Respiratory failure.
Spinal cord involvement.
Staphylococcus aureus, beta-hemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus viridans, anaerobic bacteria, and Enterobacteria.
Progressive drowsiness and coma, focal neurological signs.
An inflammation of the brain itself, usually caused by a viral infection.
Sarcoidosis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).
Symptomatically
Cerebral Malaria is a severe neurological complication of infection with Plasmodium falciparum, characterized by coma and seizures.
Inflammation of the meninges.
Signs of meningeal irritation.
Elderly, children, immunodeficient patients, and those with subacute meningitis.
With neurological signs and without neurological signs.
Trauma can cause meningitis by allowing pathogens to enter the central nervous system.
Inflammation of the pachymeninges (the outer layer of the meninges).
Photophobia.
Acute loss of consciousness and progressive loss of consciousness.
A condition where cancer spreads to the meninges, causing meningitis.
Yes, it is self-limiting and most people recover on their own.
Plasmodium falciparum.
Through the bite of infected mosquitoes.
Headache, photophobia, irritability, clouding of consciousness, and neck stiffness.
Through wounds or cuts.
Cognitive impairment and dementia.
Inflammation of the leptomeninges (the inner two layers of the meninges).
Meningitis, Encephalitis, and Meningoencephalitis.
Loss of consciousness.
Clear the airway.
Certain chemicals and drugs can induce meningitis as a side effect or through direct irritation of the meninges.
Either no recognizable abnormality or a mild to moderate leptomeningeal lymphocytic infiltrate.
Clostridium tetani.
Muscle stiffness and spasms.
Clostridium tetani.
It blocks inhibitory neurotransmitters, causing muscle spasms.
Insidious progressive loss of mental and physical functions, mood alterations, and severe dementia.
Tabetic.
Purulent
Lymphocytes/Polymorphonuclear cells (↑ (L/P))
A clinical sign where there is resistance to straightening the leg when the hip is flexed, indicating meningitis.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus
History and physical examination, investigations, observations, and general care.
1. Incubation, 2. Prodrome, 3. Acute neurogenic period, 4. Coma, 5. Death.
It is more severe than viral meningitis.
Yes, the affecting organisms change according to age.
Control of seizures (immediate/long-term).
General measures include supportive care and monitoring.
Administration of tetanus antitoxin, antibiotics, and supportive care.
The clinical stages of Rabies include the incubation period, prodromal stage, acute neurologic period, coma, and death.
Clear
Opalescent
Greatly increased (↑↑)
Increased (↑)
A condition that involves both meningitis and encephalitis, affecting both the brain and its surrounding membranes.
80%
Japanese Encephalitis is a viral infection that affects the brain and is transmitted by mosquitoes.
Extraordinary CNS excitability; the slightest touch is painful, with violent motor responses progressing to convulsions. Contracture of the pharyngeal musculature may create an aversion to swallowing even water (hydrophobia).
Usually a few months.
Patients almost invariably present with progressive focal deficits as well as general signs related to increased intracranial pressure.
About 10%.
Rabies is caused by the Rabies virus.
Hydrocephalus and Hutchinson triad.
Rabies treatment includes post-exposure prophylaxis with rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin.
Decreased (↓)
Opal/cobweb
Clear
Secondary effects.
A localized focus of necrosis of brain tissue with accompanying inflammation, usually caused by a bacterial infection.
Fever, headache, vomiting, neck stiffness, and Kerning’s sign.
An infection of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
Bacteria, Virus, Fungus, Mycoplasma, Spirochaetes.
Viral meningitis is less severe than bacterial meningitis.
Mosquitoes.
Brain involvement.
Malaise, fever, and headache.
Headache, vomiting, papilledema, convulsions, focal neurological signs, fever, and accompaniments.
Meningovascular, Parenchymatous, and Congenital.
Through vaccination with the tetanus toxoid vaccine.
Rabies is typically transmitted through the bite of an infected animal.
Common symptoms include fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and sometimes focal neurological deficits.
Normal (N)
Lymphocytes/Polymorphonuclear cells (↑ (L/P))
Mycobacteria, some spirochetes, and fungi.
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pyogenes
By the bite of a rabid animal.
Acute pyogenic meningitis.
It can be fatal.
Systemic signs of infection along with meningeal irritation and neurologic impairment.
Control of raised intracranial pressure.
The brain.
Because one of the first symptoms is muscle stiffness in the jaw.
Typically 3 to 21 days, but it can vary.
HIV can cause Viral Meningoencephalitis as part of its neurological complications.
Decreased (↓)
Lymphocytes (↑ (L))
Lymphocytes (↑ (L))
Yes, infections with these organisms may also involve the brain parenchyma.
Nonspecific symptoms.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Neisseria meningitidis
Vital functions.
Rabies virus.
Pus forming.
It markedly reduces mortality.
Increased intracranial pressure may cause fatal brain herniation, and abscess rupture can lead to ventriculitis, meningitis, and venous sinus thrombosis.
Evacuation of the abscess or excision.
By birth.
Anaerobic (low oxygen) environments.
Increased (↑)
Greatly increased (↑↑)
No, except for brain swelling which may be seen in some instances.
Tetanus is a bacterial infection characterized by muscle stiffness and spasms, caused by the toxin produced by Clostridium tetani.
Coma and seizures.
Broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Tetanospasmin.
Treponema pallidum.
Meningovascular.
Greatly increased (↑↑)
Increased (↑)
A manifestation of the tertiary stage of syphilis.
The dorsal roots of the spinal cord.
It is an inflammation of the brain and meninges caused by viral infections.
Diagnosis is typically made through clinical evaluation, imaging studies like MRI, and laboratory tests including CSF analysis.
Polymorphonuclear cells (↑↑ (P))
Decreased (↓)
Decreased (↓)
Muscle stiffness and spasms, often starting in the jaw (lockjaw).
Impaired joint position sense and ataxia, loss of pain sensation leading to skin and joint damage (Charcot joints), and other sensory disturbances.
Yes, it can be managed with antiretroviral therapy (ART) and supportive care.
Lymphocytes (↑ (L))
Opal/clear
Decreased (↓)
