C) Bacteriological test

Explanation: The bacteriological test is the most important single test in water analysis, as the presence of coliform indicates fecal contamination.

B) El Niño

Explanation: El Niño leads to droughts and limited access to safe drinking water, which can have significant impacts on agriculture and public health.

C) Natural and artificial surroundings and their impact on disease and wellness

Explanation: Environmental health is a branch of public health focused on how our surroundings, both natural and artificial, affect disease and wellness.

B) Presence of air contaminants that threaten human, plant, animal life, or property

Explanation: Air pollution is defined as the presence of one or more air contaminants in sufficient quantities and characteristics to threaten human, plant, animal life, or property.

C) Use of natural dilution and dispersion in the air

Explanation: The technical approach to controlling air pollution includes methods like using natural dilution and dispersion in the air, while zoning, legislation, administrative control, and emission limits are part of the legal approach.

C) 0.48%

Explanation: The Philippines contributes less than half of a percent (0.48%) of total global greenhouse gas emissions.

C) Level III

Explanation: Level III water supply systems consist of a source, reservoir, piped distribution network, and household taps.

C) Heatwaves, wildfires, droughts

Explanation: Health risks associated with climate change include heatwaves, wildfires, and droughts, which can lead to additional deaths due to food insecurity, undernutrition, waterborne diseases, and heat stress.

C) The President of the Philippines

Explanation: The Climate Change Commission is chaired by the President of the Philippines, with three commissioners, one of whom serves as vice-chairperson.

B) Approximately 0.85°C

Explanation: The world has warmed by approximately 0.85°C over the last 130 years, with each of the last three decades being successively warmer than any preceding decade since 1850.

B) Ireland, Turkey, Israel

Explanation: Ireland, Turkey, and Israel suffer the lowest economic losses from floods, severe convective storms, winter storms, and tropical cyclones.

D) Increased biodiversity

Explanation: The United Nations mentions air pollution, disease, extreme weather events, and food insecurity as health impacts of climate change, but increased biodiversity is not listed as one of the impacts.

A) A natural process where temperature, rainfall, wind, and other elements vary over decades or more

Explanation: According to the United Nations, climate change can be a natural process where temperature, rainfall, wind, and other elements vary over decades or more, but today it is primarily driven by human activities.

C) It emphasizes extremes in weather phenomena due to anthropogenic activity

Explanation: The name change from 'global warming' to 'climate change' emphasizes the extremes in weather phenomena due to human activities, not just warming.

D) Military Strategist

Explanation: The Five Star Physician includes roles such as Educator/Risk Communicator, Researcher, Social Mobilizer and Manager, and Clinician, but not Military Strategist.

D) Space Exploration

Explanation: Space exploration is not listed as a major field of environmental health, which includes areas like water supply sanitation, excreta and sewage disposal, food sanitation, and solid waste management.

E) Philippines

Explanation: The Philippines suffers the largest economic losses as a percent of GDP from floods, severe convective storms, winter storms, and tropical cyclones, making it the worst affected country by climate change.

D) 2050

Explanation: The goal is to achieve net zero emissions by 2050, which means balancing the amount of emitted greenhouse gases with the amount removed from the atmosphere.

D) Environmental engineer

Explanation: The roles of a five-star primary care physician in addressing climate change include being an educator, researcher, policy advocate, and community leader, but not an environmental engineer.

C) Health impacts

Explanation: The World Health Organization focuses on the health impacts of climate change, emphasizing how it undermines access to safe water, adequate food, and clean air, exacerbating deaths caused by avoidable environmental risk factors.

B) Mobilizing people into action

Explanation: A Social Mobilizer is a leadership role that involves knowing how to mobilize people into action, particularly when there is a major threat to everyone’s collective health.

B) Dengue

Explanation: La Niña facilitates infectious diseases like dengue due to floods and rainfall, making it a significant public health concern.

C) Human activities, primarily burning fossil fuels

Explanation: According to the United Nations, the unprecedented rapid warming we are experiencing today is primarily due to human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels that generate greenhouse gas emissions.

B) Depletion of the ozone layer

Explanation: Air pollution can lead to the depletion of the ozone layer, which is a significant environmental concern. Other options like enhanced plant growth, increased biodiversity, improved water quality, and reduced soil erosion are not effects of air pollution.

C) Formation of a hole in the ozone layer

Explanation: The release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) into the atmosphere in the 90s resulted in a hole in the ozone layer, leading to the restriction of their usage.

C) Eye irritation

Explanation: Air pollution can cause various health issues, including eye irritation due to photochemical oxidants, aldehydes, and particulate matter.

B) 20-40 cubic meters per hour per worker

Explanation: The Occupational Safety and Health Standards recommend supplying clean fresh air to enclosed workplaces at an average rate of 20-40 cubic meters per hour per worker.

B) A climate-resilient and climate-smart Philippines with highly adaptive communities

Explanation: The vision of the Climate Change Commission is to achieve a climate-resilient and climate-smart Philippines with highly adaptive communities.

B) China, US, India, European Union, and Russian Federation

Explanation: In 2021, China, the US, India, the European Union, and the Russian Federation were the largest producers of greenhouse gases.

C) Hold the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 degrees C above pre-industrial levels

Explanation: The primary goal of the Paris Agreement is to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, ideally limiting it to 1.5 degrees Celsius to prevent further destructive impacts.

C) Ozone

Explanation: Ozone is a secondary air pollutant formed through chemical reactions in the atmosphere, unlike primary pollutants such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, and benzene.

E) Decreasing global temperatures

Explanation: The text mentions rising sea levels, melting glaciers, changing precipitation patterns, and increasing extreme weather events as consequences of climate change, but not decreasing global temperatures.

B) More filtration of water reduces mortality from various diseases

Explanation: The Mills-Reincke Phenomenon indicates that increased water filtration reduces mortality not only from water-borne diseases but also from other diseases.

D) Solar energy

Explanation: Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy source that does not contribute to air pollution, unlike the other options listed which are major sources of air pollution.

C) Republic Act 9729

Explanation: Republic Act 9729 is the Philippine Climate Change Act of 2009, which establishes the Climate Change Commission.

A) Agriculture, wastes, industry, transport, and energy

Explanation: The sectors targeted for emission reductions in the Philippines include agriculture, wastes, industry, transport, and energy.

B) Oxygen deprivation and toxic effects

Explanation: High levels of CO2 (≥ 5000 PPM) can cause toxic effects and oxygen deprivation, and it is also known to elicit a fear response.

D) Oxygen

Explanation: Cigarette smoke contains carcinogens like polycyclic hydrocarbons, cell irritants and toxins such as formaldehyde and ammonia, and nicotine, but not oxygen.

D) 12.6 million

Explanation: The World Health Organization states that approximately 12.6 million deaths each year are caused by avoidable environmental risk factors, highlighting the significant impact of environmental health on mortality.

D) Social and psychological variables as determinants to health

Explanation: The Biopsychosocial Model to Health, introduced by George Engel in 1977, emphasizes social and psychological variables as determinants to health, helping to determine the health and wellness of a person.

D) Carbon dioxide

Explanation: Carbon dioxide (CO2) makes up more than 70% of the greenhouse gases, with methane being a distant second.

C) High

Explanation: The overall likelihood of hazard intensification is high under the scenario of 2-2.4°C warming by 2050, as indicated by the IPCC AR6.

C) Influenza

Explanation: Influenza is a common airborne infection, unlike diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, and osteoporosis, which are not transmitted through the air.

C) Philippines

Explanation: The Philippines is identified as the worst affected by climate change, highlighting its vulnerability to the impacts of climate change.

B) Water Sanitation

Explanation: The text states that water sanitation is the single most important preventive measure against diseases.

B) Climate Despondency

Explanation: Climate Despondency is the view that ends up preventing us from acting on the climate crisis.

B) Elderly, children, athletes, and outdoor workers

Explanation: In humid tropical countries, the elderly, children, athletes, and outdoor workers are more at risk of heat stroke and heat exhaustion due to the inability of sweat to evaporate in high humidity conditions.

C) 75%

Explanation: The Philippines has committed to reducing its emissions by 75% by 2030, with 2.71% being unconditional.

B) 6.5 million deaths each year from air pollution

Explanation: Policy decisions and polluting energy resources contribute to 6.5 million deaths each year from air pollution, highlighting the direct health impacts of climate change.

B) Coagulation

Explanation: Coagulation is the process where turbidity, color, iron, manganese, and organisms are brought together into large flocs that settle readily.

B) Increased stillbirth incidence

Explanation: Extreme heat increases the incidence of stillbirth and also contributes to the spread of vector-borne illnesses such as malaria, dengue, and Zika virus, which are linked to life-threatening maternal and neonatal outcomes.

E) Low population density

Explanation: Low population density does not favor air pollution, whereas high population density, prevalence of heavy industries, temperature inversion, and humid, warm, slow-moving air do.

B) To protect vulnerable populations from extreme weather events

Explanation: WHO works with countries to protect the most vulnerable populations from the health effects of extreme weather events and to increase their resilience to long-term climate change.

C) Particulate matter

Explanation: Primary air pollutants are directly emitted from sources, and particulate matter is one such pollutant. Ozone and smog are secondary pollutants formed through reactions in the atmosphere.

C) To lead in the development and mainstreaming of climate adaptation and mitigation policies

Explanation: The mission of the Climate Change Commission is to take the lead in developing and mainstreaming evidence-based climate adaptation and mitigation policies.

C) 42-55%

Explanation: The target is to cut down greenhouse gas emissions by 42-55% by 2030, as part of global efforts to mitigate climate change.

C) 20,000

Explanation: The World Health Organization expects that climate change will cause approximately 20,000 additional deaths per year from malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea, and heat stress between 2030 and 2050.

B) To cut carbon pollution

Explanation: Countries committed to cutting carbon pollution through promoting cleaner energy sources and more sustainable urban transport systems, which will also protect and improve the health of their populations.