Xavier University of Louisiana.
Haloalkanes or halogenoalkanes.
A generic placeholder for halogen atoms such as fluorine and chlorine.
It can enhance efficacy, reduce toxicity, or improve pharmacokinetic properties.
Carbon - halogen bonds.
It provides insights into the evolution of pharmacology and medicinal chemistry.
Some functions are absolute requirements, while others are desired but not required.
They determine the chemical behavior and biological activity of compounds.
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.
Only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
The number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl group.
Functional groups that include nitrogen atoms in their structure.
A functional group formed when a nitrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom and has three organic groups attached to it.
Penicillin, which contains a beta-lactam ring with nitrogen.
Stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
Pairs of molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
Primary (1°), secondary (2°), tertiary (3°), and quaternary (4°).
A generic placeholder for other groups like alkyl chains, cycloalkyl groups, and other aliphatic groups.
They determine the chemical reactivity and biological activity of compounds.
A chemical equilibrium between two isomers, typically involving the migration of a hydrogen atom.
They play a crucial role in the biological activity of many drugs.
It is no longer functional.
They can participate in hydrogen bonding, affecting drug interactions.
It facilitates the interconversion between different isomeric forms.
Hundreds of interrelated parts essential for specific functions.
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.
They influence the biological activity, solubility, and overall pharmacokinetics of the drug.
Hydrocarbons serve as the backbone for many organic molecules and can influence their physical and chemical properties.
Yes, different functional groups can significantly change the drug's properties, including its potency and side effects.
The amino group (-NH2).
Functional groups that include oxygen atoms in their structure, influencing the chemical properties of compounds.
Functional groups determine the chemical reactivity and biological activity of a drug.
Carboxyl group (-COOH).
Types of Isomers.
Functional groups such as nitro, amine oxides, and nitroso groups.
A functional group characterized by the presence of a nitrogen atom bonded to two oxygen atoms, one of which is typically a double bond.
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.
The stability of the keto form is generally greater than that of the enol form.
The keto form.
They determine how a drug interacts with its target, affecting efficacy and safety.
Isomers can have different physical and chemical properties despite having the same molecular formula.
To understand how the chemical structure of a compound affects its biological activity.
Isomers that differ in the spatial arrangement of groups around a double bond or ring structure.
A functional group formed from the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, characterized by the structure -COO-.
R-S-R', where R and R' are hydrocarbon groups.
It can enhance efficacy, reduce toxicity, or improve pharmacokinetic properties.
They influence the biological activity, solubility, and overall pharmacokinetics of the drug.
They determine how a drug interacts with its target, affecting efficacy and safety.
It is an antidepressant that selectively blocks the reuptake of serotonin.
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
Hydroxyl group (-OH).
They determine the properties and reactivity of the compounds, influencing their biological activity.
It acts as an acid, donating a proton in chemical reactions.
By looking at the orientation of the hydroxyl group on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group.
Hydroxyl group (-OH).
They often play a crucial role in the biological activity of drugs.
Thiol (-SH).
A power source.
Yes, it can still be fully functional and moved using a dolly or by a couple of people.
They often influence the solubility and reactivity of drugs.
They determine how a drug interacts with its target, affecting efficacy and safety.
Understanding reaction mechanisms helps predict the outcomes of chemical reactions and design new synthetic pathways.
A type of isomerism where compounds have the same connectivity but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms.
Hydroxyl group (-OH).
Carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of the carbon chain.
Inactive compounds that become active after metabolic conversion in the body.
A carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O).
Compounds composed entirely of hydrogen and carbon, which can serve as the backbone for many drugs.
Different compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures or arrangements of atoms.
Functional groups that include sulfur atoms in their structure.
Familiar objects have different uses and functions, contain both similar and different parts, and the need for specific parts varies depending on the object.
They can enhance the solubility and bioavailability of drugs.
They often participate in hydrogen bonding, influencing solubility and reactivity.
A functional group containing a nitrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom with a double bond, typically represented as -NO.
They can increase the solubility of compounds in water due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds.
Seven parts or seven specific functional groups.
Isomers can have different chemical and physical properties despite having the same molecular formula.
Stereoisomers that differ in the arrangement of groups around a double bond or a ring structure.
A discipline that combines chemistry and pharmacology to design and develop pharmaceutical agents.
They contain a sulfhydryl group (-SH).
The study of how drugs move through the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Isomers that are not mirror images and have different physical properties.
As their chemistry dictates they must.
Medicines from the past.
The number of carbon atoms attached to nitrogen.
Primary (1°), secondary (2°), and tertiary (3°).
They allow the automobile to move quickly and smoothly over long distances.
Amino group (-NH2).
A mirror or a horn.
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.
They influence the biological activity, solubility, and pharmacokinetics of the drug.
Stereoisomers that differ in the arrangement of groups around a double bond or a ring structure.
The hydroxyl group (-OH) is a common functional group.
Specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.
Carboxyl group (-COOH).
They indicate the configuration of the sugar and can affect its biological activity.
Ether group (-O- between two carbon groups).
The chemical constituents of the molecule.
A discipline that combines chemistry and pharmacology to design and develop pharmaceutical agents.
Most Common Functional Groups.
The design and development of pharmaceutical compounds.
The study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of carbon-containing compounds.
A specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule.
Isomerism that arises from different connectivity of atoms in the molecule.
They influence the biological activity, solubility, and pharmacokinetics of the drug.
Hydroxyl group (-OH).
Functional groups can enhance or reduce the solubility of drugs in water or lipids, impacting absorption.
Amino group (-NH2).
Carbonyl group (C=O) within the carbon chain.
Esters are often responsible for the flavors and fragrances of many fruits.
The effects of chemical structure (drug) on biological activity.
They can influence solubility, reactivity, and biological activity.
The part of a molecule responsible for its biological activity.
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
They can inform current practices and highlight the progress made in medicinal chemistry.
The deprotonated, anionic form known as carboxylates.
The design and development of pharmaceutical compounds.
They help in moving the refrigerator a few feet for cleaning or remodeling, but are not essential.
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures, leading to different properties and reactivities.
Various components known as functional groups.
They determine how a drug interacts with its target, affecting efficacy and safety.
Hydroxyl group (-OH).
A type of isomerism where compounds differ in the connectivity of their atoms.
Hydroxyl group (-OH).
A discipline that combines chemistry and pharmacology to design and develop pharmaceutical agents.
Specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.
Isomers that differ in the connectivity of their atoms.
Sulfhydryl group (-SH).
They play a crucial role in the biological activity and solubility of drugs.
Acid-base properties, water solubility, partition coefficient, crystal structure, stereochemistry, and interaction with biological systems.
To produce more potent, selective, and safer drugs.
It affects the absorption and distribution of the drug in the body.
A specific type of tautomerism where a keto form (C=O) and an enol form (C=C-OH) interconvert.
Isomerism that occurs due to different spatial arrangements of atoms.
Yes, certain functional groups can increase or decrease the toxicity of a drug.
Yes, different functional groups can lead to varying levels of toxicity.
The part of a molecule responsible for its biological activity.
They can increase or decrease the solubility of compounds in water based on their polarity.
Stereoisomerism.
Isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
Isomers can have different chemical and physical properties, affecting their reactivity and function.
The precise arrangement of atoms or functional groups in a molecule required for a specific biological activity.
Specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.
They are mirror-image isomers that can have different biological activities.
A functional group containing a sulfur atom bonded to two oxygen atoms and two carbon groups.
They can enhance polarity and solubility, affecting absorption and distribution.
Stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
They are types of stereoisomers that differ in the configuration around the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group.
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
The study of the effects of drugs on the body and the mechanism of their action.
Enantiomers are mirror-image isomers that can have different biological activities.
Amines, amides, and nitro groups.
Chiral compounds exhibit optical activity, while achiral compounds do not.
Structure-Activity Relationship.
To optimize the delivery and effectiveness of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
A specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule.
SAR studies help in understanding how the chemical structure of a compound affects its biological activity.
Ester group (-COO-).
The fraction of an administered dose of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation.
Lipophilicity affects a drug's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).
The ability of a substance to rotate the plane of polarized light.
To understand how the chemical structure of a compound affects its biological activity.
It influences the drug's efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties.
Simple predictable rules.
The degree to which a compound can rotate polarized light, measured in degrees.
That the compound rotates polarized light to the right (clockwise).
Organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
They can enhance the biological activity and pharmacological properties of drugs.
By systematically altering structural elements (functional groups) to determine their effect on biological activity.
It studies how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs.
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity.
Using a polarimeter.
A medication that is administered in an inactive form and is converted to an active form in the body.
To evaluate the contribution of each functional group to the overall physicochemical properties and pharmacological activity of a molecule.
That the compound rotates polarized light to the left (counterclockwise).
Functional groups that include oxygen atoms, such as alcohols, ethers, and carboxylic acids.
A discipline that combines chemistry and pharmacology to design and develop pharmaceutical agents.
The study of the effects of drugs on the body and the mechanisms of their action.
They determine the chemical reactivity and biological activity of the drug.
Functional groups that include nitrogen atoms, such as amines and amides.
The study of how drugs move through the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Functional groups that include sulfur atoms, such as thiols and sulfides.
