Spearman's General Intelligence (g) is the theory that humans possess one general intelligence that underlies all mental abilities, suggesting that distinct abilities correlate to define a small general intelligence factor.
Spearman's theory posits that mental abilities are akin to physical abilities, implying that just as physical skills can be measured and compared, so can mental skills.
Spearman's theory suggests that distinct mental abilities correlate sufficiently to define a small general intelligence factor, indicating a common underlying intelligence.
Thurstone identified seven clusters of primary mental abilities through fifty-six different tests, suggesting that scoring well on one cluster often correlates with high scores on others.
'g' refers to Spearman's concept of general intelligence, which suggests that high scores in one area of intelligence are often associated with high scores in other areas.
Fluid Intelligence (Gf) is our ability to reason quickly and abstractly.
Crystallized intelligence (Gc) is our accumulated knowledge reflected in vocabulary and applied skills.
Eight relatively independent intelligences that include verbal and mathematical aptitudes, suggesting that children have different learning styles such as auditory and visual.
Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
Test-retest reliability is a measure of reliability obtained by administering the same test to the same group of people at two different points in time and comparing the scores.
A basic intelligence that predicts our abilities in varied academic areas, with different abilities showing some tendency to correlate.
Social intelligence is the know-how involved in understanding social situations and managing yourself successfully, including emotional intelligence and interpersonal intelligence.
An aptitude test predicts a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences is a theory that proposes there are various types of intelligence, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.
Deaf children, who do not grow up hearing the dominant language, are expected to score lower on IQ tests that are rooted in that language.
Mental age is the level of performance typically associated with children of a certain chronological age.
Low Extreme refers to individuals who score significantly below the average on an intelligence test, often indicating potential cognitive challenges.
Gender differences in intelligence are very minor compared to the similarities observed, suggesting that cultural or societal expectations play a more significant role.
Thurstone's theory of intelligence suggests that intelligence is composed of several primary mental abilities, rather than a single general intelligence.
An intelligence test assesses an individual’s mental aptitudes and compares them with others using numerical scores.
An achievement test assesses what a person has learned.
The decline of mental ability with age is considered part of the general aging process.
Education, cultural, and societal expectations are important determinants of the opportunities we give people.
Intelligence test performance begins to predict adolescent and adult scores.
Success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict.
Cultural or societal expectations can significantly influence intelligence by shaping opportunities and social roles, which in turn affect individual performance.
Longitudinal studies involve restudying and retesting the same cohort of people over a long period, indicating that intelligence remains stable and may even increase on some tests over decades.
Terman theorized that intelligence tests reveal the intelligence with which a person is born.
Reliability refers to the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting.
A theory suggesting that intelligence can be broken down into seven distinct factors, with a single g score being less informative than scores for these primary mental abilities.
A theory that classifies intelligence into three areas—analytical, creative, and practical—that predict real-world success.
The High Extreme of Intelligence refers to individuals with an IQ above 135, as studied in Terman's research, who were found to be healthy, well-adjusted, and unusually successful academically.
Alfred Binet was a psychologist who assumed that all children follow a developmental trajectory but at different rates, and he focused on measuring mental age.
Sternberg agrees with the concept of multiple intelligences but proposes three distinct intelligences.
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is the most widely used intelligence test developed by David Wechsler, which yields an overall intelligence score along with separate scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed.
Boys outperform girls in tests of spatial ability and complex math problems.
No, a test of a construct like IQ is not perfect for every person, as individual differences can affect how well the test measures intelligence across diverse populations.
The concept that cognitive abilities remain relatively consistent over time, despite various influences.
Intelligence can either increase or remain constant throughout the lifespan, rather than decrease like muscle strength.
Intellectual Stability refers to the consistency of intelligence test scores over time, indicating that individuals maintain similar levels of cognitive ability throughout their lives.
Gardner identified eight relatively independent intelligences, viewing them as differentiated multiple abilities.
Knowing how to express emotions in varied situations.
Intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills, encompassing various stages of understanding and decision-making.
Girls are better emotion detectors and more sensitive to touch, taste, and color.
The purpose of Intelligence Testing is to evaluate cognitive abilities, identify learning disabilities, and inform educational and occupational decisions.
Galton found no correlation between the various measures he used to assess intellectual strengths.
A theory proposing that our abilities are best classified into eight or nine independent intelligences, encompassing a broad range of skills beyond traditional academic skills.
Social intelligence is closely related to theory of mind, which is the capacity to understand other people by ascribing mental states to them.
Cross-sectional studies involve comparing people of different ages with one another to assess differences in intelligence.
Nurture refers to the environmental factors and experiences that influence an individual's development and intelligence, including education, upbringing, and social interactions.
Alfred Binet theorized that mental aptitude, like athletic aptitude, is a general capacity that manifests in various ways.
Predicting emotions and how they may change and blend.
Nurture refers to the environmental factors and experiences that influence an individual's intelligence, including education, upbringing, and social interactions.
Stage 1: Knowledge refers to having information about a topic from one's own perspective.
Shared environments exert only a modest influence on intelligence test scores, more pronounced in the extremes.
The Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory of Intelligence is a comprehensive framework that integrates various theories of intelligence, including fluid and crystallized intelligence.
Over time, children's IQ scores increasingly resemble those of their biological parents more so than their adoptive parents.
Spearman's General Intelligence (g) is a theory that posits a single underlying factor, or general intelligence, that influences performance across various cognitive tasks.
A theory stating that intelligence is based on a general ability factor as well as other specific abilities, bridged by crystallized and fluid intelligence.
Extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict.
Genetics indicates that under the skin, we are all far more alike than we are different.
Split-half reliability is a method of assessing reliability by comparing the scores of two halves of a test, where both halves yield consistent scores, typically around 75%.
Deafness is a condition characterized by a partial or total inability to hear, which can be considered a disability by some, but may not be viewed as such by those who experience it.
Cross-sectional studies show a clear decline in intelligence scores from younger to older adults, indicating a general trend of cognitive decline with age.
Boys vary in their mental ability scores more than girls do.
Extent to which a test samples the behavior of interest.
The notion that children have different learning styles, such as auditory and visual, which reflects the diversity of intelligences.
IQ is calculated using the formula: IQ = (mental age / chronological age) × 100.
Recognizing emotions in faces, music, and stories.
High Extreme refers to individuals who score significantly above the average on an intelligence test, often indicating advanced cognitive abilities.
Comparing scores at the two extremes helps evaluate the validity and significance of a test by highlighting differences in cognitive abilities.
Intellectual Decline with Age refers to the observed decrease in intelligence scores as individuals transition from younger to older adulthood, often noted in cross-sectional studies.
'g' refers to general intelligence, a construct that predicts performance across a variety of complex tasks.
Virtual twins are same-age but unrelated siblings adopted as infants and raised together, and they have a higher than chance IQ correlation of +0.28.
Extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict.
Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory posits that intelligence consists of three components: analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.
The 'Termites' were 1500 students recruited by Terman who had an IQ above 135, and they demonstrated higher levels of education and accolades over subsequent decades.
Lewis Terman was an American psychologist known for revising Binet’s intelligence test for broader application in the United States, creating the Stanford-Binet test.
The Stanford-Binet test is a revised version of Binet’s intelligence test, developed by Lewis Terman for wider use in the United States, which also extended the upper range of the test.
Intellectual Stability refers to the consistency of cognitive abilities over time, suggesting that intelligence remains relatively unchanged throughout a person's life.
The ability to generate novel ideas, also known as 'trailblazing smarts'.
Early environmental influences are the various external factors experienced during childhood, such as family dynamics, socioeconomic status, and educational opportunities, that can significantly affect cognitive development and intelligence.
Crystallized intelligence decreases with age, declining gradually until age 75 and then more rapidly after age 85.
Numerous studies have replicated at most a modest effect of genes on educational achievement.
Deary et al., 2013 found a striking correlation of +.66 between two sets of scores from test-takers after nearly 70 years of varied life experiences.
Reliability refers to the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting.
Findings from longitudinal studies suggest that intelligence remains stable over time, and in some cases, it may even increase over periods of 10, 30, or 50 years.
A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when labeling some children as 'ungifted' leads to a denial of enrichment opportunities, which can widen the achievement gap.
Using emotions to enable adaptive or creative thinking.
Wisdom in decision-making acknowledges that choices made about deafness may not be perfect, but they are necessary and should be appreciated for their intent to address the situation.
Francis Galton was a pioneer in the field of intelligence testing who attempted to assess 'intellectual strengths' through various measures such as reaction time and sensory acuity.
Giving children different opportunities can lead to the development of distinct affinities and skills, suggesting that environmental factors play a crucial role in shaping abilities.
Opportunities matter because they can enhance or limit an individual's ability to develop and demonstrate their intelligence, influenced by social roles and expectations.
A bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes.
A key aspect of social intelligence that includes perceiving, understanding, managing, and using emotions, predicting social success and emotional well-being.
Nature refers to the genetic and biological factors that contribute to an individual's intelligence, including inherited traits and brain structure.
Segregating high-scoring children into special classes with academic enrichment can create disparities in educational opportunities and outcomes among different groups of students.
Fluid intelligence is the ability to reason speedily and abstractly, particularly when solving unfamiliar logic problems.
Adoption enhances the intelligence scores of mistreated or neglected children.
Galton provided some statistical techniques that are still utilized in intelligence testing today.
A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the demands of life.
Certain genes seem to have an impact on variations in intelligence and learning disorders, but no single gene predicts intellect. Genetic variations account for about 5 percent of differences in educational achievement.
Intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from a set of standardized tests that assess human intelligence.
Racial and ethnic differences refer to the observed variations in average intelligence scores among different racial and ethnic groups, where groups scoring higher tend to achieve greater levels of education and income.
Validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure, ensuring that the test accurately reflects the construct it is intended to assess.
Minority groups and lower socioeconomic status youth are more frequently placed in lower academic groups, which can lead to them not achieving the same outcomes as their white, middle to upper class peers.
Having a perspective on deafness involves recognizing that individuals who are deaf may not share the same views about their condition as those who do not experience it, particularly regarding the need for 'fixing' their deafness.
Standardized tests are assessments that are administered and scored in a consistent manner, allowing for comparison of an individual's performance against a norm group.
Fluid intelligence increases as we age, particularly into middle age.
Francis Galton attempted to assess 'intellectual strengths' through measures like reaction time, sensory acuity, and muscular power.
Older adults tend to give fewer correct answers on intelligence tests than younger adults.
Race is not a neatly defined biological category as commonly perceived.
A standardized test is one that is administered and scored in a consistent manner, allowing for comparison across different individuals or groups.
Reliability refers to the consistency of a test's results over time or across different populations, indicating that the test measures what it is supposed to measure consistently.
Traditional academic problem solving, often referred to as 'school smarts'.
Girls outpace boys in spelling and verbal fluency.
Stage 2: Perspective signifies the understanding that there are multiple viewpoints beyond one's own on an issue or topic.
Multiple Intelligences refers to the theory that intelligence is not a single entity but a combination of various types of intelligences that individuals may possess.
Inherent differences in gender refer to the biological and physiological distinctions that exist between males and females, which may influence behavior and abilities.
The accuracy of a test in capturing its intended concept, such as IQ, is crucial for its validity and reliability in measuring intelligence.
Casual observation and intelligence tests only modestly predict future aptitudes.
Multiple abilities contribute to life successes and present educational challenges.
Aptitude scores are remarkably stable with a +.86 correlation.
Nature refers to the genetic and biological factors that contribute to an individual's intelligence, including inherited traits and brain structure.
Stage 3: Wisdom involves recognizing multiple viewpoints on a topic while accepting that a decision must be made, often imperfectly.
Common types of Intelligence Tests include IQ tests, achievement tests, and aptitude tests, each measuring different aspects of cognitive functioning.
Learned differences in gender are the variations in behavior and preferences that arise from socialization, cultural influences, and individual experiences rather than biological factors.
Skill at handling everyday tasks, commonly referred to as 'street smarts'.
Crystallized intelligence refers to the accumulated knowledge as reflected in vocabulary and word-power tests.
Adoption from poverty into middle-class homes enhances children's test scores.
Success does not equal intelligence; successful individuals often possess a variety of traits beyond just intelligence.
The goal of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) was to identify individuals who could benefit from special educational opportunities.
Intelligence Testing refers to the systematic assessment of an individual's cognitive abilities and potential through standardized tests designed to measure various aspects of intelligence.
The 10-year rule suggests that expert performers typically spend about a decade in intense, daily practice to achieve expertise in their field.
