p.21
Influence of Amino Acid Composition on Protein Structure
What is the role of R groups in proteins?
R groups contribute to the overall structure of a protein through their interactions.
p.17
Denaturation of Proteins and Its Effects
What happens to proteins that are unfolded or incorrectly-folded?
They are said to be denatured.
p.11
Primary Structure of Proteins and Amino Acids
What is the full amino acid sequence for the given example?
serylyglycyltyrosylalanylleucine.
p.18
Denaturation of Proteins and Its Effects
What occurs to proteins when they are cooked?
They become unfolded and tangled.
p.8
Primary Structure of Proteins and Amino Acids
What distinguishes the different amino acids in proteins?
Different R groups attached to the α-Carbon.
p.19
Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins
What device is known for unboiling an egg?
The Vortex Fluidic Device.
p.2
Importance of Proteins in Biological Functions
What is one function of proteins in cellular transport?
Transport of metabolites across cell membranes.
p.7
Primary Structure of Proteins and Amino Acids
What is the primary structure of proteins?
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
p.3
Importance of Proteins in Biological Functions
What is the role of proteins in muscle contraction?
They facilitate protein-protein interactions, such as between actin and myosin.
p.13
Primary Structure of Proteins and Amino Acids
What defines a polypeptide?
A chain of more than 80 amino acids.
p.14
Insulin Structure and Classification
What type of protein is insulin?
Insulin is a multimeric protein.
p.11
Primary Structure of Proteins and Amino Acids
What is the amino acid sequence?
The order in which the 20 different amino acids are arranged.
p.7
Primary Structure of Proteins and Amino Acids
What is the zwitterionic form of amino acids?
The ionised form that exists in neutral aqueous solutions.
p.18
Denaturation of Proteins and Its Effects
What type of bond remains intact during protein denaturation?
Covalent bonds, such as peptide bonds.
p.13
Primary Structure of Proteins and Amino Acids
What is a protein?
A structure consisting of one or more polypeptides.
p.21
Influence of Amino Acid Composition on Protein Structure
What is necessary for the overall structure of a protein?
The concerted action of all amino acid interactions.
p.4
Importance of Proteins in Biological Functions
Why are proteins essential to life?
They play crucial roles in various biological functions.
p.1
Classes of Proteins: Structural, Enzymes, Membrane Proteins
What are the three main classes of proteins?
Structural proteins, enzymes, and membrane proteins.
p.7
Primary Structure of Proteins and Amino Acids
What is the non-ionised form of amino acids?
The form where amino acids do not carry a charge.
p.13
Primary Structure of Proteins and Amino Acids
What is a subunit in a multimeric protein?
A single polypeptide within the protein.
p.9
Peptide Bonds and Polypeptide Formation
What is required for the formation of a peptide bond?
The loss of a water molecule.
p.2
Importance of Proteins in Biological Functions
What role do proteins play in muscle contraction?
They facilitate protein-protein interactions, such as actin and myosin.
p.19
Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins
What forces does the Vortex Fluidic Device apply?
Centrifugal, pressure, and water movement.
p.22
Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins
How are membrane proteins structured in relation to their environment?
They are inside-out, with hydrophobic amino acid side chains in contact with membrane lipids.
p.4
Classes of Proteins: Structural, Enzymes, Membrane Proteins
What is the TRPV cation channel?
A type of protein involved in transporting ions across cell membranes.
p.1
Classes of Proteins: Structural, Enzymes, Membrane Proteins
What role do enzymes play in biological processes?
They act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.
p.13
Primary Structure of Proteins and Amino Acids
What is a multi-meric protein?
A protein made up of two or more polypeptides.
p.12
Insulin Structure and Classification
What is the primary function of insulin?
To regulate blood glucose levels.
p.1
Importance of Proteins in Biological Functions
Why are proteins essential for life?
They play crucial roles in various biological functions.
p.18
Denaturation of Proteins and Its Effects
What happens to non-covalent bonds during denaturation?
They break, while covalent bonds remain intact.
p.1
Classes of Proteins: Structural, Enzymes, Membrane Proteins
What are membrane proteins?
Proteins that are part of or interact with cell membranes.
p.13
Primary Structure of Proteins and Amino Acids
What is a hetero-meric protein?
A protein with different subunits.
p.21
Influence of Amino Acid Composition on Protein Structure
What influences the three-dimensional structure of a protein?
The amino acid composition and the bonds holding the structure together.
p.14
Insulin Structure and Classification
What does it mean that insulin is heteromeric?
It means insulin is composed of different subunits.
p.5
Primary Structure of Proteins and Amino Acids
What is unique about the fourth substituent in amino acids?
It is the R group, which varies among different amino acids.
p.2
Importance of Proteins in Biological Functions
What role do proteins play in immune responses?
They function as antibodies.
p.18
Denaturation of Proteins and Its Effects
What is an example of protein denaturation?
Cooking (heating) an egg.
p.8
Primary Structure of Proteins and Amino Acids
Which isomer of amino acids do proteins contain?
L-isomers (S) of the amino acids.
p.19
Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins
What is the main function of the Vortex Fluidic Device?
To facilitate the folding of proteins.
p.4
Importance of Proteins in Biological Functions
What is one function of proteins related to cell membranes?
Transport of metabolites across cell membranes.
p.3
Importance of Proteins in Biological Functions
Why are proteins essential to life?
They play crucial roles in various biological functions.
p.22
Influence of Amino Acid Composition on Protein Structure
Where are non-polar (hydrophobic) amino acid side-chains found in globular proteins?
On the inside, 'hiding' from water.
p.2
Importance of Proteins in Biological Functions
How do proteins regulate gene expression?
Through protein-DNA interactions.
p.5
Primary Structure of Proteins and Amino Acids
What groups do all amino acids (except proline) contain?
An acidic carboxyl group, a basic amino group, and an α hydrogen.
p.2
Importance of Proteins in Biological Functions
How do proteins contribute to nerve activity?
By forming structures like the myelin sheath.
p.1
Classes of Proteins: Structural, Enzymes, Membrane Proteins
What is the function of structural proteins?
They provide support and shape to cells and tissues.
p.12
Insulin Structure and Classification
What is the significance of insulin's three-dimensional structure?
It is crucial for its biological activity.
p.13
Primary Structure of Proteins and Amino Acids
What is a homo-meric protein?
A protein where all subunits are the same.
p.17
Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins
What shape do proteins typically fold into?
Specific and often compact (globular) three-dimensional shapes.
p.22
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Interactions in Protein Folding
What does the phrase 'Like dissolves like' imply in protein structure?
It suggests that polar (hydrophilic) amino acids interact with water, while non-polar (hydrophobic) amino acids avoid it.
p.22
Influence of Amino Acid Composition on Protein Structure
Where are polar (hydrophilic) amino acid side-chains located in globular proteins?
On the outside, in contact with water.
p.13
Primary Structure of Proteins and Amino Acids
What is a peptide?
A chain of 2 to ~20 amino acids.
