Zoroaster.
Transcendental philosophy and synthetic a priori judgments.
It is not known a priori.
Analytic judgments do not extend knowledge, while synthetic judgments require additional information beyond the subject's concept.
Material, Formal, Efficient, and Final Causes.
It is derived from experience, not reason.
Knowledge that is both a priori and synthetic.
Paths to enlightenment and overcoming suffering.
Empirical observation and reason.
'I think, therefore I am.'
Accepting fate and the unity of all things.
Confucianism.
The theory of Forms.
Radical doubt.
Original sin and divine grace.
Continuity of consciousness, not the identity of substance.
Theological interference.
Empirical research and repeatable experiments to understand nature.
He argued that inductive reasoning is unjustifiable but necessary for understanding the world.
Dialectics, arguing that history unfolds through contradictions and synthesis.
Judgments that require something additional (X) beyond the concept of the subject.
Harmony with the Tao through inaction and humility.
Water.
Knowing its 'why' through the Four Causes.
Atoms as the building blocks of the universe.
Developed ideas about essence and existence.
He argued that scientific theories must be falsifiable and can never be confirmed, only disproved.
He denied the distinction between analytic and synthetic statements, advocating for holistic science.
A unity of nature and mind, with both shaping each other.
That time is experienced as duration and cannot be reduced to scientific measurements.
Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology.
The mystical relationship between humans and God.
He proposed that statements must be empirically verifiable to be meaningful, dismissing metaphysics.
She explored how women are objectified and marginalized in society, focusing on existentialism and feminism.
That reality is shaped by the structures of human perception.
That knowledge arises from human history and social constructs.
That it can be reduced to logic and that natural language is too imprecise for scientific knowledge.
A comprehensive study of the natural sciences.
He argued that mental and physical states are not comparable.
Common-sense realism, opposing skepticism and empiricism.
Traditional morality, proposing the concept of the 'will to power.'
He claimed that time and matter are illusions, and reality is a community of eternal people.
He claimed that humans are condemned to freedom, constantly choosing their existence.
'Cogito, ergo sum' (I think, therefore I am).
Utilitarianism, arguing for the greatest happiness principle in ethics.
Critique of Pure Reason.
He proposed that knowledge is always fallible and tested through experience.
He developed a formalized notion of truth by introducing metalanguage.
Corruption in the church and state.
In the natural goodness of humans and the corrupting influence of society.
He developed the theory of speech acts, showing how language performs actions.
An experimental approach, focusing on practical consequences.
Pragmatic and strategic governance, separating politics from morality.
That physical laws determine human behavior, focusing on selfishness and survival.
Women’s rights and equality in a male-dominated society.
As something verified through experience and its usefulness over time.
He advocated for rigorous logical analysis and the use of formal language.
Human frailty and self-examination.
That God and nature are one; everything is a manifestation of a single substance.
That only minds and ideas exist; reality is a product of perception.
That it and ordinary language solve many philosophical problems.
He introduced the concept of incompleteness, proving that arithmetic cannot be completely formalized.
He emphasized re-creating historical contexts to understand events and art.
Human ignorance in relation to God's incomprehensibility.
Skepticism regarding human understanding and empirical knowledge.
The mind as a blank slate (tabula rasa) that gains knowledge through experience.
As driven by irrational will, with suffering as a core element of life.
Social and economic systems, particularly class struggle.
He argued that universals don’t exist; concepts are based on resemblance.
<p>Perceptions involve intermediary sense-data, not direct objects.</p>
The relationship between human freedom and divine will.
Advocating for simplicity in philosophy, known for 'Ockham's Razor.'
He argued that perception is fundamental to understanding our world, emphasizing the body's role in experience.
He argued that the meaning of words depends on their use in ordinary language, rejecting formal logic as the only source of meaning.
Monads, indivisible units of reality, programmed in harmony by God.
The intentionality of consciousness and its relationship to objects.
<p>Individuals can confront their existence in limit situations (suffering or death)</p>
