p.32
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What are the three key responses of the Innate Immune System?
Complement System, Acute Inflammatory response, Phagocytosis.
p.32
Functions of the Immune System
What is the purpose of Fever in the Innate Immune Response?
To create an unfavorable environment for pathogens and enhance immune function.
What is the role of Memory B cells in the adaptive immune system?
They keep immunological memory of the antigen and differentiate into effector B cells upon re-encountering the antigen.
What can the antigen-specific B cell receptor (BCR) on the plasma cell surface be secreted as?
An antibody (Ab) or immunoglobulin (Ig).
p.8
Functions of the Immune System
What typically occurs during infections with bacteria and fungi?
Neutrophilia, due to increased granulopoiesis.
p.24
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
Where is the spleen located?
In the lower left quadrant of the body.
p.14
Functions of the Immune System
Give examples of mast cell stabilizers or antihistamines.
Cromolyn and Diphenhydramine.
p.12
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What abnormality is observed in neutrophils of patients with Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
Excessive nuclear segmentation and giant lysosomes in the cytoplasm.
p.6
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What is the key location for T lymphocytes?
Blood, Lymph, and Lymph Nodes (LNs).
p.21
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What immune cells are carried in lymph?
Dendritic cells (DCs), B cells, and T cells.
p.37
Adaptive Immune Defenses
What is the function of T helper cells?
They secrete cytokines that shape immune responses by enhancing or suppressing immune cell functions.
p.15
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What is the mechanism of direct cytotoxicity used by Natural Killer Cells?
Perforin-granzyme mechanism.
p.34
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What role does opsonization play in phagocytosis?
It mediates the uptake of pathogens by phagocytic cells.
p.14
Functions of the Immune System
What are mast cell stabilizers and antihistamines used for?
They are used to treat allergic disorders by limiting degranulation of mast cells and basophils.
p.15
Functions of the Immune System
What happens when NK cells are activated?
They release granzyme and perforin to induce apoptosis of the target cell.
p.18
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
Where is red bone marrow located in adults?
In open spaces formed between trabeculae of spongy bone in vertebrae, epiphyses of long bones, innominate bones of the pelvis, and flat bones of the skull, sternum, and ribs.
p.2
Functions of the Immune System
What is the function of a mast cell?
Involved in allergic responses and inflammation.
p.6
Functions of the Immune System
What are the key immunological functions of T lymphocytes?
Cellular immunity, secretion of cytokines, and elimination of cancer cells and virally infected host cells.
p.29
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
Which bacteria are commonly found on the skin as part of normal flora?
Propionibacterium and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
p.29
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
Which bacteria are commonly found in the vaginal cavity?
Lactobacillus spp. and Candida albicans.
p.34
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What are the two mechanisms of pathogen destruction during phagocytosis?
Oxidative and non-oxidative killing mechanisms.
p.19
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What is the shape and location of the thymus?
Butterfly-shaped endocrine gland situated anterior to the heart.
p.28
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What is the first line of defense in the innate immune system?
Physical (Anatomical) defenses.
p.28
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What role does the skin play in the immune system?
It serves as an outer barrier made of densely packed squamous epithelial cells and impenetrable keratinized cells.
p.17
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What are secondary lymphoid organs responsible for?
Sites where naïve adaptive immune cells interact with antigens and get activated.
p.23
Functions of the Immune System
How does the lymphatic system support adaptive immune function?
By facilitating the circulation of immune cells to secondary immune organs.
p.19
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What is the role of thymosin and thymic stromal lymphopoietin?
They assist with T cell development.
p.9
Functions of the Immune System
What do monocytes secrete when stimulated?
Pro-inflammatory cytokines.
p.12
Immune Responses to Pathogens
What are the clinical manifestations of Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
Recurrent, life-threatening infections, neurological defects, and oculocutaneous albinism.
p.6
Functions of the Immune System
What are the key immunological functions of B lymphocytes?
Humoral immunity, production of antibodies, and keeping immunological memory.
p.21
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What is lymphatic fluid (lymph)?
ECF found inside lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, formed by drainage of excess ISF.
p.39
Antibody Functions and Responses
How do antibodies neutralize pathogens?
By binding to them and neutralizing their effects.
p.34
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What is phagocytosis?
The uptake of pathogens by phagocytic cells leading to their destruction.
p.15
Functions of the Immune System
What does ADCC stand for?
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
p.24
Functions of the Immune System
What is the role of the white pulp in the spleen?
It is analogous to the lymph node, with immune cells arranged in nodules.
p.19
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What defines the lobules in the thymus?
Capsule and its extensions, trabeculae, which form partitions around lobules.
p.7
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
How are neutrophils replaced in the body?
Through granulopoiesis at a rate of 5 × 10^10 per day.
p.28
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What is the function of mucus in the mucosal epithelia?
It helps with mechanical removal of microbes.
p.10
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What are some normal variants of macrophages?
Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, Langerhans cells, microglia, osteoclasts.
p.17
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What are tertiary lymphoid tissues?
Spontaneous organized lymphoid structures that arise in chronic inflammation, select cancers, and autoimmune diseases.
p.10
Functions of the Immune System
What are the two classes of cytokines produced by macrophages?
M1 macrophages (pro-inflammatory) and M2 macrophages (anti-inflammatory).
p.11
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What are the two widely different types of dendritic cells?
Conventional (myeloid) dendritic cells (cDCs or mDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs).
p.12
Functions of the Immune System
What is the consequence of impaired phagocyte function in Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
Increased susceptibility to infections.
p.40
Adaptive Immune Defenses
How do antigen-specific B cells and T cells respond during repeated encounters with the same antigen?
They respond more quickly and robustly, known as an anamnestic reaction.
p.32
Functions of the Immune System
What is the role of the Complement System in the Innate Immune Response?
It helps to enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens.
p.37
Adaptive Immune Defenses
What is the role of Memory T cells in the adaptive immune system?
They keep immunological memory of the antigen and differentiate into effector T cells upon re-encountering the antigen.
p.15
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What type of cells are Natural Killer Cells?
Lymphocytes that function in innate immunity.
p.38
Antibody Functions and Responses
How many major structural classes or isotypes of antibodies are there?
Five: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.
p.2
Myeloid and Lymphoid Lineages
What do myeloid-derived lineages originate from?
A common myeloid precursor (CMP).
p.8
Functions of the Immune System
What can cause neutropenia in cancer patients?
Treatment with antiproliferative agents.
p.24
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
How does the spleen receive blood?
Serviced by blood vessels but does not have afferent lymphatic vessels.
p.10
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What are macrophages also known as?
Large-eater or histiocyte.
p.36
Functions of the Immune System
What receptors are essential for the activation of B cells and T cells?
B cell receptors (BCRs) and T cell receptors (TCRs).
p.19
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What is thymopoiesis?
The process of development of T cells.
p.13
Functions of the Immune System
How do eosinophils eliminate extracellular parasites?
By ADCC mechanism using high affinity receptor FcɛRI and antibodies IgE or IgG.
p.26
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What does NALT stand for?
Nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue.
p.40
Adaptive Immune Defenses
What advantage does a secondary antibody response provide to the host?
It enables elimination of pathogens before the host becomes symptomatic, providing immunity.
p.21
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What is blood in the context of the immune system?
Extracellular fluid (ECF) found within blood vessels, consisting of plasma, platelets, and cells (RBC, WBC).
p.1
Immune Responses to Pathogens
How can leukocytes migrate to affected tissues?
By squeezing out through blood vessel walls upon receiving a chemical signal (Chemotaxis).
p.29
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
Where can normal flora be found in the human body?
On the skin, eyes, GI tract, outer ear, nose, mouth, throat, urethra, and vagina.
p.29
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What are two examples of normal flora found in the large intestine?
Escherichia coli and Clostridium difficile.
p.22
Role of the Lymphatic System
How does interstitial fluid form?
Fluid from the blood seeps out of capillaries into the tissues, creating interstitial fluid.
p.34
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What are antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
Cells like dendritic cells and macrophages that present epitopes on their surface after phagocytosis.
p.13
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Where do eosinophils preferentially reside?
In the dermis and lamina propria.
p.9
Functions of the Immune System
What are monocytes primarily involved in?
Elimination of bacteria and fungi.
p.13
Functions of the Immune System
In what situations do eosinophils increase in number?
During allergic responses and infections with helminthic parasites.
p.13
Functions of the Immune System
What does ADCC stand for?
Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity.
p.23
Immune Responses to Pathogens
What is the significance of fluid uptake by the lymphatic system?
It allows for antigens present in tissues to be delivered to secondary immune organs, aiding in the activation of T and B cells.
p.13
Functions of the Immune System
What do eosinophils release to kill targets during ADCC?
Cytotoxic proteins and cytokines.
p.35
Functions of the Immune System
What normally regulates body temperature, and what happens during infection?
The temperature-regulation center in the brain normally holds at 37°C but raises during infection.
p.9
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
Can monocytes present antigens?
Yes, they can function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs), though less commonly than dendritic cells and macrophages.
p.40
Adaptive Immune Defenses
What principle does the secondary antibody response underline?
The principle of vaccination.
p.1
Functions of the Immune System
What is the primary function of leukocytes?
To recognize and destroy invading antigens and neoplastic (cancer) cells, and alert other immune cells.
p.37
Adaptive Immune Defenses
How do Memory T cells assist during re-infection?
They help with the activation of B cells in re-infection with the same antigen.
p.15
Functions of the Immune System
What is one of the main immune functions of Natural Killer Cells?
Elimination of virally-infected and neoplastic (cancer/tumor) cells.
p.15
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
How does the perforin-granzyme mechanism work?
Perforin forms pores in the target cell, allowing granzyme to enter and induce apoptosis.
p.18
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What do hematopoietic stem cells give rise to?
Red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
p.8
Myeloid and Lymphoid Lineages
What is severe congenital neutropenia?
A genetic disorder affecting granulopoiesis, leading to neutropenia.
p.7
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What are neutrophils also known as?
PolyMorphonuclear Neutrophilic Leukocytes (PMNs).
p.36
Functions of the Immune System
What types of T cells are produced upon activation?
T helper (Th) cells and Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells (or Cytotoxic T lymphocytes - CTLs).
p.24
Immune Responses to Pathogens
What type of immune responses does the spleen primarily mount?
Adaptive immune responses (B and T cell activation) against antigens in the blood.
p.33
Functions of the Immune System
What are the three main functions of activated complement proteins?
1. Stimulate the inflammatory response, 2. Opsonize pathogens for phagocytosis, 3. Form the membrane attack complex for cytolysis.
p.35
Functions of the Immune System
What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
Redness, warmth, pain, swelling, and altered function.
p.17
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
How do tertiary lymphoid tissues compare to secondary immune organs?
They are less organized compared to secondary immune organs.
p.33
Functions of the Immune System
What is cytolysis in the context of the complement system?
The process of lysis and death of target cells, facilitated by the membrane attack complex (C5b, C6-C9).
p.31
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What is opsonization?
The process of coating antigens with host proteins to enhance phagocytosis.
p.5
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What is the key function of Neutrophils?
Phagocytic and cytotoxic; they are the first responders to infection and help eliminate bacteria and fungi.
p.11
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Do plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
No, they do not function as APCs.
p.20
Functions of the Immune System
What do draining lymph nodes do?
Filter lymphatic fluid transported via lymphatic vessels.
p.4
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What is the appearance of monocytes under routine stain?
Kidney bean-shaped nucleus with moderate cytoplasm and fine non-staining granules.
p.12
Immune Responses to Pathogens
What types of infections are patients with Chediak-Higashi Syndrome susceptible to?
Infections caused by fungi, Gram-negative bacteria, and Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus and Streptococcus spp.
p.6
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What is the key location for B lymphocytes?
Blood, Lymph, and Lymph Nodes (LNs).
p.21
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
How is lymph returned to the cardiovascular system?
Via subclavian veins where it mixes with venous blood.
p.1
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Which leukocytes are considered tissue resident and not found in the blood?
Mast cells and macrophages.
p.14
Functions of the Immune System
What roles do basophils and mast cells play in the immune system?
They are involved in allergic disorders and the inflammatory response to parasitic infections.
p.22
Role of the Lymphatic System
What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
To collect excess interstitial fluid from tissues and return it as lymphatic fluid to the blood vasculature.
p.8
Functions of the Immune System
What is neutropenia?
A decreased number of neutrophils.
p.22
Role of the Lymphatic System
What happens to excess interstitial fluid in the lymphatic system?
It is sucked by lymphatic capillaries and transferred to collecting vessels, then filtered through draining lymph nodes.
p.19
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What types of cells are found in the thymus?
Progenitor T cells (thymocytes), stromal cells, thymic epithelial cells, macrophages (M Φ), and dendritic cells (DCs).
p.8
Functions of the Immune System
How can neutropenia be treated?
With rhG-CSF (recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) to stimulate granulopoiesis.
p.17
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
Which organs are classified as primary lymphoid organs?
Red bone marrow and thymus.
p.10
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
Where do resident macrophages typically reside?
In tissues and secondary immune organs.
What are cell surface markers?
Surface glycoproteins that immune cells use to communicate and interact.
p.10
Functions of the Immune System
What is the sentinel function of macrophages?
They are the first cells to encounter antigens that have entered the skin, lymph node, spleen, or liver.
p.7
Functions of the Immune System
What major component of pus do neutrophils represent?
They are a major component of pus.
p.31
Functions of the Immune System
What types of signaling molecules do innate immune cells produce?
Cytokines and chemokines.
p.25
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
Where are MALTs found?
In the lamina propria of mucosal membranes lining the GI, respiratory, and urogenital tracts.
p.25
Functions of the Immune System
What role do MALTs play in the immune system?
They mount adaptive immune responses at mucosal sites.
p.32
Functions of the Immune System
What is the Acute Inflammatory response?
A rapid response to tissue injury or infection that involves increased blood flow and immune cell recruitment.
p.39
Antibody Functions and Responses
Where are antibodies found in vertebrate animals?
In blood serum, tissue fluids, and mucosal surfaces.
p.29
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What is the role of normal flora in the innate immune defenses?
They act as a first line of defense against pathogens.
p.37
Adaptive Immune Defenses
What do Cytotoxic T cells do?
They kill host cells infected with viruses or intracellular bacteria, as well as cancer/tumor cells.
p.14
Functions of the Immune System
What happens upon repeated exposure to an allergen?
It induces cross-linking of multiple Fc ε Rs, as allergens are often polyvalent.
p.22
Role of the Lymphatic System
What mechanisms help in the movement of lymphatic fluid?
Smooth muscles, respiratory pump, and skeletal muscle pump.
p.2
Functions of the Immune System
What is the role of a macrophage?
It is a type of immune cell involved in phagocytosis.
p.8
Immune Responses to Pathogens
What infections are particularly dangerous for individuals with severe congenital neutropenia?
Life-threatening bacterial infections, especially those caused by Staphylococcus spp.
p.19
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What are the two main parts of a thymic lobule?
A dense outer cortex and a less dense inner medulla.
p.33
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
How are complement proteins activated?
They are inactive when intact and become active when fragmented.
What does CD stand for in CD markers?
Cluster of differentiation.
p.35
Functions of the Immune System
What is fever in the context of the immune response?
A host defense mechanism to infectious disease, particularly bacterial infections.
p.31
Functions of the Immune System
What are PRRs in the context of innate immunity?
Pattern Recognition Receptors that recognize and bind PAMPs on pathogens.
p.10
Functions of the Immune System
What is the role of M2 macrophages?
Secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and are involved in wound healing and tissue repair.
p.26
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What are Peyer's patches?
Aggregates of lymphoid tissue found in the gut.
p.20
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What are the major lymph node regions?
Cervical, Supraclavicular, Axillary, Popliteal, Femoral, Inguinal, Mesenteric, Supratrochlear, Mediastinal.
p.27
Functions of the Immune System
What defines the third line of defense in immune defenses?
Adaptive immune cells (B and T cells) and their products.
p.26
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What is the significance of the appendix in the immune system?
It contains lymphoid tissue and is part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
p.25
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What cells reside in the surrounding follicles of MALTs?
T cells and dendritic cells (DCs).
p.4
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What is the appearance of basophils under routine stain?
Bi-lobed nucleus with dark purple cytoplasmic granules.
p.40
Adaptive Immune Defenses
What is the primary difference between primary and secondary antibody responses?
The secondary antibody response is significantly elevated with increased levels of antibodies upon repeated exposure to the same antigen.
p.41
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune system?
Dendritic cells function as a 'bridge' between innate and adaptive immune responses.
p.39
Antibody Functions and Responses
What is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?
A process by which antibodies assist in killing infected host cells.
p.2
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Name three types of granulocytes.
Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil.
p.34
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
How do APCs connect innate immunity with adaptive immunity?
By bringing naïve T lymphocytes in contact with antigens, aiding in their activation and proliferation.
p.2
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What type of cell is a dendritic cell (DC)?
A myeloid-derived immune cell.
p.23
Role of the Lymphatic System
What is one role of the lymphatic system in fluid balance?
Drains and cleans excess interstitial fluid (ISF) to maintain fluid balance and returns it to the cardiovascular system.
p.24
Functions of the Immune System
What are the functions of the spleen?
Removing senescent RBC, storing RBC, WBC, and platelets, and mounting immune responses against blood antigens.
p.9
Myeloid and Lymphoid Lineages
Where are monocytes mostly stored?
In bone marrow and spleen.
p.17
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What are examples of secondary lymphoid organs?
Lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs).
p.7
Immune Responses to Pathogens
What is the role of neutrophils in response to infection?
They are the first to respond, marking the hallmark of acute inflammation.
p.30
Physiological and chemical defenses
What are acute phase proteins and cytokines involved in?
They are part of the innate immune response.
p.10
Functions of the Immune System
What immune functions do macrophages perform?
Phagocytic killing, antigen processing and presentation, and cytokine production.
p.5
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What role do Eosinophils play in the immune system?
They are cytotoxic and help eliminate extracellular parasites and are involved in allergic responses.
p.11
Functions of the Immune System
What is co-stimulation in the context of dendritic cells?
A necessary secondary signal delivered by co-stimulatory molecules that helps activate T cells.
p.20
Functions of the Immune System
What is the role of lymph nodes in the immune system?
Sites for B and T cell activation and mounting adaptive immune responses.
p.12
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What is Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
A condition caused by defects in lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST), affecting phagocyte function.
p.12
Functions of the Immune System
What role does LYST play in the immune system?
It is critically involved in lysosomal transport and vesicle formation during phagocytosis.
p.3
Myeloid and Lymphoid Lineages
What do lymphoid-derived lineages originate from?
A common lymphoid precursor (CLP).
p.41
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
How do innate and adaptive immune responses work together?
They work side by side through a feedback mechanism.
p.21
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What is interstitial fluid (ISF)?
ECF that surrounds cells in the tissues (interstitium), facilitating transfer of nutrients and wastes to/from cells and capillaries.
p.32
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What is Phagocytosis?
The process by which certain cells engulf and digest pathogens and debris.
p.39
Antibody Functions and Responses
What is one of the primary functions of antibodies?
To recognize and bind to antigens, assisting with phagocytosis.
p.1
Myeloid and Lymphoid Lineages
What are the criteria for classifying different populations of leukocytes?
Developmental origin, cytological appearance, location, and immune functions.
What do Plasma B cells secrete?
Antibodies specific to the antigens.
What are antibodies?
Y-shaped glycoproteins produced by activated B cells (plasma cells) in response to specific antigens.
p.14
Functions of the Immune System
How do basophils and mast cells contribute to acute allergic reactions?
They participate in FcR binding with IgE, leading to degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators.
p.18
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What is red bone marrow (RBM) composed of?
Fat, stromal cells, immune cells, developing immune cells, and progenitor stem cells.
p.18
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What type of stem cells are found in red bone marrow?
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC).
p.14
Functions of the Immune System
What do mast cells release during degranulation?
Inflammatory mediators including histamine and other cytokines.
p.15
Functions of the Immune System
How do NK cells recognize antibody-coated antigens?
Using Fc Ƴ III receptors.
p.18
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What is hematopoiesis?
The process of development of blood elements from hematopoietic stem cells.
p.24
Functions of the Immune System
What is the primary function of the red pulp in the spleen?
Removes spent RBC, recycles iron, stores platelets, and stores blood for mobilization during hemorrhagic shock.
p.22
Immune Responses to Pathogens
What occurs in the draining lymph nodes?
Antigens present in tissues are pumped through lymphatic vessels and activate adaptive immune cells.
p.36
Functions of the Immune System
What do B cells differentiate into upon activation?
Memory B cells and Plasma B cells.
p.17
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What are the primary lymphoid organs involved in?
The formation and development of immune cells.
p.8
Functions of the Immune System
What is the relationship between neutrophilia and susceptibility to infections?
Neutrophilia indicates increased neutrophils, while neutropenia indicates decreased neutrophils, leading to increased susceptibility to infections.
p.28
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What do mucosal epithelia line and what do they secrete?
They line the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts and secrete mucus composed of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and protective enzymes.
p.35
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What triggers an acute inflammatory response in the innate immune system?
The entry of foreign bacteria (antigens) into tissues or tissue damage.
p.13
Functions of the Immune System
What are the immune functions of eosinophils?
Cytotoxic killing (degranulation, ADCC) and elimination of extracellular parasites.
p.26
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What are mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs)?
Diffuse or nodular aggregates of immune cells located in mucosal areas.
p.9
Myeloid and Lymphoid Lineages
What do monocytes differentiate into once in tissue?
Macrophages (M Φ) or dendritic cells (DCs).
p.36
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What are the two types of immunity provided by the Adaptive Immune System?
Humoral Immunity and Cellular Immunity.
p.28
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What is mucociliary clearance?
A mechanism that helps remove microbes from the respiratory tract.
p.18
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
How does the distribution of red bone marrow differ between adults and infants?
Infants have a distinct distribution pattern compared to adults.
p.23
Functions of the Immune System
What immune cells are supported by the lymphatic system's circulation?
B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells (DCs).
p.28
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What are some examples of mechanical removal in the first line of defense?
Peristalsis, flushing of the urinary tract, and mucociliary clearance of the respiratory tract.
p.26
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What does CALT stand for?
Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue.
p.23
Immune Responses to Pathogens
What initiates immune responses in the lymphatic system?
The delivery of antigens to secondary immune organs.
p.30
Physiological and chemical defenses
Name three antimicrobial enzymes found in tears and saliva.
Lysozyme, Lactoferrin, Peroxidase.
p.7
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What mechanisms do neutrophils use for phagocytic killing?
Intracellular, oxidative, and non-oxidative mechanisms.
Which CD markers are associated with Helper T cells?
CD3, CD28, CD4, CD40L, CXCR4/CCR5.
p.27
Functions of the Immune System
What is the function of innate immune cells?
They recognize and help destroy any pathogen that crosses the barriers.
p.11
Functions of the Immune System
What are the immune functions of dendritic cells as professional phagocytes or APCs?
Phagocytic killing, antigen processing and presentation, co-stimulation, and cytokine delivery.
p.11
Functions of the Immune System
How do dendritic cells promote T cell activation?
By secreting cytokines to promote T cell activation and differentiation.
p.5
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What role do Mast Cells play in the immune system?
They are involved in degranulation, releasing inflammatory mediators like histamine and participating in allergic responses.
p.4
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What is the appearance of neutrophils under routine stain?
Polymorphonuclear with pink cytoplasmic granules.
p.33
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What is the complement system?
A system of interacting proteins produced by the liver and circulating in the blood.
p.30
Physiological and chemical defenses
What type of bacteria do Lactobacilli produce in the vagina, and what is the resulting pH?
Lactic acid, resulting in a vaginal pH of 3.8-4.5.
p.19
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What hormones does the thymus produce?
Thymosin and thymic stromal lymphopoietin.
p.31
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
What are the main types of cells involved in the second line of innate immune defense?
Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils), Macrophages, Dendritic cells, and Natural Killer cells.
p.10
Functions of the Immune System
What do M1 macrophages secrete?
Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α.
p.27
Functions of the Immune System
What comprises the first line of defense in immune defenses?
Physical barriers, chemical and physiological barriers, and normal microbiota.
p.27
Functions of the Immune System
What is the role of normal microbiota in immune defense?
They block infection and help defend by colonizing barriers.
p.31
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What role do dendritic cells and macrophages play in the immune system?
They act as Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs).
p.25
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What are MALTs?
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues.
p.5
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What is the primary function of Dendritic Cells?
They are phagocytic and present antigens to T cells, bridging innate and adaptive immune responses.
p.33
Functions of the Immune System
What role does C3b play in the complement system?
It opsonizes pathogens, aiding in phagocytosis.
p.26
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What does BALT stand for?
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue.
p.26
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What types of lymphoid tissues are found in the urogenital area?
Diffuse lymphoid tissues.
p.26
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What does GALT stand for?
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
What is the role of B cells in the immune system?
Binds antigen and has receptors for EBV.
p.11
Functions of the Immune System
What do plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) primarily respond to?
Viruses, by producing large amounts of type-I interferons (IFN-alpha, IFN-beta).
p.27
Functions of the Immune System
What can lead to uncontrolled infection?
Failure of either the innate or adaptive immune division, especially failure in innate immunity.
p.25
Functions of the Immune System
What are microfold cells (M cells)?
Specialized epithelial cells in Peyer's patches that transport antigens.
p.4
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Which white blood cells are classified as granulocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils.
What is immunophenotypic analysis?
The use of antibodies directed against CDs to phenotype cells.
What are the main functions of T cells?
Binds antigen-MHC complex, signal transduction with TCR, and co-receptor functions.
p.31
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What are some examples of opsonins?
Antibodies, mannose-binding lectin (MBL), C3b protein, C-reactive protein (C-RP).
p.11
Functions of the Immune System
What is the primary function of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs)?
To secrete cytokines that help with immune response against various pathogens and function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
p.25
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What does GALT stand for?
Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue.
p.5
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What is the main function of Basophils?
Degranulation; they release inflammatory mediators like histamine and are involved in allergic responses.
p.20
Immune Responses to Pathogens
What do lymph node cells respond to?
Antigens present in interstitial fluid (ISF) drained from upstream tissues.
p.25
Immune Responses to Pathogens
How do activated B and T cells reach affected mucosa?
They migrate through lymphatic vessels into systemic circulation.
p.4
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What is the appearance of lymphocytes under routine stain?
Round nucleus with minimal cytoplasm and usually no granules.
p.9
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What mechanisms do monocytes use for phagocytic killing?
Intracellular, oxidative, and non-oxidative mechanisms.
p.35
Functions of the Immune System
What are pyrogens and their role during infection?
Pyrogens are substances produced by infecting microbes and by macrophages and monocytes that raise body temperature.
p.7
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
How do neutrophils perform cytotoxic killing?
Through degranulation and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).
p.9
Myeloid and Lymphoid Lineages
How common are monocytes in the blood?
They are found in low numbers.
p.31
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What is the primary function of macrophages in the immune response?
To phagocytose pathogens and kill them intracellularly.
p.5
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What type of cells are NK cells and what is their function?
NK cells are lymphocytes that are cytotoxic, eliminating tumor/cancer cells and virally infected host cells.
What techniques are applied in immunophenotypic analysis?
Flow cytometry and microscopy, using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF).
p.9
Functions of the Immune System
What is one way monocytes perform cytotoxic killing?
Through degranulation and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
p.30
Physiological and chemical defenses
What are some inflammatory mediators mentioned in the text?
Serotonin, histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxane.
p.27
Functions of the Immune System
What constitutes the second line of defense in immune defenses?
Innate immune cells such as granulocytes, phagocytes, and NK cells.
p.27
Functions of the Immune System
What happens when the first line barriers are breached?
Pathogens enter the body's soft tissues, stimulating innate immune responses.
p.25
Immune Responses to Pathogens
What happens to activated B and T cells in MALTs?
They traffic to the draining mesenteric lymph node to amplify the adaptive immune response.
p.4
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Which white blood cells are classified as agranulocytes?
Monocytes, Macrophages, Lymphocytes, and Dendritic cells.
p.26
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What is Waldeyer’s ring?
A ring of lymphoid tissue including palatine and adenoid tonsils.
What is the function of Natural Killer cells?
Binds Fc of IgG and serves as a suggestive marker for NK cells.
p.27
Functions of the Immune System
What is the role of adaptive immune cells?
They help defend the host when the first two lines are overpowered and keep a memory of the pathogen.
p.5
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
What is the role of Monocytes in the immune system?
They are phagocytic and help eliminate bacteria and fungi; they can also present antigens.
p.26
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What are mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs)?
Lymph nodes located in the mesentery that are part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
p.20
Myeloid and Lymphoid Lineages
What types of cells are primarily found in lymph nodes?
B and T cells, some macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs).
p.5
Types of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Where are Macrophages primarily found and what is their function?
In tissue and lymph nodes; they are phagocytic and play a role in inflammation and antigen presentation.
