p.18
Swallowing Mechanism (Deglutition)
How does the hyoid apparatus contribute to swallowing?
The hyoid apparatus pulls the larynx forward.
p.8
Anatomy of the Pharynx
What type of epithelium lines the laryngopharynx?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
p.16
Muscular Control of Pharyngeal Function
Where do all the pharyngeal wall muscles insert?
Onto the roof of the pharynx, specifically the dorsal and lateral arches.
p.12
Structure and Function of the Soft Palate
Which muscle raises the soft palate during swallowing and mouth breathing? Location within soft palate?
<p>The Levator veli palatini muscle. Within caudal side wall </p>
p.23
Anatomy of the Pharynx
What is the external carotid artery responsible for?
Supplying blood to the face and neck.
p.23
Anatomy of the Pharynx
Muscle inside guttural pouch (NOTE LC and MC are lateral and medial compartments)
<p>Longus capitus muscle </p>
p.7
Anatomy of the Pharynx
What is the rostral and caudal margin of the oropharynx?
<p>The rostral margin is the oral cavity. Caudal is laryngopharynx </p>
p.7
Anatomy of the Pharynx
What type of epithelium lines the oropharynx?
The oropharynx is lined with stratified squamous epithelium.
p.20
Guttural Pouch Anatomy in Horses
What is a proposed function of the guttural pouch in horses?
It may cool blood to the brain.
p.7
Anatomy of the Pharynx
What are the dorsal and ventral margins of the oropharynx?
The dorsal margin is the soft palate and the ventral margin is the tongue.
p.8
Anatomy of the Pharynx
What is the rostral margin of the laryngopharynx?
The free tip of the soft palate.
p.3
Anatomy of the Pharynx
What are the main divisions of the pharynx?
The main divisions of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
p.16
Muscular Control of Pharyngeal Function
What is the name of the single muscle associated dilation of the with the pharyngeal wall?
Stylopharyngeus caudalis.
p.5
Anatomy of the Pharynx
What is located at the caudal margin of the nasopharynx?
The caudal margin of the nasopharynx is the laryngopharynx.
p.20
Guttural Pouch Anatomy in Horses
What are the margins of the guttural pouch in horses?
<p>The dorsal margin is the base of the skull. Ventral: laryngopharynx and oesophagus. Lateral: skin. Medial: septum </p>
p.3
Anatomy of the Pharynx
What is the pharynx?
The pharynx is a common cavity for food and ingesta, connecting the oral cavity ventrally with the esophagus dorsally, and the nasal cavity dorsally with the larynx and trachea ventrally.
p.23
Nervous Innervation of the Pharynx
Cranial nerves passing through / near the guttural pouch which can be seen in the image
<p>Cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XII (hypoglossal)</p>
p.18
Swallowing Mechanism (Deglutition)
What role does the palatopharyngeal arch play in swallowing?
The palatopharyngeal arch constricts.
p.5
Anatomy of the Pharynx
What is the rostral margin of the nasopharynx?
The rostral margin of the nasopharynx is the choanae, which is the opening of the nasal cavity into the nasopharynx.
p.6
Anatomy of the Pharynx
What is the nasopharyngeal recess (D on diagram)? Note also on diagram, R and L are entrances to the guttural pouch
It is a caudodorsal extension of the nasopharynx found in most ungulates, and it is blind ending.
p.8
Anatomy of the Pharynx
What forms the caudal margin of the laryngopharynx?
The larynx and the opening of the oesophagus.
p.23
Anatomy of the Pharynx
Blood vessels passing through / near the guttural pouch which can be seen in the image
<p>Internal carotid artery, external carotid artery </p>
p.22
Guttural Pouch Anatomy in Horses
How can the guttural pouch in horses be accessed?
The guttural pouch can be accessed through slits that drain into the nasopharynx.
p.24
Guttural Pouch Diseases
What is a bacterial disease associated with the guttural pouch in horses?
Strangles caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. equi.
p.16
Muscular Control of Pharyngeal Function
What are the three regions of the pharyngeal wall muscles?
Rostral (Palatopharyngeal), Middle (Hypopharyngeal), Caudal (Thyropharyngeal).
p.16
Nervous Innervation of the Pharynx
Which nerves are responsible for the innervation of the pharyngeal wall?
Vagus nerve (X) and hypoglossal nerve (XII).
p.23
Anatomy of the Pharynx
What are the two compartments that the stylohyoid bone divides into?
Lateral and medial compartments.
p.16
Swallowing Mechanism (Deglutition)
What is the function of the pharyngeal wall muscles?
<p>Important for the passage of food </p>
p.5
Anatomy of the Pharynx
What is the ventral margin of the nasopharynx?
The ventral margin of the nasopharynx is the soft palate, which is soft tissue continuous with the palatine bone.
p.19
Guttural Pouch Anatomy in Horses
What is the location of the auditory tube in all species?
The auditory tube runs from the nasopharynx to the middle ear.
p.24
Guttural Pouch Diseases
What are the signs of fungal mycosis in the guttural pouch?
Signs depend on the location of plaques, such as epistaxis if over an artery or neurological disease if over a nerve.
p.12
Structure and Function of the Soft Palate
What is the primary function of the soft palate?
The soft palate divides the pharynx.
p.23
Anatomy of the Pharynx
Lymph node visible in guttural pouch
<p>Pharyngeal lymph node </p>
p.18
Swallowing Mechanism (Deglutition)
What does the epiglottis do during swallowing?
The epiglottis flips back to cover the tracheal opening.
p.19
Guttural Pouch Anatomy in Horses
What is the guttural pouch in horses?
The guttural pouch is a large diverticulum of the auditory tube.
p.12
Structure and Function of the Soft Palate
What type of structure is the soft palate?
The soft palate is a flexible muscular structure.
p.12
Structure and Function of the Soft Palate
What is the role of the Tensor veli palatini muscle? How is it located in the soft palate?
<p>It causes lateral traction and tension on the soft palate. Within rostral side wall </p>
p.12
Nervous Innervation of the Pharynx
Which nerve innervates the soft palate?
The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve.
p.18
Swallowing Mechanism (Deglutition)
What action does the tongue perform in the swallowing process?
The tongue pushes food into the esophagus.
p.5
Anatomy of the Pharynx
What type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?
The nasopharynx is lined with respiratory epithelium.
p.5
Anatomy of the Pharynx
What forms the lateral and dorsal margins of the nasopharynx?
The lateral and dorsal margins of the nasopharynx are formed by the pharyngeal wall.
Notable information about the anatomy of the pig's soft palate
<p>Has long soft palate (past trachea, almost into oesophagus) </p>
Swallowing process - lengthy 5-step description
<ol class="tight" data-tight="true"><li><p>Soft palate elevated to obstruct nasopharynx and open oropharynx </p></li><li><p>Palatopharyngeal arch constricts </p></li><li><p>Hyoid apparatus pulls larynx forward </p></li><li><p>Epiglottis flips back to cover tracheal opening</p></li><li><p>Tongue pushes food into oesophagus </p></li></ol><p></p>
Three structures that make up Viborg's triangle
<p>Ramus of mandible, Sternomandibularis muscle, linguofacial vein </p>
