p.1
Social Structure Theory: Durkheim's Insights + Strain Theory
What do social structure theories emphasize?
The impact of social and economic structures on criminal behavior.
p.1
Conflict Theory: Marx and Engels
What is the conflict theory's perspective on crime?
That crime is a result of social and economic inequalities.
p.1
Social Structure Theory: Durkheim's Insights + Strain Theory
What does strain theory propose?
That societal pressures can lead individuals to commit crimes when they cannot achieve culturally approved goals.
p.2
Definition and Scope of Criminology
What is the definition of criminology?
The study of the nature, causes, and means of dealing with crime.
p.2
Definition and Scope of Criminology
How are theories of criminal behavior related to society?
They are linked to the underlying beliefs and priorities of a society.
p.2
Definition and Scope of Criminology
What are the roots of the word 'criminology'?
Crimen (crime) + Logos (doctrine).
p.3
Historical Perspectives on Criminal Behavior
How was criminal behavior viewed in early societies?
It was often attributed to an evil influence or possession by the Devil.
p.1
Definition and Scope of Criminology
What is the focus of criminology?
Theories on the causes of criminal behavior.
p.1
Biological and Psychological Theories of Crime
What do biological theories of crime suggest?
That genetic and physiological factors influence criminal behavior.
p.1
Biological and Psychological Theories of Crime
What is the main idea behind psychological theories of crime?
That individual psychological traits and mental health issues can lead to criminal behavior.
p.3
Historical Perspectives on Criminal Behavior
What were common methods for dealing with individuals exhibiting criminal behavior in early societies?
Identifying and exorcising the evil influence or removing the individual from society.
p.5
Historical Perspectives on Criminal Behavior
How did the field of science impact theories of criminal behavior?
It shifted the understanding from religious to scientific explanations.
p.16
Social Structure Theory: Durkheim's Insights + Strain Theory
What creates strain in society according to Strain Theory?
The gap between societal expectations and limited opportunities.
p.8
Lombroso's Positivist School and Born Criminals
What concept did Lombroso introduce regarding criminals?
The idea that some people are 'born criminals'.
p.19
Contemporary Biological and Neurophysiological Theories
How can abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex affect behavior?
They can impair a person's ability to regulate emotions and behavior, leading to increased aggression or poor decision-making.
p.18
Contemporary Biological and Neurophysiological Theories
What factors can cause hormone or chemical imbalances that influence criminal behavior?
Diet, drug use, or genetic factors.
p.17
Social Structure Theory: Durkheim's Insights + Strain Theory
What societal factors are often associated with strain theory?
Poverty, lack of education, and social inequality.
p.4
Trial by Ordeal and Medieval Justice
How was guilt or innocence determined in a trial by ordeal?
By subjecting the accused to a painful or dangerous experience.
p.4
Trial by Ordeal and Medieval Justice
What type of experiences were involved in trial by ordeal?
Painful, unpleasant, or dangerous experiences.
p.15
Social Structure Theory: Durkheim's Insights + Strain Theory
What did Durkheim argue was the cause of crime rates in cities?
The loss of traditional values and bonds as people moved to big cities.
p.8
Lombroso's Positivist School and Born Criminals
What is another term for Lombroso's approach to criminology?
Anthropological criminology.
p.6
Classical Criminology: Beccaria and Bentham
What did Beccaria argue regarding punishments?
They should effectively deter crime.
p.14
Conflict Theory: Marx and Engels
What does Conflict Theory argue about the definition of 'criminal'?
It reflects the interests of the powerful rather than a universal sense of right and wrong.
p.15
Social Structure Theory: Durkheim's Insights + Strain Theory
How did urbanization affect individuals according to Durkheim?
It caused isolation and a disconnection from society.
p.7
Classical Criminology: Beccaria and Bentham
When should punishment be used according to Bentham?
Only when it prevents greater harm and is proportionate to the crime.
p.16
Social Structure Theory: Durkheim's Insights + Strain Theory
What is the main idea of Strain Theory?
It suggests that the emphasis on wealth and power leads individuals without quality education or good job access to break the law to achieve their goals.
p.18
Contemporary Biological and Neurophysiological Theories
How are scientists expanding their understanding of criminal behavior?
By learning more about body and brain functioning, and the impact of diet and drugs.
p.7
Classical Criminology: Beccaria and Bentham
How should laws and punishments be designed according to Bentham?
To maximize societal happiness by deterring criminal behavior.
p.7
Classical Criminology: Beccaria and Bentham
What concept in criminal justice was shaped by Bentham's ideas?
The concept of deterrence.
p.10
Lombroso's Positivist School and Born Criminals
What are phrenology and physiognomy?
Phrenology is the study of skull shapes to determine personality traits, while physiognomy involves assessing character from facial features; both were used to explain criminal behavior.
p.4
Trial by Ordeal and Medieval Justice
What belief supported the practice of trial by ordeal?
That if the individual was innocent, God would protect them during the ordeal.
p.15
Social Structure Theory: Durkheim's Insights + Strain Theory
Who is Emile Durkheim?
A sociologist known for his contributions to social structure theory.
p.19
Contemporary Biological and Neurophysiological Theories
What has enabled the recognition of abnormal brain development or functioning?
Brain monitoring and imaging.
p.8
Lombroso's Positivist School and Born Criminals
What did Lombroso believe about the physical characteristics of criminals?
That they were physically different from non-criminals.
p.10
Lombroso's Positivist School and Born Criminals
What was Lombroso’s theory of the 'born criminal'?
Lombroso theorized that some individuals are biologically predisposed to criminal behavior, identifiable by physical features.
p.18
Contemporary Biological and Neurophysiological Theories
What do contemporary biological trait theories suggest about criminal behavior?
They suggest that biological or congenital traits and chemical imbalances can predispose individuals to criminal behavior.
p.13
Conflict Theory: Marx and Engels
What causes crime according to the conflict theory proposed by Marx and Engels?
Crime arises when individuals, particularly from disadvantaged groups, react to oppression and exploitation.
p.7
Classical Criminology: Beccaria and Bentham
According to Bentham, why do individuals commit crimes?
They believe the benefits of committing the crime outweigh the consequences.
p.6
Classical Criminology: Beccaria and Bentham
What does Beccaria's theory emphasize about crime?
Crime is a rational choice made based on a cost-benefit analysis.
p.10
Lombroso's Positivist School and Born Criminals
Who was Cesare Lombroso?
An Italian physician and criminologist who is considered a founder of the positivist school of criminology.
p.9
Biological and Psychological Theories of Crime
What physical features were associated with a lack of evolution according to certain theories?
Sloping forehead, large ears, pronounced jaw, long arms.
p.9
Biological and Psychological Theories of Crime
How have the theories regarding congenital defects and crime been viewed today?
They have been largely discredited.
p.17
Social Structure Theory: Durkheim's Insights + Strain Theory
How did societal pressures contribute to the criminal behavior in the Ferguson case?
Poverty, systemic inequality, and lack of educational opportunities in the community created a sense of frustration and hopelessness, leading to protests and, in some instances, criminal behavior.
p.11
Psychoanalytic Theory: Freud's Contributions
What are the three parts of the psyche according to Freud?
The id, the ego, and the superego.
p.6
Classical Criminology: Beccaria and Bentham
What foundation did Beccaria's work lay for modern society?
Criminal justice reform advocating for fair laws and against harsh punishments.
p.13
Conflict Theory: Marx and Engels
What is the main argument of Marx and Engels in the Communist Manifesto regarding criminal behavior?
Criminal behavior is linked to social and economic inequalities in societies.
p.16
Social Structure Theory: Durkheim's Insights + Strain Theory
How do traditional and social media influence criminal behavior according to Strain Theory?
They 'advertise' the lifestyles of the rich and famous, creating pressure on individuals to attain similar comforts.
p.10
Lombroso's Positivist School and Born Criminals
How does Ted Bundy's case challenge Lombroso’s theory?
Bundy was physically attractive and charismatic, contradicting Lombroso's idea that criminals can be identified by their appearance.
p.12
Psychoanalytic Theory: Freud's Contributions
What did Freud believe about unresolved psychological conflicts?
They could manifest as deviant behavior later in life.
p.12
Psychoanalytic Theory: Freud's Contributions
What is Psychoanalysis according to Freud?
A method of dealing with repressed or unconscious memories.
p.7
Classical Criminology: Beccaria and Bentham
What is the basis of Jeremy Bentham's theory of utilitarianism?
The pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.
p.15
Social Structure Theory: Durkheim's Insights + Strain Theory
What feeling did individuals experience in large cities, according to Durkheim?
A feeling that they were not playing a meaningful role in society.
p.19
Contemporary Biological and Neurophysiological Theories
What factors are explored as potential contributors to deviant or criminal actions?
Brain injuries and hormonal imbalances.
p.13
Conflict Theory: Marx and Engels
According to Marx and Engels, what role do laws and the criminal justice system play?
They are tools used by the ruling class to maintain power and control over the working class.
p.8
Biological and Psychological Theories of Crime
What did individuals in the 1900s begin to explore regarding criminal behavior?
Biological and psychological reasons.
p.11
Psychoanalytic Theory: Freud's Contributions
What did Sigmund Freud believe caused criminal behavior?
Mental illness or a weak conscience.
p.6
Classical Criminology: Beccaria and Bentham
What motivates individuals to commit crimes according to Beccaria?
Self-interest, when the benefits outweigh the consequences.
p.11
Psychoanalytic Theory: Freud's Contributions
What can lead to criminal behavior according to Freud?
An imbalance between the id, ego, and superego.
p.5
Historical Perspectives on Criminal Behavior
What did secular theories of criminal behavior emphasize?
The role of the government rather than the Church.
p.18
Contemporary Biological and Neurophysiological Theories
What is an example of a condition that can predispose someone to criminal behavior?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS).
p.16
Social Structure Theory: Durkheim's Insights + Strain Theory
What is the outcome of the strain between societal expectations and limited opportunities?
It leads to criminal behavior as individuals seek to achieve their goals.
p.17
Social Structure Theory: Durkheim's Insights + Strain Theory
What is strain theory?
A theory that suggests individuals turn to crime when they experience a disconnect between societal goals and the means available to achieve them.
p.10
Lombroso's Positivist School and Born Criminals
How did Lombroso’s theories reflect late 19th-century thinking?
His theories often linked race with criminality, reflecting the era's scientific racism and social Darwinism.
p.5
Historical Perspectives on Criminal Behavior
What significant historical events influenced new approaches to studying crime in the early 1500s?
The Scientific Revolution and the Reformation.
p.9
Biological and Psychological Theories of Crime
What shift did certain theories mark in the understanding of crime?
From viewing crime as a rational choice to seeing it as a product of biological and psychological factors.
p.17
Social Structure Theory: Durkheim's Insights + Strain Theory
What is a real-life case that exemplifies strain theory?
The case of the 2014 Ferguson protests following the shooting of Michael Brown.
p.6
Classical Criminology: Beccaria and Bentham
What is the title of Beccaria's influential book?
On Crimes and Punishments.
p.11
Psychoanalytic Theory: Freud's Contributions
What can happen if the id's impulses are too strong?
Individuals may act out in antisocial ways, including committing crimes.
p.10
Lombroso's Positivist School and Born Criminals
How do Lombroso’s ideas compare to modern understandings of criminal behavior?
Modern theories consider a combination of psychological, social, and biological factors, rather than relying solely on physical characteristics.
