p.10
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What is the purpose of the Mental Status Examination (MSE)?
To evaluate an individual’s current state of mental functioning.
p.11
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What characterizes an 'irritable' mood?
Easily annoyed and quick to anger.
p.7
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What are psychological tests used to assess?
Intelligence, achievement, personality, and psychopathology.
p.18
Alcohol Use and Associated Risks
What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
A condition in offspring of women who drink during pregnancy, characterized by facial abnormalities, reduced height and weight, and intellectual disability.
p.7
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What is a test battery?
A set of tests that looks at functioning in different functional areas.
p.17
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What are sedatives?
Central nervous system depressants including alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines.
p.10
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What are some variables evaluated in the MSE?
General presentation, level of consciousness, cognition, mood and affect, thought, perception, judgment and insight, reliability, and control of impulses.
p.17
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
How do sedative agents primarily work?
By increasing the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.
p.11
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What is the state of 'stupor'?
Responds only to shouting, shaking, or uncomfortable prodding.
p.4
Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement Schedules
What behavioral change occurs in the medical students due to the threat of losing points?
Increased participation due to negative reinforcement.
p.7
Intelligence and Mental Age
What is chronological age (CA)?
A person’s actual age in years.
p.16
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What are some common clinically used amphetamines?
Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), methamphetamine (Desoxyn), and methylphenidate (Ritalin).
p.2
Classical Conditioning and Behavioral Responses
What is the unconditioned response in the scenario with the white van and pizza?
Stomach growling in response to pizza.
p.18
Alcohol Use and Associated Risks
What acute problems are associated with alcohol use?
Traffic accidents, homicide, suicide, and rape.
p.7
Psychological Testing and Assessment
How are psychological tests classified?
By functional area evaluated.
p.7
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What is the advantage of individual testing?
Allows careful observation and evaluation of that particular person.
p.11
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What does the term 'euphoric' describe in psychophysiological states?
Strong feelings of elation.
p.2
Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement Schedules
What reinforcement method likely explains the child's continued room-cleaning behavior despite not receiving money recently?
Variable ratio reinforcement.
p.18
Alcohol Use and Associated Risks
What chronic problems can result from long-term alcohol use?
Thiamine deficiency leading to Wernicke syndrome and Korsakoff syndrome, liver dysfunction, gastrointestinal problems, and reduced life expectancy.
p.12
Intelligence and Mental Age
What category of intellectual function best describes a 12-year-old child functioning at the level of an 8-year-old?
Moderate intellectual disability.
p.18
Alcohol Use and Associated Risks
What are the CAGE questions used for?
To identify individuals who may have a problem with alcohol use.
p.7
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What is one advantage of group testing?
Efficient administration, grading, and statistical analysis.
p.16
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What are stimulants?
Central nervous system activators that include caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine.
p.7
Intelligence and Mental Age
How is intelligence defined?
The ability to understand abstract concepts, reason, and organize information.
p.17
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What symptoms may occur during withdrawal from sedatives?
Seizures, psychotic symptoms, and life-threatening cardiovascular symptoms.
p.13
Psychological Testing and Assessment
Which test is most appropriate for evaluating abstract reasoning and problem solving?
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.
p.11
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What is 'anhedonic'?
Inability to feel pleasure.
p.16
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What is withdrawal in the context of substance use?
The development of physical or psychological symptoms as a result of the reduction or cessation of intake of a substance.
p.16
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What does tolerance refer to in substance use?
The need for increased amounts of the substance to achieve the same positive psychological effect.
p.9
Personality Tests and Evaluation Methods
What are personality tests used for?
To evaluate psychopathology and personality characteristics.
p.18
Alcohol Use and Associated Risks
What is the legal definition of intoxication in terms of blood alcohol concentration?
0.08%–0.15%, depending on state laws.
p.8
Intelligence and Mental Age
What is the formula for calculating IQ?
IQ is calculated as (MA/CA) × 100.
p.9
Personality Tests and Evaluation Methods
What is an example of an objective personality test?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
p.5
Shaping and Modeling in Learning Theory
What is the difference between sensitization and habituation?
Sensitization leads to an increased response with each exposure, while habituation leads to a decreased response.
p.16
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What is the impact of cigarette smoking on life expectancy?
Cigarette smoking decreases life expectancy more than the use of any other substance.
p.15
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What routes of administration are often preferred by substance users?
Routes that provide quick access to the bloodstream, such as sniffing (snorting) and smoking.
p.1
Shaping and Modeling in Learning Theory
Can you give an example of shaping?
A child learning to write is praised when he or she makes a letter, even if it is not formed perfectly.
p.17
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
How do stimulant drugs primarily affect dopamine in the brain?
By increasing its availability.
p.11
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What is 'clouding of consciousness'?
Inability to respond typically to external events.
p.9
Personality Tests and Evaluation Methods
How are personality tests categorized?
By whether information is gathered objectively or projectively.
p.18
Alcohol Use and Associated Risks
What is delirium tremens?
A severe form of alcohol withdrawal that can occur during the first week of withdrawal, often life-threatening with a mortality rate of about 20%.
p.10
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What does the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) measure?
Various symptoms of depression such as sadness, guilt, and suicidal ideation.
p.15
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
How can most substances be classified?
As stimulants, sedatives, opioids, or hallucinogens and related agents.
p.6
Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement Schedules
What is positive reinforcement?
An increase in behavior due to receiving a reward or attention.
p.15
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What do substance-related disorders include?
Substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders.
p.14
Intelligence and Mental Age
What is the formula for calculating IQ?
IQ = MA/CA × 100, where MA is mental age and CA is chronological age.
p.16
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What are the effects of cocaine use during pregnancy?
Hyperactivity and growth retardation in newborns.
p.8
Intelligence and Mental Age
What IQ score is typically considered to indicate intellectual disability?
An IQ score of 70 or below.
p.5
Shaping and Modeling in Learning Theory
What is modeling in learning?
Modeling is when an individual imitates the behavior of someone they admire, such as a child wanting to be like a doctor.
p.14
Psychological Testing and Assessment
Which test evaluates depression and other psychological characteristics?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2).
p.1
Shaping and Modeling in Learning Theory
What is shaping in learning theory?
Shaping involves rewarding closer and closer approximations of the wanted behavior until the correct behavior is achieved.
p.1
Shaping and Modeling in Learning Theory
How does modeling occur?
An individual observes and imitates the behavior of someone they admire.
p.11
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What does 'labile' mean in the context of mood?
Alternates between euphoric and dysphoric moods.
p.11
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What does 'restricted' affect indicate?
Decreased facial display of emotional responses.
p.10
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What does a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15 indicate?
Normal level of consciousness.
p.6
Classical Conditioning and Behavioral Responses
What is an example of stimulus generalization?
Crying when seeing a grandmother's white jacket, resembling a nurse's white uniform.
p.15
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
In terms of gender, who is more likely to use illegal substances?
Males, with usage being twice as common compared to females.
p.7
Intelligence and Mental Age
What does mental age (MA) reflect?
A person’s level of intellectual functioning.
p.18
Alcohol Use and Associated Risks
What are the effects of alcohol withdrawal?
Increased anxiety, insomnia, psychotic symptoms, and disorientation.
p.17
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What are the physical effects of stimulant use?
Decreased appetite and increased blood pressure.
p.16
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What are 'bath salts' and 'ecstasy' in relation to amphetamines?
'Bath salts' refers to methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and 'ecstasy' refers to methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).
p.5
Classical Conditioning and Behavioral Responses
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that naturally elicits a response without prior learning, such as pizza causing stomach growling.
p.14
Intelligence and Mental Age
What does an IQ of 120 indicate?
Above average intellectual functioning.
p.5
Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement Schedules
What is positive reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement increases behavior by providing a reward.
p.5
Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement Schedules
What happens during extinction in learning?
Extinction is the disappearance of a learned behavior when reinforcement is withheld.
p.1
Shaping and Modeling in Learning Theory
What is modeling in learning theory?
Modeling is a type of observational learning where an individual behaves similarly to someone he or she admires.
p.11
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What does 'dysphoric' refer to?
Subjectively unpleasant feeling.
p.17
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What are tactile hallucinations associated with cocaine use called?
Formication or 'cocaine bugs'.
p.17
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What are the effects of increased dopamine availability in the synapse?
Mood elevation and potential psychotic symptoms.
p.16
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What is cross-tolerance?
The development of tolerance to one substance as the result of using another substance.
p.8
Intelligence and Mental Age
What does an IQ of 100 indicate?
It means that the person's mental age (MA) and chronological age (CA) are equivalent.
p.4
Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement Schedules
How does the child learn to get picked up by the mother?
Through positive reinforcement.
p.8
Intelligence and Mental Age
What factors can negatively affect IQ?
Poor nutrition and illness during development.
p.10
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What is an example of poor impulse control in a patient?
A patient who often overreacts emotionally with little provocation.
p.9
Personality Tests and Evaluation Methods
What does the MMPI evaluate?
Attitude of the patient toward taking the test and includes clinical scales for various psychological conditions.
p.15
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What symptoms did the 40-year-old woman exhibit in the emergency room?
Clenched fists, intense tooth grinding, and violent seizures.
p.8
Intelligence and Mental Age
What are the classifications of intellectual disability based on IQ?
Mild (IQ 50–70), Moderate (IQ 35–55), Severe (IQ 20–40), Profound (IQ < 20).
p.10
Psychological Testing and Assessment
Which scales are commonly used for objective rating of depression?
Hamilton, Raskin, Zung, and Beck scales.
p.10
Psychological Testing and Assessment
How do the Hamilton and Raskin scales differ from the Zung and Beck scales?
Hamilton and Raskin scales are rated by the examiner, while Zung and Beck scales are self-rated by the patient.
p.15
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
Which age group is more likely to use illegal substances?
Young adults (18–25 years of age).
p.5
Shaping and Modeling in Learning Theory
What is habituation in learning theory?
Habituation is desensitization, where continued exposure to a stimulus results in a decreased response to that stimulus.
p.18
Alcohol Use and Associated Risks
What are common effects of alcohol use?
Mild elevation of mood, decreased anxiety, somnolence, and behavioral disinhibition.
p.17
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What psychological effects are associated with caffeine and nicotine use?
Increased alertness and attention span.
p.6
Classical Conditioning and Behavioral Responses
What is classical conditioning?
A learning process where a natural response becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus.
p.14
Intelligence and Mental Age
What IQ score classifies an individual with mild intellectual disability?
An IQ of 66, which falls within the range of 50–70.
p.9
Personality Tests and Evaluation Methods
What is the purpose of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
To evaluate unconscious emotions and conflicts through storytelling.
p.9
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What kind of information is included in a patient's psychiatric history?
Questions about mental illness, drug and alcohol use, sexual activity, current living situation, and sources of stress.
p.8
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What is the purpose of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales?
To evaluate daily living skills in individuals with intellectual disabilities or other challenges.
p.14
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What is the most appropriate self-rating scale for evaluating depression?
Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II).
p.15
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What are the most commonly used substances in the United States according to self-reports?
Alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, nonmedical use of prescription agents (e.g., opioids, sedatives), cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, and heroin.
p.6
Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement Schedules
What is learned helplessness?
A condition where an individual associates an aversive stimulus with the inability to escape, leading to hopelessness and apathy.
p.5
Classical Conditioning and Behavioral Responses
What is classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning is when a natural response is elicited by a learned stimulus.
p.15
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What are the characteristics of substance-related disorders?
Maladaptive patterns of substance use leading to impairment of occupational, physical, or social functioning, classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
p.17
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What physical effects can cocaine use lead to?
Tachycardia, pupil dilation, and potential seizures.
p.6
Classical Conditioning and Behavioral Responses
What is the unconditioned stimulus in a painful blood withdrawal procedure?
The painful blood withdrawal itself.
p.14
Intelligence and Mental Age
What is the classification for an individual with an IQ of 90?
Average intellectual functioning (IQ 90–109).
p.8
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What are the four index scores of the WAIS-IV?
Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), Working Memory Index (WMI), Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI), and Processing Speed Index (PSI).
p.8
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What are some examples of achievement tests?
Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), and Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT).
p.14
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What is an example of a delusion?
Believing that the CIA is listening to one’s telephone conversations.
p.9
Personality Tests and Evaluation Methods
What is a characteristic of objective personality tests?
Based on questions that are easily scored and statistically analyzed.
p.6
Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement Schedules
What is negative reinforcement?
An increase in behavior to avoid something negative.
p.12
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What is the most appropriate test for evaluating self-care skills of a 22-year-old woman with an IQ of 60?
Vineland Social Maturity Scale.
p.8
Intelligence and Mental Age
How stable is IQ throughout life?
IQ is relatively stable and remains essentially the same from childhood to old age in the absence of brain pathology.
p.8
Intelligence and Mental Age
What is considered average intelligence in terms of IQ?
An IQ in the range of 90–109.
p.6
Classical Conditioning and Behavioral Responses
How does classical conditioning relate to nausea in a hospital setting?
A patient associates the hospital (conditioned stimulus) with nausea after chemotherapy (unconditioned stimulus).
p.14
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What type of hallucination is a 29-year-old woman hearing the voice of Abraham Lincoln experiencing?
Auditory hallucination, a disorder of perception.
p.8
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What is the most commonly used IQ test?
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV).
p.5
Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement Schedules
What is operant conditioning?
Operant conditioning involves reinforcement as a consequence of behavior that alters the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.
p.17
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What psychological symptoms can occur with amphetamines and cocaine withdrawal?
Significant depression of mood and strong psychological craving.
p.6
Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement Schedules
What happens during extinction in operant conditioning?
The learned behavior disappears when reinforcement is withheld.
p.5
Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement Schedules
What is variable ratio reinforcement?
Variable ratio reinforcement is when a behavior is rewarded on unpredictable occasions, making it resistant to extinction.
p.9
Personality Tests and Evaluation Methods
What do projective personality tests require from the subject?
To interpret the questions based on their motivational state and defense mechanisms.
p.5
Classical Conditioning and Behavioral Responses
What is 'white-coat hypertension'?
It is a conditioned response where a patient's blood pressure elevates in the doctor's office due to an association with negative past experiences.
p.15
Substance-Related Disorders Overview
What do substance-induced disorders include?
Withdrawal symptoms and tolerance.
p.9
Personality Tests and Evaluation Methods
What type of responses does the Sentence Completion Test (SCT) elicit?
Verbal associations to complete sentences started by the examiner.
p.6
Classical Conditioning and Behavioral Responses
What is the conditioned stimulus in the context of an antiseptic odor?
The antiseptic odor that elicits crying due to its association with pain.
p.14
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What is the most appropriate test for evaluating self-care skills in individuals with intellectual disability?
Vineland Social Maturity Scale.
p.14
Psychological Testing and Assessment
What is the most appropriate test for evaluating abstract reasoning?
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.
