p.13
Arterial Supply of the Upper Respiratory Tract
Where does the superior laryngeal artery originate?
Near the upper margin of the thyroid cartilage from the superior thyroid artery.
p.12
Innervation of the Larynx
What type of fibers does the internal laryngeal nerve supply?
Sensory and autonomic fibers.
p.4
Paranasal Sinuses: Types and Functions and Drainage, Arterial Supply
What is the location of the maxillary sinus?
Medial to the nasal cavity, above the orbit, below the molars, and posterior to the infratemporal fossa.
p.10
Vocal Cords and Sound Production
Where do the two vocal cords meet?
At the anterior commissures.
p.8
Cartilages and Muscles of the Larynx and Their Functions
Where are the cuneiform cartilages located?
Anterior to the corniculate cartilages.
p.13
Arterial Supply of the Upper Respiratory Tract
What are the major arteries supplying the larynx?
Superior and inferior laryngeal arteries.
p.2
Structure and Function of the Nasal Cavity, Boundaries, Arterial Supply
What are the main components of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Vestibule, Atrium, and three curved shelves of bone (superior, middle, and inferior conchae).
p.2
Structure and Function of the Nasal Cavity, Boundaries, Arterial Supply
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
To increase the surface area of contact between the tissue of the lateral wall and the respired air.
p.9
Cartilages and Muscles of the Larynx and Their Functions
What is the median cricothyroid ligament?
The thickened anterior part of the cricothyroid membrane in the midline.
p.10
Vocal Cords and Sound Production
What is the vestibular fold also known as?
False vocal fold or cord.
p.4
Paranasal Sinuses: Types and Functions and Drainage, Arterial Supply
What forms the medial wall of the maxillary sinus?
The maxilla, inferior concha, and palatine bone.
p.9
Cartilages and Muscles of the Larynx and Their Functions
What is the function of the thyrohyoid membrane?
It spans between the superior margin of thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone, providing support.
p.7
Larynx: Structure and Components
How is the cavity of the larynx connected to other structures?
It is continuous with the trachea inferiorly and opens into the pharynx posteriorly.
p.12
Innervation of the Larynx
What are the boundaries of the piriform fossa?
Laterally by the thyrohyoid membrane and thyroid cartilage; medially by the upper part of the larynx (aryepiglottic fold and quadrangular membrane).
p.7
Larynx: Structure and Components
What is unique about the cricoid cartilage?
It is the only complete ring around the trachea.
p.5
Innervation of the Larynx
What are the main sources of innervation for the paranasal sinuses?
From the orbit (anterior ethmoidal), from the face (inferior alveolar nerve), and from the sphenopalatine foramen.
p.9
Vocal Cords and Sound Production
What is the primary function of the true vocal folds?
To control sound production.
p.3
Paranasal Sinuses: Types and Functions and Drainage, Arterial Supply
What is the blood supply for the sphenoidal sinus?
From the posterior ethmoidal artery and branches of pharyngeal arteries from maxillary sinuses.
p.4
Clinical Significance of the Nasal Cavity and Sinuses
What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct?
It carries tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity.
p.13
Arterial Supply of the Upper Respiratory Tract
From where does the inferior laryngeal artery originate?
From the inferior thyroid branch of the thyrocervical trunk of the subclavian artery.
p.12
Innervation of the Larynx
What does the external laryngeal nerve supply?
Motor supply to the cricothyroid muscle.
p.3
Paranasal Sinuses: Types and Functions and Drainage, Arterial Supply
What are paranasal sinuses?
Air-filled cavities in bones lined with ciliated mucous membrane.
p.5
Clinical Significance of the Nasal Cavity and Sinuses
What is sinusitis?
An infection that spreads from nasal cavities to paranasal sinuses, causing inflammation and swelling of mucosa.
p.13
Procedures and Clinical Considerations in Laryngeal Surgery
What is laryngoscopy used for?
To inspect the larynx and assess conditions like difficulty swallowing and vocal cord issues.
p.3
Paranasal Sinuses: Types and Functions and Drainage, Arterial Supply
What is the ostiomeatal complex (OMC)?
A common channel that links the frontal sinus, anterior ethmoid air cells, and maxillary sinus to the middle meatus.
p.4
Arterial Supply of the Upper Respiratory Tract
What is the blood supply to the maxillary sinus?
Superior alveolar branches of the maxillary artery and branches of the greater palatine artery.
p.4
Innervation of the Larynx
What nerves provide innervation to the mucosa of the maxillary sinus?
Anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves (V2).
p.10
Clinical Significance of the Nasal Cavity and Sinuses
What can be perforated in emergency situations to establish an airway?
The median cricothyroid ligament.
p.11
Cartilages and Muscles of the Larynx and Their Functions
What do suprahyoid muscles do?
They are elevators of the hyoid and larynx.
p.11
Cartilages and Muscles of the Larynx and Their Functions
How are intrinsic laryngeal muscles categorized?
Into superficial and deep layers.
p.1
Structure and Function of the Nasal Cavity, Boundaries, Arterial Supply
What are the three major regions of the nasal cavity?
Vestibule, respiratory region, and olfactory region.
p.13
Arterial Supply of the Upper Respiratory Tract
What accompanies the superior laryngeal artery?
The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.
p.8
Cartilages and Muscles of the Larynx and Their Functions
What is the function of the anterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage?
Attachment for muscle (vocalis) and ligament (vestibular ligament).
p.13
Procedures and Clinical Considerations in Laryngeal Surgery
What can happen if a tracheotomy is performed too close to the cricoid?
It may lead to vocal cord injury.
p.7
Larynx: Structure and Components
What is the shape and attachment of the epiglottis?
Leaf-shaped cartilage attached to the thyroid cartilage anteriorly through the thyro-epiglottic ligament.
p.10
Anatomy of the External Nose
What is the aryepiglottic ligament?
The free upper margin between the top of the epiglottis and the corniculate cartilage.
p.10
Anatomy of the External Nose
What are the three divisions of the laryngeal cavity?
Vestibule (supraglottic cavity), ventricle, and infraglottic (subglottic) cavity.
p.5
Innervation of the Larynx
What is the role of the pterygopalatine ganglion in sinus innervation?
It provides general sensory, secretory, and vasodilatory fibers.
p.12
Innervation of the Larynx
What are the two branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?
Internal laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal nerve.
p.10
Vocal Cords and Sound Production
What projects medially into the laryngeal cavity?
The apex of each wedge-shaped fold.
p.10
Vocal Cords and Sound Production
What do vocal folds produce during phonation?
Audible vibrations when their free margins are closely apposed.
p.10
Vocal Cords and Sound Production
What role do vocal folds serve when tightly closed?
They act as the main inspiratory sphincter of the larynx.
p.13
Procedures and Clinical Considerations in Laryngeal Surgery
What is the purpose of a tracheotomy?
To create an opening in the trachea for ventilation.
p.5
Clinical Significance of the Nasal Cavity and Sinuses
How can infections spread from the nasal cavity?
Through the cribriform plate, nasopharynx, retropharyngeal soft tissues, middle ear, paranasal sinuses, and lacrimal apparatus.
p.2
Structure and Function of the Nasal Cavity, Boundaries, Arterial Supply
What forms the medial wall (septum) of the nasal cavity?
Mainly cartilage, including the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, vomer, septal cartilage, and nasal crests of the maxillary and palatine bones.
p.9
Vocal Cords and Sound Production
What is the composition of the true vocal fold?
It consists of an avascular mucous membrane tightly covering the vocal ligament, thyroarytenoid muscle, and vocalis muscle.
p.4
Paranasal Sinuses: Types and Functions and Drainage, Arterial Supply
What are the two groups of air cells in the ethmoidal sinus?
Anterior and posterior air cells.
p.4
Clinical Significance of the Nasal Cavity and Sinuses
What can happen if infections from ethmoidal cells spread?
They may enter the orbit and cause blindness due to proximity to the optic canal.
p.7
Larynx: Structure and Components
What is the primary function of the larynx?
Airway for respiration and guarding against the entry of food into the airway.
p.7
Larynx: Structure and Components
What is the anatomical extent of the larynx?
Extends from C3 to C6, from the tip of the epiglottis to the lower border of the cricoid.
p.13
Procedures and Clinical Considerations in Laryngeal Surgery
What is a potential complication of cricothyroid puncture?
Bleeding and vocal cord damage.
p.12
Innervation of the Larynx
What is the role of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
It provides sensory innervation below the vocal folds and motor innervation to all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid.
p.3
Paranasal Sinuses: Types and Functions and Drainage, Arterial Supply
What bones do the paranasal sinuses extend into?
Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxilla bones.
p.9
Vocal Cords and Sound Production
What forms the vocal ligaments?
The free edge of the top part of the conus elasticus.
p.5
Paranasal Sinuses: Types and Functions and Drainage, Arterial Supply
Where does secretion from the paranasal sinuses mainly drain?
To the nasopharynx, with some drainage to the vestibule.
What is the main function of the crico-arytenoid joint?
To permit the arytenoid cartilage to slide, tilt, and rotate.
p.10
Vocal Cords and Sound Production
What is the function of the saccule in the larynx?
It secretes lubrication for the vocal fold.
p.5
Arterial Supply of the Upper Respiratory Tract
What arteries supply the paranasal sinuses?
Ophthalmic, maxillary, and facial arteries.
p.1
Structure and Function of the Nasal Cavity, Boundaries, Arterial Supply
What type of mucosa lines the olfactory region?
Yellowish, non-ciliated mucosa with olfactory epithelium.
p.8
Cartilages and Muscles of the Larynx and Their Functions
What does the base of the arytenoid cartilage articulate with?
The sloping articular facet on the superolateral surface of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage.
p.5
Clinical Significance of the Nasal Cavity and Sinuses
What is rhinitis?
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa during severe upper respiratory infections or allergic reactions.
p.2
Structure and Function of the Nasal Cavity, Boundaries, Arterial Supply
What are the four air passages created by the nasal conchae?
Spheno-ethmoidal recess, Superior nasal meatus, Middle nasal meatus, and Inferior nasal meatus.
p.9
Cartilages and Muscles of the Larynx and Their Functions
What does the conus elasticus connect?
It connects the cricoid cartilage to the angle of the thyroid cartilage and arytenoid.
p.2
Structure and Function of the Nasal Cavity, Boundaries, Arterial Supply
What bones form the roof of the nasal cavity?
Frontal bone, nasal bone, cribriform plate (ethmoid), and sphenoid.
p.7
Larynx: Structure and Components
What anatomical feature is formed by the fusion of the thyroid cartilage's laminae?
The laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple in males).
p.3
Paranasal Sinuses: Types and Functions and Drainage, Arterial Supply
How does the frontal sinus drain?
Through a frontonasal duct into the ethmoidal infundibulum, which opens into the semilunar hiatus of the middle meatus.
p.4
Clinical Significance of the Nasal Cavity and Sinuses
Why are maxillary sinuses commonly infected?
Because their ostia are small and located high on the walls, making drainage difficult when the head is erect.
p.11
Cartilages and Muscles of the Larynx and Their Functions
What is the role of intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
They move the laryngeal parts, altering the length and tension of vocal folds and the size and shape of the rima glottides.
p.11
Cartilages and Muscles of the Larynx and Their Functions
What is the rima glottides?
The opening between the true vocal cords and the arytenoid cartilages of the larynx.
p.9
Innervation of the Larynx
What structures pass through the apertures in the lateral part of the thyrohyoid membrane?
The superior laryngeal artery, the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, and lymphatics.
p.9
Cartilages and Muscles of the Larynx and Their Functions
What forms the lateral thyrohyoid ligaments?
The thickened posterior borders of the thyrohyoid membrane.
p.9
Cartilages and Muscles of the Larynx and Their Functions
Where does the cricothyroid membrane extend?
From the cricoid cartilage to the lower border of the thyroid cartilage and arytenoid.
p.8
Cartilages and Muscles of the Larynx and Their Functions
What type of cartilage is the corniculate cartilage?
Paired small conical cartilage.
p.7
Larynx: Structure and Components
What are the main components of the laryngeal skeleton?
Three large unpaired cartilages (cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis) and three pairs of smaller cartilages (arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform).
p.10
Anatomy of the External Nose
What does the quadrangular membrane connect?
The lateral margin of the epiglottis and the anterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage.
p.2
Arterial Supply of the Upper Respiratory Tract
What arteries supply the medial and lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
Branches of the sphenopalatine artery, greater palatine artery, anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries, and superior labial artery.
p.2
Clinical Significance of the Nasal Cavity and Sinuses
What is the Kiesselbach area?
An area rich in capillaries in the anterior part of the nasal septum where five arteries anastomose, leading to profuse nosebleeds.
p.5
Arterial Supply of the Upper Respiratory Tract
What is the arterial supply for the frontal sinus?
Supraorbital nerve from the ophthalmic artery.
p.3
Clinical Significance of the Nasal Cavity and Sinuses
What is the clinical relevance of the sphenoidal sinus?
It allows surgical access to the pituitary gland through the roof of the nasal cavities.
p.13
Procedures and Clinical Considerations in Laryngeal Surgery
What are the risks associated with thyroidectomy?
Damage to vessels, laryngeal nerves, and parathyroid glands.
p.3
Paranasal Sinuses: Types and Functions and Drainage, Arterial Supply
What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?
Their function is not clear, but they may contribute to humidifying inspired air and reducing skull weight.
What movements are permitted by the cricothyroid joint?
Rotation and gliding of the thyroid cartilage.
p.3
Paranasal Sinuses: Types and Functions and Drainage, Arterial Supply
Where is the frontal sinus located?
Between the outer and inner tables of the frontal bone, posterior to the superciliary arches and root of the nose.
p.5
Arterial Supply of the Upper Respiratory Tract
What nerve supplies the maxillary sinus?
Superior alveolar nerve (infraorbital nerve).
p.11
Cartilages and Muscles of the Larynx and Their Functions
What is the function of infrahyoid muscles?
They are depressors of the hyoid and larynx.
p.11
Cartilages and Muscles of the Larynx and Their Functions
Name two muscles from the deep layer of intrinsic laryngeal muscles.
Posterior cricoarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid.
p.4
Paranasal Sinuses: Types and Functions and Drainage, Arterial Supply
Where is the opening of the maxillary sinus located?
Near the top of the base, in the center of the semilunar hiatus.
p.9
Vocal Cords and Sound Production
Why are vocal cords considered white tissue?
Because they are avascular.
What is the significance of the rocking movement of the arytenoid cartilage?
Important in approximating, tensing, and relaxing the vocal folds.
p.5
Arterial Supply of the Upper Respiratory Tract
How do veins drain from the sphenopalatine area?
Sphenopalatine veins drain to the pterygoid plexus, which drains to the maxillary vein.
p.1
Structure and Function of the Nasal Cavity, Boundaries, Arterial Supply
What is contained in the superior 1/3 of the nasal cavity?
Olfactory area with specialized mucosa for smell.
p.10
Vocal Cords and Sound Production
What is the glottis composed of?
Left and right vocal cords, vocal processes of arytenoid, and the gap between the two vocal cords (rima glottides).
p.7
Cartilages and Muscles of the Larynx and Their Functions
What muscles are involved in the mobility of the larynx?
Muscles attached to the larynx and hyoid bone.
p.11
Cartilages and Muscles of the Larynx and Their Functions
What are the extrinsic laryngeal muscles responsible for?
Moving the larynx as a whole (up/down movements).
p.1
Structure and Function of the Nasal Cavity, Boundaries, Arterial Supply
What is the function of the inferior 2/3 of the nasal mucosa?
Warming and moistening incoming air.
