The light source provides the necessary light for the analysis, typically using a lamp that emits a specific wavelength range.
It determines the amount of scattered light by particulate matter suspended in a turbid solution.
A Photomultiplier Tube (PMT) should never be exposed to room light because it will be damaged.
Photomultiplier tube.
A Tungsten light bulb is commonly used as a light source in the visible and near infrared region.
It uses the acceleration and deceleration of the rotor to transfer the reagents and sample from one chamber to another.
Routine maintenance involves regular checks and servicing of the spectrophotometer to prevent errors and ensure optimal performance, thereby supporting quality assurance.
Presence of clot refers to the formation of solid masses in a liquid sample, which can obstruct flow and lead to erroneous measurements in automated analysis.
An atomizer, such as a nebulizer or graphite furnace, is used to convert ions to atoms in Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry.
It assists laboratories that need to process several samples using the same test or procedure.
For reliable results in a Centrifugal Analyzer, each cuvette should be uniformly matched with each other.
A Xenon lamp is primarily used as a light source for ultraviolet (UV) light.
The Blanking Technique is a process used to correct for artifactual absorbance readings in spectrophotometry, often involving blanking procedures or dual-wavelength methods.
Examples of Line Sources include mercury and sodium vapor lamps for UV and visible regions, and hollow cathode lamps used in atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Absorbance values higher than 2.0 may yield unreliable results and cause a deviation from Beer's law, resulting in bending of the linear plot.
To reduce carryover contamination by cleaning the pipette tip between samples.
A Continuum Source is a type of light source that emits radiation with varying intensity and is widely used in laboratories.
The infrared region (IR) encompasses wavelengths longer than 700 nm.
A volumetric pipette is a type of pipette designed to deliver a precise volume of liquid, typically used for measuring and transferring specific volumes in laboratory settings.
Holographic gratings are special types of diffraction gratings that utilize holography to create the grooves, enhancing the resolution and performance of spectrophotometers.
Fluorometry uses two monochromators, which can be filters, prisms, or gratings, to select the wavelength that is best absorbed by the solution.
Automatic macro or micropipettes are devices used to accurately dispense specific volumes of liquid, either in large or small quantities.
A type of photodetector used in luminometers for detecting light emitted during chemiluminescence.
Turbidimetry is used for measuring abundant large particles, such as proteins and bacterial suspensions.
Factors include range, spectral distribution within the range, source of radiant production, stability of radiant energy, and temperature.
Typically at an angle of 15 to 90 degrees to the beam incident on the cuvette.
The major advantage of using a Centrifugal Analyzer is its capability for batch analysis, allowing for multiple samples to be processed simultaneously in a discrete-batch type system.
A disadvantage is the potential for carry-over contamination and continuous waste of reagents.
A Hydrogen lamp is used as a light source for ultraviolet (UV) light.
The integration of Laboratory Information Systems to support data management and reporting.
AAS is a technique that measures the light absorbed by atoms that have been dissociated from their chemical bonds and are in an unexcited, ground state.
Examples of Borosilicate Glass include Pyrex and Kimax glassware.
Examples of Continuum Sources include tungsten, deuterium, and xenon lamps.
Pre soaking glassware in soapy water helps to loosen and remove contaminants before further cleaning.
Flame Emission Photometry (FEP) is a method that measures the light emitted by a single atom burned in a flame, used for the measurement of excited ions such as sodium and potassium.
The measurement of light reduction in turbidimetry indicates particle formation.
The principle of Flame Emission Photometry is the excitation of electrons from a lower to a higher energy state.
Wavelength and particle size.
In Flame Emission Photometry, the flame serves as the light source and also acts as the cuvette.
Acid dichromate and nitric acid are recommended cleaning solutions for glassware.
Performance verification involves testing the spectrophotometer against known standards to confirm its accuracy and reliability, which is a key component of quality assurance.
A Deuterium lamp operates at a wavelength of 165 nm, primarily used for ultraviolet (UV) light.
Centrifugal force in a Centrifugal Analyzer is utilized for bubbling air and mixing samples effectively.
Photodetectors are devices that convert light into an electrical signal, used in various applications including spectroscopy and imaging.
The plunger is used to aspirate and dispense liquid by creating a vacuum and releasing it.
A Photomultiplier Tube is a highly sensitive light detector that amplifies the signal produced by incident photons through a series of dynodes.
The proper usage guidelines for a To Deliver (TD) Pipette include holding it vertically with the tip against the side of the container and ensuring that the tip does not touch the accumulating liquid.
Interferences in AAS can be chemical, matrix (differences in viscosity), and ionization.
For measuring the amount of antigen-antibody complexes (proteins).
The primary filter or excitation monochromator selects the wavelength that is best absorbed by the solution to be measured.
It means that once the batch testing or measurement has started, the process cannot be interrupted.
Documentation provides a record of calibration, maintenance, and performance checks, which is essential for tracking the reliability and accuracy of spectrophotometric measurements.
Reusable probes are instruments used to transfer samples that can be used multiple times, but may introduce contamination or errors if not properly cleaned between uses.
Pipettes that are calibrated to contain a specific volume, often made of glass and used for volumes less than 1 mL.
Pipettes specifically designed for counting red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) in blood samples.
The spectral purity of the spectrophotometer is reflected by the bandpass; the narrower the bandpass, the greater the resolution.
Fluorometry measures the amount of light intensity present over a zero background.
The monochromator isolates specific wavelengths of light from the light source to be directed towards the sample.
Used for autoantibody testing, measurement of hormones, drugs, vitamins, tumor markers, forensic analysis, microbial and infectious disease marker studies, and toxicology.
The initial step where samples are prepared and accurately identified before analysis.
Planck's constant is a fundamental constant valued at 6.626 x 10^-27 erg sec, used in the calculation of photon energy.
The detector measures the intensity of light that passes through the sample and converts it into an electrical signal.
A mechanical pipette is a manually operated pipette that uses a plunger mechanism to draw and dispense liquid, often used for routine laboratory tasks.
A 0.1% phenol red solution in distilled water is utilized to compare the reproducibility of brands of pipette tips.
A self-draining pipette without graduations to the tip, calibrated between two marks.
A Lobar (silicone carbide) is used as a light source for infrared (IR) radiation.
To minimize the risk of carryover contamination from previous samples.
Planck's formula E = hv describes the relationship between the energy of a photon (E) and its frequency (v), where h is Planck's constant.
Calibration is the process of adjusting the spectrophotometer to ensure its measurements are accurate and corresponds to known standards, which is crucial for maintaining quality assurance.
Multiple rinses with appropriate grade water ensure that all detergent residues and contaminants are completely removed from the glassware.
AAS measures the light absorbed by atoms that have been dissociated by heat.
A To Deliver (TD) Pipette is designed to meet the requirements of Class A-type pipettes.
The secondary filter or emission monochromator prevents the incident light from striking the photodetector.
Inadequate sample refers to a situation where the volume or quality of the sample is insufficient for accurate analysis, potentially leading to unreliable results.
A positive displacement pipette is a type of pipette that uses a piston to directly contact the liquid, making it suitable for viscous or volatile liquids.
Lanthanum or strontium chloride is added to samples to form stable complexes with phosphate, enhancing the accuracy of the analysis.
Examples include the Simultaneous Multiple Analyzer (SMA) and Technicon.
Pipette classification refers to the categorization of pipettes based on their design, function, and volume capacity, which helps in selecting the appropriate pipette for specific laboratory tasks.
The volume adjustment dial allows the user to set the desired volume of liquid to be aspirated or dispensed.
The main types of pipettes include air displacement pipettes, positive displacement pipettes, and electronic pipettes, each designed for different applications and precision requirements.
It uses a glass coil inserted into the flow path to mix the sample and reagents.
The readout device displays the results of the analysis, often in terms of absorbance or transmittance.
A blow-out pipette with graduations to the tip, used for measuring and transferring liquids.
Turbidimetry is used for protein measurements, detecting bacterial growth in broth cultures, antimicrobial testing, and detecting clot formation.
A specialized pipette used for transferring small volumes of liquid in microbiological applications.
A type of pipette used for measuring hemoglobin concentration in blood samples.
The sample holder is designed to securely hold the sample solution in the path of the light beam for analysis.
A micropipette is a precision instrument used to measure and transfer very small volumes of liquid, typically in the microliter range, commonly used in molecular biology and biochemistry.
The phase where the prepared specimens are measured and delivered to the analytical system.
A Xenon discharge lamp produces a continuous source of radiation that covers both the UV and the visible range.
Solutions requiring quantitation by turbidimetry are measured using visible photometers or visible spectrophotometers.
A Mercury arc is used as a light source for both visible and ultraviolet (UV) light.
Ultrasonic cleaners help remove debris coating the surfaces of glass or plasticware through high-frequency sound waves that create cavitation bubbles.
Yes, Continuous Flow Analyzers can perform batch analysis.
A Merst glower emits infrared (IR) radiation.
A Photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current, commonly used in optical communication and sensing applications.
Neutral density filters and dichromate solution are used to verify linearity in spectrophotometric measurements.
A Charge-Coupled Device is an electronic light sensor that captures images by converting light into electronic signals, widely used in cameras and spectrometers.
A Centrifugal Analyzer is a laboratory instrument that uses centrifugal force to mix samples and perform analyses, often in a batch analysis format.
A Silicon Photodetector is a type of photodetector made from silicon, known for its efficiency in detecting visible light and near-infrared radiation.
The method used in Flame Emission Photometry is the Indirect Internal Standard Method.
Flickering light indicates changes in the fuel reading of the instrument in Flame Emission Photometry.
A pipette designed for measuring blood cell counts, specifically for red blood cells.
In AAS, an internal standard is not needed because changes in aspiration have little effect on the number of ground state atoms.
The pipette tip is the disposable part that comes into contact with the liquid, ensuring contamination-free transfer.
An air displacement pipette is a type of pipette that uses a piston to create a vacuum, drawing liquid into a disposable tip, commonly used for aqueous solutions.
An electronic pipette is a battery-operated pipette that automates the process of liquid handling, allowing for precise volume adjustments and reducing user fatigue.
The phase where samples and reagents are mixed together to initiate the chemical reactions.
An electronic pipette is a motorized pipette that allows for programmable dispensing and can improve accuracy and reduce user fatigue during repetitive tasks.
Examples of Centrifugal Analyzers include Cobas-Bio (Roche) and IL Monarch.
A chopper is used to modulate the light source in Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry.
The internal standard, such as Lithium or Cesium, corrects variations in flame and atomizer characteristics during measurement.
The phase where the analytical system measures the results of the chemical reactions.
