p.11
Evidence-Based Practice in Electrotherapy
What is the first aim of treatment with Electrophysical Agents (EPA)?
A good assessment to understand the patient’s problems.
p.11
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
What is important to screen for before treatment?
Any precautions or contraindications.
p.4
Evidence-Based Practice in Electrotherapy
Where can you find information about key concepts in electrotherapy?
On the website http://www.electrotherapy.org/modality/key-concepts-in-electrotherapy.
p.12
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
What is the purpose of skin sensation tests before applying electrophysical agents?
To ensure the patient has normal skin sensation response and can feel appropriately during treatment.
p.31
Suggested EPA Treatments for Various Conditions
What is a common treatment choice during the inflammatory phase?
Ice therapy or cryotherapy to reduce swelling and pain.
p.8
Electrophysical Agents (EPA) Overview
What is essential to understand in electrotherapy?
How different types of energies are generated by machines, how they are delivered into the body, and how different tissues respond.
p.8
Evidence-Based Practice in Electrotherapy
What factors influence the effectiveness of therapeutic effects in electrotherapy?
The choice of modality, application method, and dosage selected, known as the 'Therapeutic Window.'
p.30
Therapeutic Effects and Physiological Responses
What is the focus of treatment in the acute phase?
To reduce pain and inflammation.
p.11
Therapeutic Effects and Physiological Responses
What does dosimetry in treatment application involve?
Deciding on intensity, duration, and frequency of application.
p.30
Factors Affecting Healing Processes
Why is rest important in the acute phase treatment?
To prevent further injury and promote healing.
p.19
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What are the visible signs of increased blood flow during an acute inflammatory response?
The area becomes red, warm, and swollen.
p.23
Skin Structure and Its Impact on Treatment
What is the significance of fatty tissue in skin structure?
It impacts the overall composition and insulation of the skin.
p.13
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
What are precautions in the context of treatment?
Conditions where treatment can proceed but requires closer monitoring.
p.21
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What happens during the proliferative phase?
New tissue forms, and the wound begins to close.
p.25
Evidence-Based Practice in Electrotherapy
What is the evidence behind the use of electrophysical agents in practice?
Research supports their effectiveness in enhancing recovery and functional outcomes.
p.24
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What are the main structural components of a tendon?
Bundles of fibers called fascicles.
p.12
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
Why is it important to prevent the development of potential injuries during treatment?
To avoid injuries such as burns.
p.31
Therapeutic Effects and Physiological Responses
What role does electrical stimulation play in the healing phases?
It can enhance tissue repair and reduce pain.
p.20
Soft Tissue Healing Process
Why is gradual increase in activity important during the Proliferative Phase?
To apply appropriate tensile stress to the newly formed tissue.
p.10
Classification of Electrophysical Agents
How are disability and functioning viewed in the ICF model?
As outcomes of interactions between health conditions and contextual factors.
p.8
Therapeutic Effects and Physiological Responses
What are therapeutic effects in electrotherapy?
Changes in the patient's symptoms and signs, such as reduced pain and relaxed muscles.
p.12
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
What does the 'hot and cold' test assess?
It assesses skin sensation for any thermal agent such as hot packs, infrared, wax, ice, and shortwave.
p.30
Suggested EPA Treatments for Various Conditions
What types of treatments are commonly chosen in the acute phase?
Cryotherapy, electrical stimulation, and rest.
p.1
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
What are contraindications in the context of electrophysical agents?
Conditions or factors that serve as reasons to withhold treatment using electrophysical agents.
p.22
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What role do histamines play in the inflammatory response?
Histamines increase blood flow and permeability of blood vessels.
p.21
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What occurs during the inflammatory phase?
The body responds to injury with swelling, redness, and pain.
p.14
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
What type of information might be included in a contraindications grid?
Specific conditions, treatments, and their associated contraindications.
p.20
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What characterizes chronic inflammation in the context of the Proliferative Phase?
The body cannot recognize the signal to stop the acute response.
p.26
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What is a key characteristic of the remodeling phase in tendon and ligament healing?
Reorganization of collagen fibers.
p.21
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What role does collagen play in tissue healing?
Collagen provides structure and strength to the healing tissue.
p.7
Therapeutic Effects and Physiological Responses
What are the therapeutic effects of energy absorption?
Therapeutic effects are generated after energy absorption.
p.7
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
What should be considered as contraindications before treatment?
Contraindications and precautions before and during treatment.
p.29
Suggested EPA Treatments for Various Conditions
Which treatments are suggested for bone healing?
Ultrasound, Extracorporeal shock wave therapy.
p.18
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What does 'Calor' indicate in inflammation?
Increased vascularity (blood flow) leading to heat.
p.28
Factors Affecting Healing Processes
How does health status impact the healing process?
Systemic diseases like Diabetes and arthritis can negatively affect healing.
p.4
Electrophysical Agents (EPA) Overview
What is the primary focus of T. Watson's work on electrotherapy?
Key concepts in electrotherapy.
p.12
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
What does the 'sharp and blunt' test assess?
It assesses skin sensation before using ice, electrical stimulation (ES), or ultrasound (US).
p.19
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What factors influence the extent of the acute inflammatory response?
The extent of injury and damage to tissues in the area.
p.14
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
What is a contraindication in the context of therapy?
A condition or factor that serves as a reason to withhold a certain medical treatment.
p.2
Electrophysical Agents (EPA) Overview
What are other names for Electro-Physical Therapy?
Electro-physical Agents (EPA) and Electrotherapy (ET).
p.19
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What continues until the infection is eradicated during the inflammatory process?
The inflammatory process continues until phagocytosis has destroyed the invading bacteria.
p.27
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What type of new cells are produced in the skin during healing?
New collagen fibers, maturing from Type III to Type I.
p.29
Suggested EPA Treatments for Various Conditions
Which EPA treatments are suggested for oedema?
Cryotherapy, Hydrotherapy, Limb compression.
p.3
Classification of Electrophysical Agents
What is Neuro-Muscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES)?
A type of Low Frequency (LF) electrical stimulation.
p.3
Classification of Electrophysical Agents
What is Interferential Therapy (IFT)?
A type of Medium Frequency (MF) electrical stimulation.
p.28
Factors Affecting Healing Processes
What factors affect the healing process related to the extent of the injury?
Superficial/minimal injuries have a better chance for healing compared to complete tears, which may require surgical intervention.
p.15
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What is the fourth phase of the soft tissue healing process?
Remodelling phase (Chronic Phase).
p.9
Evidence-Based Practice in Electrotherapy
What is essential for better patient care according to practitioners?
Evidence-based clinical decision making built on research evidence.
p.18
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What happens to vessel permeability during the acute inflammatory phase?
Increased permeability allows plasma proteins to enter cells and dilute toxins.
p.12
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
What are the two types of skin sensation tests?
1. Hot and cold test; 2. Sharp and blunt test (or pin-prick).
p.2
Electrophysical Agents (EPA) Overview
What does 'Physical' refer to in Electro-Physical Therapy?
The use of physical energy, like heat, cold, and light.
p.2
Electrophysical Agents (EPA) Overview
What is the role of Electro-Physical Therapy in Physiotherapy?
It is an integral part of the treatment regime to achieve therapeutic benefits for patients.
p.11
Evidence-Based Practice in Electrotherapy
Why is documentation important in EPA treatment?
To record the treatment delivered to the patient.
p.24
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What happens during inflammation in a tendon?
Swelling causes compression on the fibers.
p.22
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What is the function of cytokines in the inflammatory response?
Cytokines are signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity and inflammation.
p.14
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
How can contraindications affect treatment planning?
They guide clinicians in selecting appropriate therapies and avoiding harmful ones.
p.22
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
How do complement proteins affect inflammation?
Complement proteins enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens.
p.27
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What is the role of osteoblasts in bone healing?
They are involved in ossification and form the bone matrix.
p.29
Suggested EPA Treatments for Various Conditions
Which EPA treatment is suggested for muscular weakness or atrophy?
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation.
p.18
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What does 'Rubor' signify in the context of inflammation?
Increased vascularity (blood flow) leading to redness.
p.28
Factors Affecting Healing Processes
What lifestyle factors can influence healing?
Age, exercise, and diet are significant lifestyle factors that affect healing.
p.11
Evidence-Based Practice in Electrotherapy
What should be identified to determine the need for treatment?
The physical problems that require treatment.
p.11
Evidence-Based Practice in Electrotherapy
What is essential to match the treatment aims?
Identifying the modality that can match the aims of treatment.
p.25
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What is the inflammatory response in tendon and ligament injuries?
It is the body's initial reaction to injury, characterized by swelling, pain, and heat.
p.31
Suggested EPA Treatments for Various Conditions
What treatment is often used in the proliferation phase?
Therapeutic ultrasound to promote tissue healing.
p.2
Electrophysical Agents (EPA) Overview
What is the broader meaning of Electro-Physical Therapy?
It includes the assessment and treatment of patients.
p.30
Therapeutic Effects and Physiological Responses
What role does cryotherapy play in the acute phase?
It helps to decrease swelling and numb pain.
p.24
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What occurs between the fascia and the fibers in a healthy tendon?
A normal amount of sliding.
p.27
Soft Tissue Healing Process
Which cells synthesize cartilage and bone matrices in articular cartilage?
Chondrocytes, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts.
p.15
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What mechanisms are involved in the hemostasis phase?
Auto-triggered blood clotting and vasoconstriction.
p.3
Classification of Electrophysical Agents
What is Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) used for?
Pain management using Low Frequency (LF) currents.
p.15
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What is the focus of the remodelling phase?
Alignment and maturation of repair or new tissues.
p.9
Evidence-Based Practice in Electrotherapy
What should practitioners accept regarding research evidence?
A lack of research evidence on a given intervention does not mean there is a lack of therapeutic effectiveness.
p.28
Factors Affecting Healing Processes
What psychosocial factors can influence the healing process?
Pain threshold and psychosocial factors can impact healing.
p.18
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What process do neutrophils and macrophages initiate during inflammation?
Phagocytosis, which destroys invading bacteria.
p.6
Classification of Electrophysical Agents
What is the classification of EPA modalities based on?
The Electromagnetic Spectrum.
p.5
Therapeutic Effects and Physiological Responses
How can ultrasonic therapy be combined?
It may be combined with electrical stimulation.
p.6
Classification of Electrophysical Agents
What type of energies are Infrared Radiation (IRR) and Ultraviolet (UV)?
Lower frequency energies.
p.10
Classification of Electrophysical Agents
What does the ICF model emphasize about human function?
It is the product of a dynamic interaction between various health conditions and contextual factors.
p.1
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
What organization published guidelines for the use of electrophysical agents in 2001?
Australian Physiotherapy Association.
p.27
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What types of cells are involved in the healing of tendons and ligaments?
Tenocytes and collagen fibers, maturing from Type III to Type I.
p.21
Factors Affecting Healing Processes
How does blood supply affect the healing process?
Adequate blood supply is essential for delivering nutrients and oxygen to healing tissues.
p.29
Suggested EPA Treatments for Various Conditions
What are the suggested EPA treatments for muscle spasm?
Cryotherapy, Thermotherapy, Shortwave diathermy.
p.9
Evidence-Based Practice in Electrotherapy
What is evidence in the context of Evidence Based Practice (EBP)?
Anything that can establish a fact or give reasons to believe something.
p.18
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What occurs during the initial injury in the acute inflammatory phase?
Damage to cells and extracellular structures, along with micro-bleeding.
p.28
Factors Affecting Healing Processes
How does early intervention in the acute phase influence healing?
Early intervention, such as R.I.C.E. (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation), facilitates healing.
p.25
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What are the stages of injury for tendons and ligaments?
The stages include inflammation, repair, and remodeling.
p.5
Electrophysical Agents (EPA) Overview
What is diathermy?
Controlled production of 'Deep Heating' beneath the skin for therapeutic purposes.
p.6
Classification of Electrophysical Agents
What determines the suitability of energy for entering the human body?
The therapeutic 'window' which includes suitable wavelength and frequency.
p.23
Skin Structure and Its Impact on Treatment
How does skin structure affect physical energy penetration?
It influences how deeply physical energy can penetrate.
p.20
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What is angiogenesis?
The formation of new blood vessels.
p.1
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
Who authored the article on contraindications and precautions for electrophysical agents?
Houghton PE, Nussbaum EL, Hoens AM.
p.22
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What are prostaglandins and their function in inflammation?
Prostaglandins promote inflammation, pain, and fever.
p.23
Skin Structure and Its Impact on Treatment
Why is the thickness of the skin important?
It determines the distance to muscles and affects treatment efficacy.
p.13
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
What may result from not screening contraindications or taking precautions?
Adverse effects that may cause patient injury.
p.14
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
What is the significance of the year 2013 in relation to contraindications?
It refers to the publication year of Watson's work on contraindications.
p.7
Therapeutic Effects and Physiological Responses
What happens to tissues after energy absorption?
Physiological effects occur on tissues.
p.29
Suggested EPA Treatments for Various Conditions
What treatments are recommended for joint motion restriction?
Thermotherapy, Shortwave diathermy, Neuromuscular electrical stimulation, ultrasound.
p.18
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Calor (hot), Rubor (red), Tumour (swollen), Dolor (pain).
p.9
Evidence-Based Practice in Electrotherapy
What is the role of evidence in clinical decision making?
It informs decision making among options.
p.18
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
Which cells appear during the acute inflammatory phase to aid in healing?
Neutrophils and macrophages.
p.25
Therapeutic Effects and Physiological Responses
What role do therapeutic electrophysical agents play in tendon and ligament injuries?
They aid in pain relief, reduce inflammation, and promote healing.
p.5
Classification of Electrophysical Agents
What types of diathermy are mentioned?
Radio frequency (RF) diathermy and Ultrasonic/Ultrasound therapy.
p.20
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What is the main process occurring during the Proliferative Phase?
Fibroplasia, which involves laying down fibrous tissue by fibroblasts.
p.13
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
What skin conditions may serve as contraindications for EPA?
Allergy, rash, or other skin conditions.
p.14
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
Why is it important to understand contraindications?
To prevent adverse effects and ensure patient safety during treatment.
p.30
Suggested EPA Treatments for Various Conditions
How does electrical stimulation assist in the acute phase?
It can help manage pain and promote muscle relaxation.
p.26
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What is the primary goal during the inflammatory phase of tendon and ligament healing?
To control pain and swelling.
p.10
Classification of Electrophysical Agents
What is the first component of the ICF?
Health condition – injuries, decreases, disorders, e.g. Osteoarthritis (OA).
p.29
Suggested EPA Treatments for Various Conditions
What is a suggested EPA treatment for pain?
Cryotherapy, Thermotherapy, Hydrotherapy, Shortwave diathermy, TENS.
p.15
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What is the primary goal of the hemostasis phase?
To stop bleeding at the injury site.
p.7
Evidence-Based Practice in Electrotherapy
How is outcome evaluation conducted in treatment?
Evaluating outcomes and progression of treatment.
p.9
Evidence-Based Practice in Electrotherapy
What does EBP integrate?
Information from scientific research, clinical experience of practitioners, and patient values, concerns, and expectations.
p.18
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What is 'Dolor' in the inflammatory response?
Pain caused by increased pressure and chemical irritation.
p.31
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What are the second and third phases of healing?
The second phase is the inflammatory phase, and the third phase is the proliferation phase.
p.13
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
What is a contraindication in the context of treatment?
A condition that is not suitable for receiving certain types of treatment.
p.31
Factors Affecting Healing Processes
Why is it important to choose appropriate treatments in the second and third phases?
To facilitate healing and prevent complications.
p.1
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
What is the title of the special issue published in Physiotherapy Canada in 2010?
Electrophysical Agents: Contraindications and Precautions.
p.24
Soft Tissue Healing Process
How is the vascularization of tendons related to healing?
Tendons are well vascularized, providing good capacity for healing.
p.24
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What are the phases of tendon healing?
Inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases.
p.10
Classification of Electrophysical Agents
What is meant by 'Activities' in the ICF model?
Execution of a task by the patient, e.g. walking.
p.3
Classification of Electrophysical Agents
What types of light therapy are used in EPA?
Infrared Radiation (IRR) and Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR).
p.10
Classification of Electrophysical Agents
What personal factors are considered in the ICF model?
Age, gender, and profession.
p.15
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What occurs during the inflammatory phase?
Cleaning of the wound of cellular debris and inflammation response.
p.15
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What happens during the proliferative phase?
Formation of repair cells.
p.15
Soft Tissue Healing Process
Do the phases of soft tissue healing overlap?
Yes, the phases overlap with each other.
p.18
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What physical dysfunction can occur during the acute inflammatory phase?
Muscle spasm and loss of physical functions, such as walking.
p.25
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What is the remodeling phase in the healing of tendons and ligaments?
It is the final stage where the tissue matures and strengthens over time.
p.6
Classification of Electrophysical Agents
Is Microwave energy commonly used in EPA modalities?
No, it is not so commonly used now.
p.19
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What causes pain during the acute inflammatory response?
Increased pressure in the area due to swelling.
p.33
Evidence-Based Practice in Electrotherapy
Where can you find the lab manual for practical classes?
In the folder on Blackboard labeled 'Lab Manual'.
p.23
Skin Structure and Its Impact on Treatment
What are the main layers of the skin?
Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat, and muscle.
p.7
Electrophysical Agents (EPA) Overview
What are the principles of energy generation in modalities?
Understanding how energy is generated and delivered into the body.
p.10
Classification of Electrophysical Agents
What does 'Participation' refer to in the ICF framework?
Involvement in life situations, e.g. working.
What are the indications for using modalities in patients?
Specific conditions or situations that warrant their use.
p.7
Methods of Application
What are the methods of application for electrophysical agents?
Various techniques used to apply EPA.
p.9
Evidence-Based Practice in Electrotherapy
What do practitioners realize about evidence?
That evidence does not necessarily mean an answer.
p.28
Factors Affecting Healing Processes
How does compliance to treatment affect healing?
Higher compliance to treatment generally leads to better healing outcomes.
p.24
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What are the smallest units of a tendon?
Microfibrils, formed by Tropocollagen.
p.13
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
What should be done before deciding on a treatment for a patient?
Ask a series of questions to assess suitability.
p.22
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What role do leukotrienes play in inflammation?
Leukotrienes contribute to bronchoconstriction and increased vascular permeability.
p.22
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What is the significance of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in inflammation?
PAF promotes platelet aggregation and enhances vascular permeability.
p.17
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What is the role of endothelial cells in the inflammatory response?
They line blood vessels and facilitate the movement of immune cells to the site of injury.
p.27
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What are the three main processes involved in tissue healing?
Inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.
p.15
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What is the third phase of the soft tissue healing process?
Proliferative phase (Sub-Acute Phase).
p.29
Suggested EPA Treatments for Various Conditions
What are the suggested EPA treatments for muscle, tendon, and ligament healing?
Ultrasound, Low-Level LASER therapy, Extracorporeal shock wave therapy.
p.28
Factors Affecting Healing Processes
What role does the type of tissue play in the healing process?
The type of tissue, including its vascularity and thickness, affects healing.
p.1
Contraindications and Precautions for EPA
What is the significance of guidelines for the clinical use of electrophysical agents?
They provide recommendations for safe and effective use of electrophysical agents in treatment.
p.10
Classification of Electrophysical Agents
What does the second component of the ICF refer to?
Body functions and structures – physiological and psychological functions, and body anatomical components.
p.3
Classification of Electrophysical Agents
Name two deep thermal agents.
Shortwave Diathermy (SWD) and Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF).
p.15
Soft Tissue Healing Process
What is the second phase of the soft tissue healing process?
Inflammatory phase (Acute Phase).
p.29
Suggested EPA Treatments for Various Conditions
What EPA treatments are recommended for wound healing?
Thermotherapy, Low-Level LASER therapy, Ultraviolet, Magnetic therapy.
p.21
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What occurs during the maturation phase?
Tissue remodels and strengthens over time.
p.33
Evidence-Based Practice in Electrotherapy
What specific page should you read before the lab?
The page on 'Electrotherapy Process'.
p.10
Classification of Electrophysical Agents
What factors are included in the 'Environment' component of the ICF?
Climates, social structures, and lifestyle of the patient.
p.10
Classification of Electrophysical Agents
What is the treatment approach suggested in the ICF model?
Perform the treatment from 'Do the Thing Right' to 'Do the Right Thing'.
p.18
Inflammatory Response and Healing Phases
What causes 'Tumour' or swelling during inflammation?
Increased interstitial fluid and pressure.
