p.18
Characteristics of Bacteria
How long can mummified bacteria lie dormant?
For hundreds or thousands of years.
p.5
Characteristics of Bacteria
What are bacteria?
Single cell organisms known as prokaryotes that have no chlorophyll.
p.31
One Health Concept and Its Importance
What type of systems should be implemented for effective One Health?
Surveillance systems on local, national, and global scales.
p.27
Routes of Infection and Transmission
What does horizontal transmission refer to?
Transmission within the same or different generation.
p.25
General Concepts of Bacteriology
What is an infectious disease?
A disease caused by a microorganism and potentially transferable to new individuals.
p.7
Bacterial Habitats and Growth Conditions
What bacteria are associated with systemic infections?
Streptococcus suis and Salmonella.
p.33
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
What is COVID-19?
A zoonotic disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
p.40
One Health Concept and Its Importance
Why is bridging One Health important across Europe?
To address health challenges that span human, animal, and environmental domains effectively.
p.28
Routes of Infection and Transmission
What is direct transmission?
Transmission from animal to animal.
p.41
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
What are the two types of pathogens based on their contagiousness?
Contagious and non-contagious.
p.41
General Concepts of Bacteriology
Why is understanding pathogen biology important?
It is essential for effective control of pathogens.
p.14
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
What is a key sign of Anthrax?
Sudden death in livestock with bleeding.
p.21
Bacterial Habitats and Growth Conditions
What is the significance of oxygen in bacterial culturing?
Some bacteria require oxygen (aerobic), while others grow in its absence (anaerobic).
p.11
Types of Bacteria and Their Classification
What shapes can bacteria have?
Rod, cocci, comma, spiral, and filamentous.
p.20
Bacterial Habitats and Growth Conditions
How quickly can E. coli multiply under favorable conditions?
1 E. coli cell can become 2 million cells in just 7 hours.
p.2
History of Bacteriology
Who discovered bacteria and in what year?
Anthonie Van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria around 1677.
p.31
One Health Concept and Its Importance
Which organizations are important for updating and sharing reporting systems in One Health?
OIE, WHO, FAO, CDC, EFSA.
p.12
Characteristics of Bacteria
What does the phrase 'All shapes and sizes' refer to?
The diversity of bacterial shapes.
p.30
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
Why is the One Health approach important in disease prevention?
It helps in understanding and controlling zoonotic diseases.
p.28
Routes of Infection and Transmission
Which diseases are examples of vertical transmission?
FIP, Brucella, Salmonella, BVD.
p.8
Characteristics of Bacteria
What type of extreme environment is found in Yellowstone National Park?
Boiling waters of hot springs.
p.22
Epidemiological Triad of Infection
What is the role of the host in the epidemiological triad?
The host is the organism that can be infected by the pathogen.
p.41
One Health Concept and Its Importance
Why is understanding the interaction between humans and animals important?
It is essential for controlling infectious diseases.
p.26
General Concepts of Bacteriology
Can you name examples of primary pathogens?
Bovine TB, Salmonella, Anthrax.
p.11
Types of Bacteria and Their Classification
What are the two categories of bacteria based on their relationship with the host?
Commensal and pathogenic.
p.23
Epidemiological Triad of Infection
What role does latency play in infections?
It refers to the period when the pathogen is present but not actively causing disease.
What is bioremediation?
The use of microorganisms to clean up contaminated environments.
p.13
Bacterial Identification Techniques
How does motility contribute to bacterial identification?
Motility can help differentiate between bacterial species based on their movement.
p.34
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
How many tonnes of goods are shipped around the world each year?
Approximately 9 million tonnes.
p.30
One Health Concept and Its Importance
How is One Medicine related to One Health?
One Medicine focuses on the shared health concerns between humans and animals.
p.40
One Health Concept and Its Importance
How can collaboration enhance the One Health approach in Europe?
By fostering partnerships among various sectors to improve health outcomes.
p.1
One Health Concept and Its Importance
What does the concept of One Health entail?
An approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health.
p.26
General Concepts of Bacteriology
What are primary pathogens?
Pathogens that can cause disease in a healthy host.
p.23
Epidemiological Triad of Infection
What does 'susceptibility' refer to in the context of infection?
The likelihood of an individual to become infected.
p.5
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
Can bacteria cause diseases?
Yes, in animals, plants, and humans.
p.1
Epidemiological Triad of Infection
What is the epidemiological triad of infection?
A model that describes the interaction between the agent, host, and environment in the spread of disease.
p.7
Bacterial Habitats and Growth Conditions
Which bacteria are commonly found in the respiratory habitat?
Mycobacterium and Haemophilus.
p.32
One Health Concept and Its Importance
What areas should be included in the One Health concept for public awareness?
Infectious diseases, hygiene, food security, animal behavior, and animal wellbeing.
p.39
Bacterial Identification Techniques
What is the purpose of isolating and detecting EspA and intimin?
To develop a novel immunization strategy against E. coli O157.
p.11
Types of Bacteria and Their Classification
What are the two main types of bacteria based on Gram staining?
Gram positive and Gram negative.
p.27
Routes of Infection and Transmission
Name a pathogen associated with sexual transmission.
Trichomonas foetus or Brucella.
p.24
Routes of Infection and Transmission
Why are routes of infection not always obvious?
Because of factors like contamination in vehicles and low infective doses.
p.26
General Concepts of Bacteriology
What are opportunistic pathogens?
Pathogens that cause disease in the presence of or following a predisposing factor.
p.33
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
Why is understanding zoonotic diseases important?
To prevent outbreaks and protect public health.
p.13
Bacterial Identification Techniques
What is the significance of sequencing in bacterial identification?
Sequencing helps determine the exact genetic makeup of bacteria for identification.
What is the significance of nutrient cycling in ecosystems?
It ensures the availability of essential nutrients for organisms.
p.3
History of Bacteriology
What significant contribution did Robert Koch make to bacteriology?
He developed Koch's postulates, which are criteria to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.
p.17
Characteristics of Bacteria
What makes Mycoplasma difficult to treat?
They have very few genes and are hard to stain.
p.23
Epidemiological Triad of Infection
What are some factors influencing infection?
Diversity, pathogenic determinants, genetic exchange, survival, amplification, transmission routes, interventions.
p.22
Epidemiological Triad of Infection
What does the term 'pathogen' refer to in the epidemiological triad?
The pathogen is the microorganism that causes disease.
p.13
Bacterial Identification Techniques
What types of stains are used in bacterial identification?
Gram's stain, Silver stain, and ZN stain.
p.13
Bacterial Identification Techniques
What is PCR used for in bacterial identification?
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is used for amplifying DNA to identify bacteria.
p.29
Routes of Infection and Transmission
What are examples of airborne diseases?
Avian Flu, Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD).
p.10
Production of pharmaceuticals
What is one benefit of using bacteria in pharmaceuticals?
They can be used in the production of drugs.
What is the role of bacteria in animal husbandry?
They help in digestion and nutrient absorption in livestock.
p.6
Characteristics of Bacteria
What is the size range of bacteria?
From 0.1 to over 50 µm in diameter.
p.30
One Health Concept and Its Importance
What does the One Health concept emphasize?
The interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health.
p.3
History of Bacteriology
What is Louis Pasteur famous for in relation to vaccines?
He developed the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax.
p.2
History of Bacteriology
What are Koch's postulates associated with?
Robert Koch's work in bacteriology.
p.27
Routes of Infection and Transmission
Give an example of a disease transmitted through direct contact.
Sarcoptes scabiei canis or MRSA.
p.28
Routes of Infection and Transmission
How can Salmonella be transmitted?
Through direct contact or vertical transmission.
p.24
Routes of Infection and Transmission
How does E. coli interact with plant cells?
E. coli sticks to plant cells.
p.9
Types of Bacteria and Their Classification
What is E. coli?
A type of bacteria, most strains of which are non-pathogenic.
What is one application of biotechnology in agriculture?
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
p.23
Epidemiological Triad of Infection
What is meant by 'dose response' in infection?
The relationship between the amount of pathogen exposure and the likelihood of infection.
What role do bacteria play in nitrogen fixation?
They convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants.
p.29
Routes of Infection and Transmission
What types of pathogens can be transmitted through contaminated equipment?
Fungi, Sarcoptes scabiei, FMD, and mastitis.
p.35
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
How quickly can a person or animal incubating an infection travel?
From almost any place to another in 24-48 hours.
p.40
One Health Concept and Its Importance
What is the One Health concept?
A collaborative approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health.
p.36
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
What are the potential consequences of illegal meat products entering Britain?
Unknown risks to public health.
p.30
One Health Concept and Its Importance
What is a key goal of the One Health approach?
To improve health outcomes through collaboration across disciplines.
p.3
History of Bacteriology
What did Robert Koch discover about tuberculosis?
He identified the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the cause of tuberculosis.
p.9
General Concepts of Bacteriology
What is the relationship between fungi and penicillin?
Penicillin is derived from fungi.
p.32
One Health Concept and Its Importance
What type of professionals should be educated for effective One Health implementation?
Professionals with different skill sets, like bio-molecular veterinarians and spatial-molecular epidemiologists.
p.16
Characteristics of Bacteria
What type of bacteria are Mycobacteria classified as?
Gram positive, but do not stain well.
p.37
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
How many cases of VTEC are estimated per year in the UK?
Approximately 1100 cases.
p.19
Characteristics of Bacteria
What is a key characteristic of bacterial growth?
Most bacteria grow very rapidly and can duplicate themselves.
p.17
Characteristics of Bacteria
Why are many antibiotics ineffective against Mycoplasma?
Because they lack a cell wall.
p.38
One Health Concept and Its Importance
What is the purpose of bringing scientists, vets, and engineers together?
To solve a One Health issue.
p.27
Routes of Infection and Transmission
What is direct transmission in the context of zoonotic diseases?
Transmission from animal to animal.
p.39
Bacterial Identification Techniques
What are the key components used in the immunization strategy for E. coli O157?
EspA and intimin phage display antibodies.
p.9
General Concepts of Bacteriology
What is penicillin?
An antibiotic derived from fungi used to treat bacterial infections.
p.28
Routes of Infection and Transmission
What type of infections can be associated with feline parvovirus?
Feline infections such as parvoviral enteritis.
p.13
Bacterial Identification Techniques
What are the primary methods used for bacterial identification?
Shape, size, motility, biochemical tests, PCR, sequencing, serotyping, and stains.
p.9
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
How are some strains of E. coli beneficial?
Some strains are used as probiotics.
p.33
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
What role do animals play in the transmission of COVID-19?
Certain animals may act as reservoirs for the virus before it infects humans.
p.22
Epidemiological Triad of Infection
What does 'infected animals (no symptom)' indicate in the epidemiological triad?
It indicates that some hosts can carry pathogens without showing symptoms of disease.
p.29
Routes of Infection and Transmission
How can vectors contribute to disease transmission?
They can actively or passively transmit diseases like Malaria, West Nile virus, and Blue tongue.
p.11
Types of Bacteria and Their Classification
What is the significance of acid-fast bacteria?
They do not stain well and are resistant to decolorization.
p.37
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
What disease can VTEC cause in humans?
Diarrhoeal disease with potential kidney complications (HUS).
p.36
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
What is a significant issue regarding meat products entering Britain?
Large volumes of illegal meat products.
p.32
One Health Concept and Its Importance
What is one way to implement the One Health concept?
Introducing the One Health concept to the general public.
p.28
Routes of Infection and Transmission
What is vertical transmission?
Transmission from mother to offspring.
p.14
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
What type of E. coli is mentioned in relation to Anthrax?
A particular type associated with the disease.
p.21
Bacterial Identification Techniques
What is selective media used for?
To use antibiotics or additives to remove unwanted bacteria.
p.11
Types of Bacteria and Their Classification
What are the classifications of bacteria based on oxygen requirements?
Aerobic, anaerobic, and microaerophilic.
p.11
Types of Bacteria and Their Classification
What is the relationship between commensal bacteria and their host?
They do not cause disease and have a non-close relationship with the host.
p.1
General Concepts of Bacteriology
What are the general concepts of bacteriology?
The study of bacteria, their characteristics, and their roles in various environments.
p.17
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
What type of disease is associated with Mycoplasma?
Respiratory disease with arthritis.
p.32
One Health Concept and Its Importance
What type of information should be shared to support One Health implementation?
Biological information, such as DNA sequences.
p.14
General Concepts of Bacteriology
What does the Gram/WBC ratio indicate?
It is used to assess infection.
p.22
Epidemiological Triad of Infection
How does the environment factor into the epidemiological triad?
The environment can harbor pathogens and influence the interaction between host and pathogen.
p.22
Epidemiological Triad of Infection
What is meant by 'healthy animals' in the context of the epidemiological triad?
Healthy animals are hosts that are not currently infected by a pathogen.
p.13
Bacterial Identification Techniques
What does serotyping involve in bacterial identification?
It involves classifying bacteria based on their surface antigens.
p.37
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
Which serotypes of E. coli are associated with VTEC?
O157, O26, O121, O145, O103.
p.16
Bacterial Identification Techniques
What happens to Spirochaetes when silver stains are applied?
They show decreased visibility.
p.6
Characteristics of Bacteria
How many E. coli would fit across a pin head?
Approximately 500 E. coli lined up end to end.
p.31
One Health Concept and Its Importance
What is a key strategy for implementing One Health?
Increasing collaboration between different professionals such as vets, medics, biologists, statisticians, and engineers.
p.17
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
What diseases can Mycoplasma cause in humans and animals?
Arthritis, abortion, pneumonia, infertility, meningitis, and mastitis.
p.39
Bacterial Identification Techniques
What is the novel immunization strategy discussed for E. coli O157?
Isolation, detection, and verification of EspA and intimin phage display antibodies.
p.32
One Health Concept and Its Importance
What is necessary for developing global health systems under the One Health approach?
Adequate funding for human and veterinary health systems.
p.22
Epidemiological Triad of Infection
What are the three components of the epidemiological triad of infection and disease?
Host, Pathogen, Environment.
p.25
Epidemiological Triad of Infection
What defines a contagious disease?
A disease capable of spreading rapidly from one individual to another by contact or close proximity.
p.33
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
How is COVID-19 primarily transmitted?
Through respiratory droplets from infected individuals.
How can bacteria be useful in food preservation?
Through fermentation processes.
p.22
Epidemiological Triad of Infection
What happens when a pathogen is present in the environment but there is no host?
The pathogen cannot cause infection or disease without a host to attack.
p.8
Characteristics of Bacteria
What is a common characteristic of most bacteria regarding temperature?
Most bacteria do not grow in the fridge.
p.29
Routes of Infection and Transmission
What is a potential transmission route for Foot and Mouth Disease?
Going from one farm to another.
p.40
One Health Concept and Its Importance
What are the key components of the One Health approach?
Human health, animal health, and environmental health.
p.1
Routes of Infection and Transmission
What are the routes of infection?
The pathways through which infectious agents enter a host, such as direct contact, airborne transmission, or vector-borne transmission.
p.7
Bacterial Habitats and Growth Conditions
Name some bacteria associated with the intestinal habitat.
Salmonella, E. coli, and Yersinia.
p.33
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
What are zoonotic diseases?
Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans.
p.25
Epidemiological Triad of Infection
How is a communicable disease different from a contagious disease?
A communicable disease is an infectious disease that is contagious and can be transmitted from one source to another, often used in human medicine.
p.14
Characteristics of Bacteria
What is the significance of the spiral colon in the context of the text?
It is mentioned in relation to the effects of the infection.
p.29
Routes of Infection and Transmission
Which pathogens can be transmitted through contaminated food or water?
E. coli, Salmonella, Listeria.
p.25
Epidemiological Triad of Infection
What is a key characteristic of contagious diseases?
They can spread rapidly through contact or close proximity.
p.23
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
What is the relationship between cattle and E. coli in terms of infection?
Cattle can be a reservoir for pathogenic E. coli, which can contaminate food like lettuce.
p.8
Characteristics of Bacteria
What gas do microbes in Yellowstone 'breathe'?
Hydrogen sulfide, which smells like rotten eggs.
p.29
Routes of Infection and Transmission
What are some examples of indirect transmission routes?
Infected lorries/housing, contaminated food or water, airborne pathogens, vectors, contaminated equipment, and the environment.
p.25
Epidemiological Triad of Infection
Can you give examples of non-contagious infectious diseases?
Blue tongue, Malaria, Lyme disease.
p.8
Bacterial Habitats and Growth Conditions
Where is bacteria found frozen in ice?
In Lake Vostok, the world’s longest ice core.
p.10
Identifying new diseases
How can bacteria assist in identifying new diseases?
By being used as tools in research and diagnostics.
p.25
Epidemiological Triad of Infection
What is a non-contagious infectious disease?
An infectious disease that is not transmitted by direct contact or exposure to a contaminated environment.
p.37
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
What is the main source of VTEC infection in humans?
Ground beef (often referred to as the 'Hamburger bug').
p.23
Epidemiological Triad of Infection
What is the significance of genetic exchange in pathogens?
It allows for the evolution and adaptation of pathogens, potentially increasing virulence.
p.13
Bacterial Identification Techniques
What role do biochemical tests play in bacterial identification?
They assess metabolic characteristics to help identify bacterial species.
p.10
Gene therapy for diseases
What is gene therapy?
A technique that uses genes to treat or prevent diseases.
p.16
Characteristics of Bacteria
What type of bacteria are Spirochaetes classified as?
Gram negative, but do not stain well.
How can bacteria contribute to energy production?
By producing biofuels such as methane.
p.29
Routes of Infection and Transmission
How can the environment contribute to disease transmission?
Through wildlife and other environmental factors.
p.23
Epidemiological Triad of Infection
How does immunity affect infection?
It can prevent or reduce the severity of infections.
p.35
Zoonotic Diseases and Public Health Implications
What role do passenger flights play in zoonoses?
They facilitate the rapid spread of infections by allowing infected individuals to travel globally.
