What is eXtreme Programming (XP)?
An agile software development methodology that focuses on technical excellence and customer satisfaction.
What is the Scrum framework?
An agile framework for managing and completing complex projects through iterative progress.
p.3
Information Systems Analysis and Design
What is Information Systems Analysis and Design?
A complex, challenging, and stimulating organizational process used by a team of business and systems professionals to develop and maintain information systems.
p.3
Information Systems Analysis and Design
What is the purpose of Application Software?
To support organizational functions or processes.
p.3
Role of Systems Analyst
What is the role of a Systems Analyst?
The organizational role most responsible for the analysis and design of information systems.
p.4
Information Systems Analysis and Design
What drives an organizational approach to systems analysis and design?
Methodologies, techniques, and tools.
p.5
Modern Approaches to System Development
What was the primary goal of systems analysis and design in the 1950s to 1970s?
Efficiency of processing.
p.2
Information Systems Analysis and Design
What is information systems analysis and design?
The process of examining and creating information systems to meet specific needs.
p.2
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
What does the information systems development life cycle (SDLC) refer to?
A structured process for developing information systems through various phases.
What are agile methodologies?
Approaches to software development that emphasize flexibility, collaboration, and customer feedback.
What is the first key principle of Agile methodologies?
A focus on adaptive rather than predictive methodologies.
What is a key characteristic of Agile methodologies compared to traditional engineering methodologies?
Agile methodologies are adapted for real-world software development.
What occurs during the Implementation phase of the SDLC?
The information system is coded, tested, installed, and supported in the organization.
What is the primary goal of the Agile Manifesto?
To uncover better ways of developing software by doing it and helping others do it.
p.14
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
What does the heart of systems development refer to?
The location of activities and the specific sequencing of steps in a project.
p.27
Challenges in Agile Implementation
What knowledge is necessary for successful Agile implementation?
Knowledge about agile throughout the organization.
p.8
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
What happens at the end of the useful life in the SDLC?
It leads to the start of another cycle.
What does the Scrum framework include?
Scrum teams with associated roles, events, artifacts, and rules.
p.27
Challenges in Agile Implementation
What is a key challenge in implementing the Agile approach?
Requires top management support.
p.6
Modern Approaches to System Development
What major breakthrough occurred in the 1980s and 1990s in systems analysis and design?
Microcomputers became key organizational tools.
What does eXtreme Programming reinforce?
Other practices in eXtreme Programming.
What outputs are generated during the Implementation phase of SDLC?
Code, documentation, training procedures, and support capabilities.
What role do customers play in eXtreme Programming?
Customers monitor the development process.
What is the purpose of the Sprint Review meeting in Scrum?
To focus on the product, what has been accomplished, and what needs to be done.
What is the second key principle of Agile methodologies?
A focus on people rather than roles.
What does the SDLC feature?
Several phases that mark the progress of systems analysis and design efforts.
What advantage does Agile development offer to managers and programmers?
More choice in producing good systems that come in on time and under budget.
Why might changes be required during the Maintenance phase?
Because the organization’s needs may change over time, requiring adjustments to the system based on user needs.
What are the main products of the Planning phase in SDLC?
Priorities for system and projects, architecture for data and networks, detailed work plan, system scope specification, resource assignment, and system justification.
p.15
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
What is the cost implication of making changes in the waterfall SDLC?
It incurs great expense to make changes.
What is the key characteristic of the evolutionary model?
It is a spiral process cycling through phases at different levels.
Who originated the Scrum methodology?
Sutherland and Schwaber in 1995.
p.15
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
What is the main characteristic of the traditional waterfall SDLC?
Once one phase ends, another begins, following a sequential process.
What does the Analysis phase require careful study of?
Current systems, both manual and computerized, that might be replaced or enhanced.
p.15
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
How is the role of system users or customers defined in the waterfall SDLC?
Their role is narrowly defined.
What is emphasized in eXtreme Programming regarding team structure?
Two-person programming teams.
p.7
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
What is the primary purpose of the SDLC?
To develop, maintain, and replace information systems.
What is identified during the Planning phase of the SDLC?
The need for a new or enhanced system.
p.8
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Is the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) a linear process?
No, it can be an iterative process.
What factors often influence the choices of language, database, and platform in the Design phase?
Decisions made by the organization or client.
What are Agile Methodologies?
Approaches to software development that emphasize flexibility, collaboration, and customer feedback.
What is the Scrum framework?
An Agile framework that uses iterative and incremental practices to manage complex projects.
What is the main focus of the Design phase in the SDLC?
To convert alternate solutions into logical and physical specifications.
What is the purpose of the eight-hour planning meeting at the start of a Sprint?
To determine what needs to be delivered by the end of the Sprint and how the team will accomplish that work.
p.14
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
What is the process called that includes analysis, design, coding, and testing?
The analysis – design – code – test loop.
What is produced during the Analysis phase of SDLC?
Description of the current system, identification of problems or opportunities, general recommendations, and justification for alternative systems.
p.7
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
What is a systems development methodology?
A standard process followed in an organization to analyze, design, implement, and maintain information systems.
p.7
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
What does SDLC stand for?
Systems Development Life Cycle.
What does Logical Design refer to?
The design process that is independent of any specific hardware or software platform.
What do the authors of the Agile Manifesto value more than processes and tools?
Individuals and interactions.
p.28
Information Systems Analysis and Design
What is information systems analysis and design?
The process of defining and designing information systems to meet business needs.
p.28
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
What does the information systems development life cycle (SDLC) describe?
The stages involved in developing an information system from planning to implementation.
What enhances agility according to the Agile Manifesto?
Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design.
What is a key characteristic of eXtreme Programming?
Short, incremental development cycles.
How do new systems integrate into an organization during the Implementation phase?
New systems become part of the daily activities of the organization.
Can a project in the SDLC return to a previous phase?
Yes, at any given phase the project can return to a previous phase when needed.
What is Physical Design in the context of the SDLC?
The transformation of logical specifications into technology-specific details for programming/system construction.
What type of requirements make Agile methodologies a good fit?
Unpredictable or dynamic requirements.
What are the key deliverables of the Design phase in SDLC?
Functional and technical specifications of system elements, including data, processes, inputs, outputs, and an acquisition plan for new technology.
What is included in the Maintenance phase of SDLC?
New versions or releases of software along with updates to documentation, training, and support.
What is emphasized in building Agile projects?
Building projects around motivated individuals and providing them with the environment and support they need.
p.21
Comparison of Agile and Traditional Methods
How do traditional methods approach criticality?
Evolved to handle highly critical products but hard to tailor down to non-critical products.
p.5
Modern Approaches to System Development
What was the emphasis in systems development during the 1950s to 1970s?
Automating existing processes.
What is the focus of the Maintenance phase in the SDLC?
The systematic repair and improvement of an information system.
p.5
Modern Approaches to System Development
In what languages were all applications developed during this period?
Machine or assembly language.
What are coding and testing considered in eXtreme Programming?
Related parts of the same process.
p.15
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
How does the process flow in the traditional waterfall SDLC?
The process goes downhill until complete, resembling a waterfall.
p.5
Modern Approaches to System Development
What impact did procedural languages have on computer development?
Enabled development of smaller, faster, less expensive computers.
What is the output of the Analysis phase?
A description of the alternate solution recommended by the analysis team.
p.21
Comparison of Agile and Traditional Methods
What is a critical factor regarding product criticality in Agile methods?
Untested on safety-critical products.
What is the most efficient method of conveying information within a development team in Agile?
Face-to-face conversation.
What is the third key principle of Agile methodologies?
A focus on self-adaptive processes.
What is one advantage of eXtreme Programming?
Increased communications among developers.
p.15
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
What challenge does the waterfall SDLC present regarding phase transitions?
It makes it difficult to go back to previous phases.
p.14
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
How does the sequencing of steps in systems development vary?
It can vary greatly from one project to the next.
p.6
Modern Approaches to System Development
What did the development of 4th generation languages allow developers to do?
Instruct computers what to do instead of how to do it.
What activities are involved in the Planning phase?
Identifying, analyzing, prioritizing, and arranging needs.
What is the Daily Standup in Scrum?
A 15-minute meeting held to evaluate progress made within the past 24 hours and what needs to be done.
What is the focus of the Analysis phase of the SDLC?
Studying system requirements from user input.
p.5
Modern Approaches to System Development
How did system development become more disciplined during this era?
It became more like engineering, shifting focus from process first to data first.
What characteristics should developers have for Agile methodologies to be effective?
Developers should be responsible and motivated.
What is important about customers in Agile projects?
Customers should understand the process and be willing to get involved.
What is the highest priority in Agile methodology?
To satisfy the customer through early and continuous delivery of valuable software.
What are the three roles in a Scrum team?
Product owner, Development team, Scrum master.
p.5
Modern Approaches to System Development
What significant development in programming languages occurred during the 1960s?
The advent of procedural (third-generation) languages.
Are Agile methodologies suitable for every project?
No, they are not for every project.
What is eXtreme Programming (XP)?
An Agile methodology that focuses on frequent releases in short development cycles to improve software quality.
p.21
Comparison of Agile and Traditional Methods
What is a key characteristic of Agile methods regarding team size?
Well matched to small products and teams.
What is the focus of automated tests in eXtreme Programming?
Automated tests are written by programmers.
What is the focus of the Sprint Retrospective meeting?
Team performance and how it can improve.
p.14
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
How do current practices in systems development approach analysis, design, and implementation?
They combine them into a single process.
What is the goal of Scrum?
Designed for speed and multiple functional product releases.
How does eXtreme Programming affect productivity?
It leads to higher levels of productivity.
What should sponsors, developers, and users maintain in Agile development?
A constant pace indefinitely.
What is a benefit of eXtreme Programming regarding code quality?
It results in higher quality code.
How does Agile methodology view changing requirements?
Agile welcomes changing requirements, even late in development, as it harnesses change for the customer’s competitive advantage.
What does the team do at regular intervals in Agile development?
Reflects on how to become more effective and adjusts its behavior.
What is the preferred frequency for delivering working software in Agile?
From a couple of weeks to a couple of months, with a preference for the shorter timescale.
Who should work together daily throughout an Agile project?
Businesspeople and developers.
p.21
Comparison of Agile and Traditional Methods
What is the approach of Agile methods in dynamic environments?
Simple design and continuous refactoring.
p.15
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
What is a key focus of the traditional waterfall SDLC?
It is focused on meeting deadlines.
p.21
Comparison of Agile and Traditional Methods
How do traditional methods handle team size?
Methods evolved to handle large products and teams, but are hard to tailor down to small products.
What does the Sprint Backlog represent?
A listing of only items to be addressed in a particular sprint.
How are planning, analysis, design, and construction handled in eXtreme Programming?
They are fused into a single phase of activity.
p.21
Comparison of Agile and Traditional Methods
What is a drawback of traditional methods in dynamic environments?
Detailed plans and Big Design Up Front can lead to expensive rework.
p.21
Comparison of Agile and Traditional Methods
How do traditional methods manage personnel needs?
Needs a critical mass of scarce experts during project definition but can work with fewer later.
What is a unique aspect of eXtreme Programming related to system requirements?
Its unique way of capturing and presenting system requirements and design specifications.
p.6
Modern Approaches to System Development
Which programming environment became popular for developers?
Visual programming environments like Visual Basic.
What is an Increment in the Scrum process?
Represents the sum of all the Product Backlog items completed during a sprint.
p.6
Modern Approaches to System Development
What trend is observed regarding system components?
A move to wireless system components.
p.21
Comparison of Agile and Traditional Methods
What personnel requirement is unique to Agile methods?
Requires continuous presence of a critical mass of scarce experts.
p.21
Comparison of Agile and Traditional Methods
What type of culture do traditional methods thrive in?
A culture where roles are defined by clear practices and procedures.
p.6
Modern Approaches to System Development
What types of databases were developed during this period?
Relational and object-oriented databases.
p.6
Modern Approaches to System Development
What applications began to expand in the 1990s?
Web and Internet applications.
p.6
Modern Approaches to System Development
What is the continuing trend in system assembly?
Assembling systems from programs and components purchased off the shelf.
What is the Product Backlog in Scrum?
A listing of potential requirements.
p.21
Comparison of Agile and Traditional Methods
What type of culture do Agile methods thrive in?
A culture where people feel comfortable and empowered by having many degrees of freedom.
p.6
Modern Approaches to System Development
What components are involved in the three-tier design?
Database on one server, application on a second server, client logic on user machines.
