p.9
Edema Types and Mechanisms
What happens when proteins accumulate in the tissues?
It increases the pulling in of fluid, potentially leading to edema.
p.5
Starling's Hypothesis in Fluid Dynamics
What are the two types of oncotic factors in Starling's Hypothesis?
Blood oncotic and tissue oncotic factors.
p.3
Benign vs. Malignant Tumors
How does the body respond to slow-growing benign tumors?
The tissue around it encapsulates it with connective tissue.
p.9
Blood Hydrostatic and Oncotic Pressures
What does the gel matrix contribute to?
Filtration by pulling in fluid.
p.3
Benign vs. Malignant Tumors
What does it mean for benign tumor cells to be well differentiated?
It means they are close to being normal cells.
p.2
Tumor Cell Markers and Ectopic Hormones
What role do cell surface antigens play?
They allow the distinction between self and nonself.
p.7
Blood Hydrostatic and Oncotic Pressures
What happens to blood hydrostatic pressure (BH) when there is high blood pressure?
The line on the graph moves to the right, indicating an increase in BH pressure.
p.1
Role of Fibronectin in Cell Connectivity
What happens when fibronectin decreases?
Cells start to feel 'lonely' and may become isolated.
p.7
Edema Types and Mechanisms
What does edema indicate?
Accumulation of too much fluid in the tissues.
p.10
Lymphatic System and Fluid Regulation
What is tissue hydrostatic pressure's role in the lymphatic system?
It creates a sucking force that pulls lymph fluid into the venous blood.
p.12
Edema Types and Mechanisms
What role do collagen fibers play in fluid movement during edema?
They pull open the tissue as it swells, allowing more fluid to move.
p.9
Blood Hydrostatic and Oncotic Pressures
What is the matrix surrounding the cells described as?
A jello-like substance made of proteins.
p.9
Lymphatic System and Fluid Regulation
How are lymph ducts described?
Blind-ended with overlapping endothelial cells like shingles.
p.2
Tumor Cell Markers and Ectopic Hormones
What is an ectopic hormone?
A hormone being secreted outside of the cell that normally secretes it.
p.5
Starling's Hypothesis in Fluid Dynamics
What is the significance of interstitial space in relation to fluid volume?
It contains a lot of fluid and is the space between cells.
p.5
Starling's Hypothesis in Fluid Dynamics
What type of epithelium lines the capillaries?
Simple squamous epithelium.
p.3
Benign vs. Malignant Tumors
What is a potential consequence of a benign tumor in the thoracic cavity?
It can lead to pressure on surrounding structures, causing complications.
p.7
Edema Types and Mechanisms
What is the result of increased blood hydrostatic pressure?
More fluid is filtered into the tissues, leading to edema.
p.1
Impact of Proteases on Cancer Progression
What is plasmin and its role in cancer promotion?
Plasmin is an anti-clotting factor that can lead to uncontrolled bleeding and promote cancer spread.
p.12
Edema Types and Mechanisms
What is the state of tissue when fluid accumulation begins?
The tissue is elastic and not moving.
p.1
Promotion Phase of Cancer
What happens to gap junctions during the promotion phase?
There is a decrease in gap junctions, leading to loss of communication between cells.
p.1
Promotion Phase of Cancer
What are gap junctions?
Proteins that connect the cytoplasm of cells, facilitating communication.
p.1
Promotion Phase of Cancer
What are the three key changes in the promotion phase that lead to cell isolation?
Decrease in fibronectin, increase in protease, and decrease in gap junctions.
p.12
Edema Types and Mechanisms
What analogy is used to describe fluid movement through tissue?
Water moving through jello.
p.13
Edema Types and Mechanisms
What pressure must be exceeded for edema to occur?
17 mmHg worth of pressure.
p.8
Blood Hydrostatic and Oncotic Pressures
What is ascites?
Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity.
p.4
Metastasis and Organ Tropism
What is the sequence of events in tumor growth and metastasis?
Rapid growth leads to high metabolic demand, blood vessels grow, release proteases, erode blood vessels, and cancer enters the bloodstream.
p.4
Tumor Cell Markers and Ectopic Hormones
What effect does tumor necrotic factor have on insulin secretion?
It decreases insulin secretion, putting the body in a fasting state influenced by glucagon.
p.9
Edema Types and Mechanisms
What is myxedema?
A condition characterized by too much protein due to excessive connective tissue proteins.
p.3
Benign vs. Malignant Tumors
What is the growth rate of benign tumors?
They have slow mitotic growth.
p.2
Tumor Cell Markers and Ectopic Hormones
Which hormone is normally produced by the anterior pituitary to release cortisol?
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone).
p.3
Benign vs. Malignant Tumors
What can happen if a benign tumor is located in a confined space?
It can cause issues due to pressure on surrounding tissues.
p.2
Tumor Cell Markers and Ectopic Hormones
What is an example of an antigen that can be found in the blood?
A specific protease or any enzyme.
p.5
Starling's Hypothesis in Fluid Dynamics
What is bulk flow in the context of Starling's Hypothesis?
Fluid movement paracellularly between cells.
p.12
Edema Types and Mechanisms
What happens to fluid flow at a tissue hydrostatic pressure of -3 mmHg?
There is a normal flow rate.
p.2
Tumor Cell Markers and Ectopic Hormones
What is the Philadelphia chromosome associated with?
Chronic myelocytic leukemia.
p.11
Edema Types and Mechanisms
How do endothelial cells respond to tissue swelling?
They open up to allow more fluid to be pulled in.
p.7
Blood Hydrostatic and Oncotic Pressures
What happens to blood hydrostatic pressure when blood volume is lost?
The line on the graph moves to the left, indicating a decrease in BH pressure.
p.10
Edema Types and Mechanisms
What is pitted edema?
Fluid displacement that occurs when pressure is applied, similar to a sponge.
p.10
Edema Types and Mechanisms
What is myxedema?
A type of non-pitted edema where fluid cannot be displaced due to protein attachment.
p.10
Edema Types and Mechanisms
What is lymph edema?
A condition where tissue hydrostatic pressure is affected, leading to fluid accumulation.
p.13
Lymphatic System and Fluid Regulation
What happens to tissue proteins as fluid moves down collagen fibers?
They are washed out into the lymphatic fluid.
p.13
Lymphatic System and Fluid Regulation
What occurs when endothelial cells open during fluid accumulation?
More fluid can come through, forming rivers of fluid along collagen fibers.
p.8
Blood Hydrostatic and Oncotic Pressures
What can cause ascites?
Low protein from liver failure or congestive heart failure (CHF).
p.4
Impact of Proteases on Cancer Progression
How does being in a fasting state affect blood nutrient levels in cancer patients?
It increases blood nutrient levels, which fuels the metabolic demand of the tumor.
p.9
Lymphatic System and Fluid Regulation
What do lymphatics cue us to consider?
Tissue hydrostatic pressure.
p.5
Starling's Hypothesis in Fluid Dynamics
What are the two types of hydrostatic factors in Starling's Hypothesis?
Blood hydrostatic and tissue hydrostatic factors.
p.3
Benign vs. Malignant Tumors
Why do benign tumors not metastasize?
Because they are encapsulated and do not enter the blood.
p.1
Promotion Phase of Cancer
What is the role of mutation in the promotion phase of cancer?
The mutation leads to uncontrolled mitosis in cells.
p.1
Role of Fibronectin in Cell Connectivity
What is fibronectin?
A connective tissue protein that connects cells to surrounding connective tissue.
p.3
Benign vs. Malignant Tumors
What is an example of a benign tumor causing issues in a confined space?
A benign tumor in the pituitary gland can release growth hormone and crush surrounding cells.
p.7
Blood Hydrostatic and Oncotic Pressures
What condition can cause high blood pressure leading to increased BH pressure?
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF).
p.11
Lymphatic System and Fluid Regulation
What role do lymphatics play in fluid regulation?
They act as a backup against overflowing by managing extra filtration.
p.1
Impact of Proteases on Cancer Progression
What is the effect of increased protease activity?
Proteases break down proteins, including fibronectin, leading to cell isolation.
p.10
Lymphatic System and Fluid Regulation
What analogy is used to describe the function of lymph ducts?
The New Orleans sewer system, where one-way valves prevent backflow.
p.6
Blood Hydrostatic and Oncotic Pressures
What is the primary function of blood oncotic pressure?
To pull fluid in due to blood proteins.
p.12
Edema Types and Mechanisms
What indicates the start of fluid accumulation in tissues?
When tissue hydrostatic pressure moves from -3 to 0 mmHg.
p.2
Tumor Cell Markers and Ectopic Hormones
What genetic event leads to the formation of the Philadelphia chromosome?
A translocation issue where part of a chromosome is added to another.
p.11
Edema Types and Mechanisms
Why do endothelial cells overlap?
To allow for opening and pulling in more fluid when necessary.
p.2
Tumor Cell Markers and Ectopic Hormones
What results from the translocation involving the Philadelphia chromosome?
Two proto-oncogenes sitting next to each other, leading to cancer.
p.7
Blood Hydrostatic and Oncotic Pressures
What are some causes of losing blood volume?
Diarrhea, urinating, hemorrhaging.
p.10
Edema Types and Mechanisms
How does the presence of proteins affect water retention in tissues?
More proteins lead to more water retention due to their negative charge.
p.12
Edema Types and Mechanisms
How does the compliance of tissue change as fluid accumulates?
The tissue becomes more compliant due to the action of collagen fibers.
p.13
Lymphatic System and Fluid Regulation
What is the role of collagen fibers in fluid movement?
They direct water fluid like a river towards the lymph ducts.
p.10
Edema Types and Mechanisms
What happens when fluid accumulates around the lungs?
It results in pleurisy, which is fluid accumulation in the pleural space.
p.13
Lymphatic System and Fluid Regulation
What is the significance of osmotic pull in this process?
Proteins have osmotic pull, which adds to the sucking force, pulling more fluid.
p.13
Edema Types and Mechanisms
What is the relationship between fluid movement and edema?
Increased fluid movement can lead to edema if pressure exceeds 17 mmHg.
p.10
Lymphatic System and Fluid Regulation
What are lymph nodes responsible for in the lymphatic system?
They filter lymph fluid and contain white blood cells (WBCs).
p.2
Tumor Cell Markers and Ectopic Hormones
What is Alpha Fetal Protein associated with?
It is considered a negative marker in cancer diagnosis.
p.5
Starling's Hypothesis in Fluid Dynamics
In which direction does blood flow in the capillary system according to Starling's Hypothesis?
From the arterial end towards the venule end.
p.10
Lymphatic System and Fluid Regulation
What is the role of one-way valves in lymph ducts?
They ensure unidirectional flow of lymph fluid.
p.1
Impact of Proteases on Cancer Progression
How do proteases affect clotting?
The release of proteases makes it difficult to clot, allowing cancer cells to break free and enter blood vessels.
p.12
Edema Types and Mechanisms
What happens to fluid flow when tissue hydrostatic pressure increases from 0 to 7 mmHg?
Flow starts to increase as more fluid is moved through the tissue.
p.7
Blood Hydrostatic and Oncotic Pressures
What happens to fluid movement when blood hydrostatic pressure decreases?
More fluid is reabsorbed from the tissues into the blood.
p.7
Blood Hydrostatic and Oncotic Pressures
What is an example of a treatment that helps restore blood volume?
Giving an IV (intravenous fluid).
p.10
Edema Types and Mechanisms
What is the effect of fluid accumulation around the heart?
It creates pressure on the heart, affecting its function.
p.8
Blood Hydrostatic and Oncotic Pressures
What happens when blood hydrostatic pressure drops?
Fluid is reabsorbed from tissues into the blood to add volume.
p.4
Impact of Proteases on Cancer Progression
What is the relationship between rapid mitosis and metabolic demand in tumors?
Rapid mitosis results in high metabolic demand, but tumors may lack blood vessels, leading to ischemia.
p.8
Blood Hydrostatic and Oncotic Pressures
What effect does increasing blood protein have on filtration and reabsorption?
It results in filtering less and reabsorbing more.
p.7
Blood Hydrostatic and Oncotic Pressures
What is the relationship between blood volume and pressure?
Volume equals pressure; losing blood volume results in lower pressure.
p.6
Blood Hydrostatic and Oncotic Pressures
What occurs if the liver fails in terms of blood protein production?
Decreased production of albumin, affecting blood oncotic pressure.
p.10
Edema Types and Mechanisms
What is ascites?
Fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity, creating a potential space.
p.13
Lymphatic System and Fluid Regulation
What does the lymphatic system function like?
A drainage system designed to prevent edema.
p.8
Blood Hydrostatic and Oncotic Pressures
What are three causes of albumin loss in urine?
Liver malfunction, kidney failure, and starvation.
p.4
Impact of Proteases on Cancer Progression
What role do tumor angiogenesis factors play in malignant tumors?
They promote the growth of blood vessels to supply the metabolic demand of the tumor tissue.
p.13
Lymphatic System and Fluid Regulation
How does the lymphatic system adapt to fluid movement?
It modifies its drainage capacity based on the amount of fluid being moved.
p.4
Metastasis and Organ Tropism
What is organ tropism in the context of cancer?
Some cancers have a tendency to metastasize to specific organs while traveling through the blood.
p.4
Malignant vs. Benign Tumors
What does varying degrees of anaplasia in malignant tumors indicate?
Different levels of differentiation, with more stem/fetal cells indicating more malignancy and mitosis.
p.4
Impact of Proteases on Cancer Progression
How do proteases affect blood vessels in tumors?
Proteases can break through blood vessels, leading to the release of active plasmin.
p.4
Metastasis and Organ Tropism
How does colorectal cancer typically metastasize?
It enters capillaries, drains into the hepatic portal vein, and goes into the liver.
