p.16
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What types of small molecules do bacteria take up?
Amino acids, oligosaccharides, and small peptides.
p.13
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What are flagella primarily made of?
Protein components called flagellins.
p.13
Virulence Factors and Pathogenicity
Why are flagellins significant in bacteria?
They are strongly antigenic and serve as H antigens, important for antibody responses.
p.29
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What role does the sigma factor play in transcription?
It is important for promoter recognition.
p.20
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What are some common final hydrogen acceptors in fermentation?
Lactic acid, ethanol, and carbon dioxide.
p.16
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
How do bacteria obtain nutrients?
By taking up small molecules across the cell wall.
p.26
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What is the frequency of errors in DNA replication?
Approximately one mistake per 10^10 nucleotides copied.
p.3
Classification of Infectious Organisms
What type of analysis is used for more sophisticated classification of bacteria?
Immunologic and molecular criteria.
p.3
Classification of Infectious Organisms
What can the easily determined characteristics of bacteria be used for?
To divide organisms into conventional taxonomic groupings.
p.29
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
Why is the presence of different sigma factors important in bacteria?
It allows for the control of gene expression, such as in spore formation in Gram-positive bacteria.
p.2
Classification of Infectious Organisms
What is a 'genus' in biological classification?
A group of closely related but non-interbreeding species.
p.12
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What shape do spirilla bacteria have?
Spiral or corkscrew-shaped.
p.22
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What are some examples of detoxifying enzymes that interact with harmful compounds?
Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase.
p.17
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
How do cells uptake and transport nutrients into the cytoplasm?
Through the cell membrane using various transport mechanisms, including facilitated diffusion and active transport.
p.2
Classification of Infectious Organisms
What system is used for the classification of species in eukaryotes and some prokaryotes?
The binomial system of classification.
p.10
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What are the two properties conferred by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Gram-negative bacteria?
Antigenic properties (O antigens) and toxic properties (endotoxin from lipid A).
p.2
Classification of Infectious Organisms
How is each organism identified in the binomial system?
By two names indicating the 'genus' and the 'species'.
p.11
Virulence Factors and Pathogenicity
What is the function of the capsule in bacteria?
It provides protection against phagocytosis and is important for virulence.
p.24
Bacterial Growth and Division
What does a bacterial growth curve represent?
The growth of bacterial populations over time.
p.36
Virulence Factors and Pathogenicity
Why is the regulation of virulence determinants important for pathogenic bacteria?
It conserves metabolic energy and ensures production only when needed.
p.10
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What type of properties does the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria have?
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties due to lipid components.
p.25
Bacterial Growth and Division
What must a bacterial cell do before it can divide?
Duplicate its genomic DNA.
p.11
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is an additional structure that may be found external to the cell wall?
A capsule of high molecular weight polysaccharides or amino acids.
p.26
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
How does DNA polymerase ensure accurate replication?
By proofreading newly incorporated deoxyribonucleotides and excising incorrect ones.
p.24
Bacterial Growth and Division
What are the main phases of the bacterial growth curve?
Lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
p.5
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
How is bacterial DNA structured?
It forms a long circular molecule, not contained within a defined nucleus.
p.37
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What is the most common way of altering gene expression?
By changing the amount of mRNA transcription.
p.22
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What is the function of catalase in bacteria?
It decomposes hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
p.4
Bacterial Identification Techniques
What types of antigens are used in tests with specific antisera?
Cell wall, flagellar, and capsule antigens.
p.17
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What type of media do Streptococci require for growth?
Complex media providing many organic compounds.
p.4
Bacterial Identification Techniques
What can biochemical characteristics define in bacteria?
Other subspecies groupings such as biotypes, strains, and groups.
p.12
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What are the three basic shapes of bacterial cells?
Cocci, bacilli, and spirilla.
p.24
Bacterial Growth and Division
What is the significance of CFU in bacterial growth?
It is used to estimate the number of viable bacteria in a sample.
p.20
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What happens to glucose in anaerobic conditions?
It undergoes fermentation, with other molecules acting as final hydrogen acceptors.
p.29
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
How can bacteria switch on sets of genes?
By altering the level of expression of a particular sigma factor.
p.22
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What is the role of detoxifying enzymes in bacteria?
To neutralize harmful compounds, particularly reactive oxygen species.
p.17
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What is facilitated diffusion?
A transport mechanism that utilizes a carrier to move compounds to equalize their intra- and extracellular concentrations.
p.31
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What is the role of promoters in bacterial gene expression?
They initiate the transcription of genes.
p.15
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is the function of the bacterial cell wall?
It provides structural support and protection to the bacterium.
p.8
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What are the two hexose sugars that make up peptidoglycan?
N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid.
p.23
Bacterial Growth and Division
How quickly can a single E. coli cell divide in rich laboratory media?
In as little as 20 minutes.
p.34
Transcription and Translation Processes
What is the role of Shine-Dalgarno sequences in translation?
Ribosomes bind to specific sequences in mRNA to initiate translation.
p.37
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What are the two distinct classes of regulatory proteins?
Activators (increase transcription) and repressors (inhibit transcription).
p.11
Virulence Factors and Pathogenicity
What is the significance of capsulated organisms in Streptococcus pneumoniae infections?
Only a few capsulated organisms can cause a fatal infection, while unencapsulated mutants cause no disease.
p.36
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
How do bacteria adapt to changes in their environment?
By controlling gene expression to ensure proteins are produced only when needed.
p.2
Classification of Infectious Organisms
What are the different groups of organisms that can cause infectious diseases?
Prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths (worms), and arthropods.
p.2
Classification of Infectious Organisms
Why is correct identification of infectious organisms important?
It is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.
p.8
Classification of Infectious Organisms
How are bacteria classified based on their cell wall?
As Gram-positive or Gram-negative.
p.36
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What is the significance of low nutrient levels in contaminated water for bacteria?
It triggers a change in gene expression when they enter a nutrient-rich environment.
p.27
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What does gene expression involve?
Decoding genetic information to produce functional proteins or RNA molecules.
p.23
Bacterial Growth and Division
What factors largely influence bacterial growth and division?
The availability of nutrients.
p.6
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
How is bacterial DNA different from eukaryotic DNA?
Bacterial DNA contains no introns.
p.21
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
How do microaerophiles grow in relation to oxygen levels?
They grow in low oxygen levels.
p.10
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What are acid-fast bacteria?
Bacteria with a waxy layer that alters their staining properties.
p.15
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is the purpose of bacterial pili?
They help in attachment to surfaces and in conjugation (gene transfer).
p.8
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria?
Lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides.
p.25
Bacterial Growth and Division
What forms during the DNA replication process?
Two characteristic replication forks.
p.18
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What is the major cellular role of Carbon in cells?
Molecular ‘building block’ obtained from organic compounds or CO2.
p.19
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What does 'obligate' mean in the context of oxygen requirement for respiration?
It means the organism requires oxygen for respiration.
p.18
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What is the role of Sulphur in cells?
Component of several amino acids and coenzymes.
p.14
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What are pili in bacteria?
Pili (fimbriae) are rigid surface projections that function in attachment.
p.13
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What are flagella in bacteria?
Long helical filaments extending from the cell surface that enable movement.
p.13
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
How do bacterial flagella differ from eukaryote flagella?
Bacterial flagella do not utilize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for movement.
p.16
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
How can Gram-negative bacteria utilize larger molecules?
After preliminary digestion in the periplasmic space.
p.29
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What can cause different rates of transcriptional initiation in promoters?
Regulatory proteins can alter their activities.
p.11
Classification of Infectious Organisms
How are bacterial shapes generally categorized?
As spherical (cocci), rods (bacilli), or helical (spirilla), with variations.
p.36
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What environmental change occurs when enterobacterial pathogens enter the human gut?
Temperature rises to 37 °C, with abundant carbon and nitrogen, and low oxygen and free iron availability.
p.36
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What happens to bacterial gene expression when they encounter a new environment?
They switch on or off a range of metabolic and virulence-associated genes.
p.4
Bacterial Identification Techniques
Why is the correct identification of bacteria below the species level important?
To differentiate pathogenic and non-pathogenic forms.
p.17
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What is active transport?
A process where energy is expended to deliberately increase intracellular concentrations of a substrate.
p.37
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What mediates most instances of transcriptional regulation?
Regulatory proteins that bind to DNA adjacent to or overlapping the promoter site.
p.10
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What do mycolic acids in the outer envelope of mycobacteria create?
A waxy layer that alters staining properties and provides resistance to environmental factors.
p.15
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is contained within the bacterial cytoplasm?
It contains ribosomes, genetic material (DNA), and various enzymes.
p.5
Classification of Infectious Organisms
What data is used for the classification of bacteria?
Both phenotypic and genotypic data.
p.10
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What activity do mycobacterial cell wall components promote?
Adjuvant activity, which promotes immunologic responsiveness.
p.6
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What organelles are present in the cytoplasm of bacteria?
Only ribosomes for protein synthesis.
p.27
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA)?
It participates in decoding mRNA into functional proteins.
p.28
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What factors can influence the frequency of transcription initiation?
The DNA sequence of the promoter site, DNA topology, and regulatory proteins.
p.7
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is the basic shape of a generalized bacterium?
Bacteria can have various shapes, including cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilla (spiral).
p.7
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What are plasmids in bacteria?
Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that can carry genes, often providing antibiotic resistance.
p.14
Virulence Factors and Pathogenicity
What is antigenic variation in bacteria?
A mechanism that allows bacteria to change their surface antigens to evade the immune response.
p.26
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
Why is accurate replication of DNA essential?
Because DNA carries the information that defines the properties and processes of a cell.
p.3
Classification of Infectious Organisms
What methods are used for the classification of bacteria?
A mixture of microscopic, macroscopic, and biochemical characteristics.
p.3
Classification of Infectious Organisms
What are some characteristics used to classify bacteria?
Size, shape, color, staining properties, respiration, and reproduction.
p.11
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What role does the cell wall play in bacteria?
It is a major contributor to the ultimate shape of the organism, important for bacterial identification.
p.5
Introduction to Microbes as Parasites
What type of organisms are bacteria?
Single-celled prokaryotes.
p.31
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What are bacterial genes present on?
DNA as separate discrete units (single genes) or as operons (multigenes).
p.32
Transcription and Translation Processes
What specifies the exact sequence of amino acids in a protein?
The sequence of nucleotides found in the mRNA transcripts.
p.10
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
How do hydrophilic molecules enter Gram-negative bacteria?
Through special channels or pores formed by proteins called 'porins'.
p.15
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is the basic shape of a generalized bacterium?
Bacteria can have various shapes, including cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilla (spiral).
p.5
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What allows many bacteria to be motile?
A unique pattern of flagella.
p.22
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
How does superoxide dismutase function in detoxification?
It converts superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide.
p.10
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is unique about the peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive mycobacteria?
It has a different chemical basis for cross-linking to the lipoprotein layer.
p.31
Transcription and Translation Processes
What happens to mRNA after it is transcribed?
It is translated into protein.
p.28
Transcription and Translation Processes
What enzyme is responsible for copying DNA during transcription?
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
p.2
Classification of Infectious Organisms
Give an example of an organism identified using the binomial system.
Homo sapiens and Escherichia coli.
p.6
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
Where is bacterial DNA located within the cell?
In a region known as the 'nucleoid'.
p.22
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What harmful compounds do detoxifying enzymes interact with?
Reactive oxygen species and other harmful compounds.
p.32
Transcription and Translation Processes
What does each set of three bases (triplet) in the mRNA sequence correspond to?
A codon for a specific amino acid.
p.34
Transcription and Translation Processes
What begins the process of translation?
Formation of an initiation complex.
p.17
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
Where does oxidative metabolism occur in bacteria?
At the membrane-cytoplasm interface.
p.5
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What types of metabolic patterns do bacteria exhibit?
Both aerobic and anaerobic.
p.8
Gram Staining and Cell Wall Composition
Describe the peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive bacteria.
It forms a thick layer (20-80 nm) external to the cell membrane.
p.6
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What are plasmids?
Small circular self-replicating DNA molecules that may carry extrachromosomal genetic information.
p.21
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What is the relationship between bacterial growth and reactive oxygen species?
Bacteria's ability to grow in oxygen relates to their ability to enzymatically deal with potentially destructive reactive oxygen species.
p.4
Bacterial Identification Techniques
How is antibiotic susceptibility useful in bacterial identification?
It helps in determining the identification of bacteria.
p.18
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What is Nitrogen a component of?
Amino acids, nucleotides, nucleic acids, and coenzymes.
p.7
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is the role of the plasma membrane in bacteria?
It regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
p.14
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is the function of sex pili?
They facilitate attachment to other bacteria.
p.37
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
How can the level of mRNA transcription be altered?
By changing the efficiency of binding of RNA polymerase to promoter sites.
p.32
Transcription and Translation Processes
What is code degeneracy?
The redundancy in the triplet code resulting in more than one triplet encoding the same amino acid.
p.15
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is the role of the plasma membrane in bacteria?
It regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
p.17
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What are the nutritional requirements of E. coli?
E. coli can be grown in media providing only glucose and inorganic salts.
p.4
Bacterial Identification Techniques
Which bacteria are examples where serogroups and serotypes are defined?
Salmonellae, streptococci, shigellae, E. coli.
p.27
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What types of RNA are produced from some genes besides mRNA?
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA).
p.15
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is the genetic material of a bacterium?
It is typically a single circular strand of DNA.
p.6
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What functions do prokaryotic cell membranes perform?
Many metabolic functions typically carried out by membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes.
p.25
Bacterial Growth and Division
What do the two copies of genetic information produced during replication consist of?
One parental strand and one newly synthesized strand of DNA.
p.19
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What can be the final electron acceptor in anaerobic metabolism?
An organic or inorganic molecule other than oxygen.
p.19
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
Why can anaerobic metabolism be used in the host's body?
Because appropriate substrates are usually available even in the absence of oxygen.
p.7
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is the role of flagella in bacteria?
Flagella are used for locomotion, allowing bacteria to move toward or away from stimuli.
p.14
Virulence Factors and Pathogenicity
What is the role of pili in preventing phagocytosis?
The presence of many pili may help to reduce host resistance to bacterial infection.
p.5
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What surrounds the bacterial cell?
A complex cell wall and often a thick capsule.
p.21
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What enzymes are present in obligate aerobes?
Oxygen detoxifying enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase.
p.25
Bacterial Growth and Division
What is the site where bacterial DNA replication begins called?
Origin of replication (OriC).
p.21
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What is the growth characteristic of obligate anaerobes?
No growth in the presence of oxygen.
p.25
Transcription and Translation Processes
Which enzymes are involved in unwinding and separating DNA strands during replication?
Helicases and topoisomerases (e.g., DNA gyrase).
p.27
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What is the role of ribosomal RNA?
It provides a scaffold for assembling ribosomal subunits.
p.30
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What is a monocistronic arrangement in bacterial genes?
An arrangement with a single promoter, structural gene, and transcriptional terminator.
p.18
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What is the importance of Potassium in cells?
It is an important inorganic cation and enzyme cofactor.
p.14
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What do common pili attach to?
They attach to host cells.
p.34
Transcription and Translation Processes
What components make up the initiation complex?
mRNA, ribosome, and an initiator tRNA molecule carrying formylmethionine.
p.37
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What are the regions of DNA where regulatory proteins bind called?
Operators or operator sites.
p.2
Classification of Infectious Organisms
How are related genera classified?
They are grouped into progressively broader and more inclusive categories.
p.5
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is essential for understanding phenotypic data?
An understanding of bacterial structure and biology.
p.19
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
How do bacteria obtain energy?
By oxidizing preformed organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) to yield ATP.
p.28
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What role do regulatory proteins play in transcription?
They can bind adjacent to and may overlap the promoter site, influencing transcription initiation.
p.19
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What does 'facultative' mean regarding bacterial metabolism?
It refers to the ability to switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
p.7
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is the purpose of ribosomes in a bacterium?
Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
p.14
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What are adhesins?
Molecules on pili that interact with host cell membranes for adherence.
p.25
Bacterial Growth and Division
What type of complex binds to the origin of replication to initiate DNA unwinding?
A multienzyme replication complex.
p.28
Transcription and Translation Processes
What do ribonucleotides do during transcription?
They incorporate and base pair with the template DNA.
p.21
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What is the growth characteristic of facultative anaerobes/aerobes?
Growth occurs in both the presence and absence of oxygen.
p.34
Transcription and Translation Processes
What type of reaction do ribosomes carry out during translation?
A condensation reaction that couples incoming amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
p.34
Transcription and Translation Processes
When does translation terminate?
When the ribosome encounters one of three termination codons: UGA, UAA, or UAG.
p.30
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What is an operon?
A polycistronic arrangement with a single promoter and terminator flanking multiple structural genes.
p.7
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is the function of the bacterial cell wall?
It provides structural support and protection to the bacterium.
p.7
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is the function of pili in bacteria?
Pili are used for attachment to surfaces and can facilitate genetic exchange between bacteria.
p.17
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
Do all bacteria have the same nutritional requirements for growth?
All bacteria have similar general nutritional requirements for growth.
p.34
Transcription and Translation Processes
How does the polypeptide chain elongate during translation?
Through the movement of the ribosome along the mRNA and recruitment of further tRNA molecules.
p.28
Transcription and Translation Processes
What are promoters?
Nucleotide sequences in DNA that can bind RNA polymerase.
p.8
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
Which antibiotics disrupt the synthesis of peptidoglycan?
β-lactam and glycopeptides.
p.28
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
How does DNA topology affect transcription?
Supercoiling can influence the frequency of transcription initiation.
p.30
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What is the significance of operon transcription?
It ensures that protein subunits required for enzyme complexes are synthesized simultaneously and in the correct stoichiometry.
p.7
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is the function of the nucleoid in bacteria?
The nucleoid contains the bacterial DNA.
p.14
Virulence Factors and Pathogenicity
How do pili help bacteria evade the immune system?
They can change their antigens, allowing bacteria to avoid immune recognition.
p.25
Transcription and Translation Processes
What serves as a template for DNA polymerase during replication?
The separated DNA strands.
p.6
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is the difference in ribosome size between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotic ribosomes are characterized as 70 S, while eukaryotic ribosomes are 80 S.
p.15
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is the significance of plasmids in bacteria?
Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that can carry genes for antibiotic resistance.
p.4
Bacterial Identification Techniques
What direct genetic approaches are used in bacterial identification?
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and probes to detect organism-specific sentinel DNA sequences.
p.18
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What is the role of Oxygen in aerobic respiration?
O2 is an electron acceptor.
p.18
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
What cellular components is Phosphorus found in?
Nucleotides, nucleic acids, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and phospholipids.
p.14
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What mechanism is involved in antigenic variation in gonococci?
Recombination of genes coding for 'constant' and 'variable' regions of pili molecules.
p.15
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What is the function of flagella in bacteria?
They provide motility, allowing bacteria to move towards or away from stimuli.
p.37
Gene Expression and Regulation in Bacteria
What do genes subject to positive regulation need to bind?
Activated regulatory protein(s) to promote transcription initiation.
p.23
Bacterial Growth and Division
What occurs during the log or exponential phase of bacterial growth?
Cell division rapidly occurs, with the population doubling at a constant rate.
p.23
Bacterial Growth and Division
What happens during the stationary phase of bacterial growth?
Cell growth slows to a stop as nutrients are depleted and toxic products accumulate.
p.6
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
What external structures may be found outside the bacterial cell wall?
Capsules, flagella, and pili.
p.18
Bacterial Metabolism and Nutritional Requirements
How is Hydrogen involved in cellular processes?
It is a molecular ‘building block’ and is involved in respiration to produce energy.
p.14
Bacterial Structure and Characteristics
How do adhesins of Escherichia coli interact with host cells?
They interact with fucose/mannose molecules on intestinal epithelial cells.
