p.7
Concept of Health Promotion
Can the concept of health be culturally specific?
Yes, it can be culturally specific.
p.90
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the primary focus of the social change approach in health promotion?
Changing societal behavior in physical, social, and economic environments.
p.7
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the origin of the word 'health'?
Derived from the Old English word 'hael'.
p.86
Concept of Health Promotion
What are some methods used in the empowerment approach?
Advocacy, negotiation, networking, and facilitation.
What is health literacy?
Health literacy is the ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information.
p.8
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the negative definition of health?
Absent of disease or illness.
p.13
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are exogenous factors in relation to disease?
Factors outside the body, such as viral infections.
p.15
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How does ill health differ from serious health conditions?
Ill health is not usually serious enough to curtail all activities.
p.57
Health Behavior Models
Why is health literacy important?
It helps individuals accurately interpret health information and make informed decisions about their health.
p.49
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
Which institution published the report on health inequalities in Hong Kong?
CUHK Institute of Health Equity.
p.81
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
Is the educational approach intended to motivate people towards specific behaviors?
No, it is not intended to motivate people in certain directions, but hopes to lead them to an outcome.
p.85
Health Promotion in Different Settings
How does a facilitator assist clients in the empowerment approach?
By helping them identify what they need to recognize and act on in their body and environment.
p.76
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is a key advantage of the medical approach to health promotion?
People sometimes want to be told what to do.
p.75
Evaluating Health Promotion Plans
What are the long-term evaluation goals of the medical approach?
Reduction in disease rates and associated mortality.
p.5
Concept of Health Promotion
How does the World Health Organization define health?
As a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
p.31
Health Behavior Models
What is the purpose of mass screening programs in the medical model?
To identify the 'abnormal' few with 'invisible' diseases by monitoring the entire target population.
p.7
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the term 'health' encompass according to its broad concept?
A huge range of meaning concerning the whole person and their integrity.
p.86
Concept of Health Promotion
Which skills are encouraged in the empowerment approach?
Critical thinking and critical action.
p.63
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the Ottawa Charter (1986) state about health promotion?
It emphasizes that health promotion goes beyond healthy lifestyles to encompass well-being.
p.6
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What do you need to do to stay healthy?
To stay healthy, I need to eat nutritious foods, stay active, and manage stress.
p.13
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the definition of disease?
An objective state of ill health characterized by the existence of some pathology or abnormality of the body.
p.77
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the primary aim of the behavior change approach in health promotion?
To inspire individuals to adopt healthy lifestyle behaviors, use preventive health services, and take responsibility for their own health.
p.56
Health Behavior Models
How does improving health literacy affect partnerships with healthcare providers?
It facilitates better partnerships, resulting in better treatment outcomes.
p.28
Health Behavior Models
What contributed to the disappearance of most fatal diseases in the 19th century?
Antibiotics and immunization programs, such as for smallpox.
p.16
Health Behavior Models
What is the objective of disease diagnosis?
To identify the presence of a disease, which can have positive or negative implications.
p.53
Health Behavior Models
What is basic/functional health literacy?
Basic skills in reading and writing that enable individuals to function effectively in everyday situations and make informed health decisions.
p.46
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What does health equity aim to achieve?
The highest attainable level of health for all people.
p.35
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is patient-centered care?
An approach that emphasizes shared decision making between patients and healthcare providers.
p.103
Health Promotion in Different Settings
Why is intersectoral collaboration important in nursing?
It may contribute to health promotion.
p.35
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is shared decision making in healthcare?
A collaborative process where patients and providers make health decisions together.
p.54
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the relationship between health literacy and social gradient?
Lower levels of health literacy are much more common among the socially and economically disadvantaged.
p.2
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the primary focus of health promotion?
To enhance the health and well-being of individuals and communities.
p.6
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
Why do you consider yourself healthy?
I am healthy because I prioritize my physical and mental well-being.
p.2
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is a consideration when implementing health promotion in different settings?
Adapting strategies to fit the specific context and audience.
p.13
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are endogenous factors in relation to disease?
Factors inside the body, such as inadequate thyroid function.
p.14
Health Behavior Models
What is illness?
The subjective experience of loss of health.
p.83
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
Give an example of an educational approach in health promotion.
Increase knowledge in self-care of hypertension management.
p.66
Concept of Health Promotion
What is health promotion?
An umbrella term incorporating aspects of disease, disease prevention, health education, cultural, social, and political development.
p.75
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the medical approach in health promotion?
A strategy focused on reducing disease rates and associated mortality.
p.108
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the focus of the CUHK Institute of Health Equity report from 2022?
Health Inequalities in Hong Kong: A Life Course Approach.
p.63
Concept of Health Promotion
Who can health promotion activities be directed at?
Individuals, families, communities, or whole populations.
p.2
Health Behavior Models
What does the health behavior model aim to explain?
Why individuals engage in health-promoting or health-damaging behaviors.
p.80
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is the aim of the educational approach in health promotion?
To provide information and facts, and to develop relevant skills for individuals to make knowledgeable choices about their health.
p.6
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How has a situation affected your health?
A situation affected my health by causing me to experience stress, impacting my well-being.
p.34
Health Behavior Models
What concerns have alternative practitioners raised regarding conventional treatments?
Their potentially damaging long-term effects.
p.47
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What type of theory is social justice considered?
A political and philosophical theory.
p.65
Concept of Health Promotion
What shift did the Ottawa Charter promote in health promotion?
It steered health promotion away from individual behavior change models towards a socio-ecological approach.
p.79
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What should health workers do according to the behavior change approach?
Seize every opportunity to teach healthy lifestyles.
p.14
Health Behavior Models
Is illness considered a diagnosis?
No, it is not a kind of diagnosis.
p.76
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What expertise do health experts bring to the medical approach?
Relevant knowledge and expertise.
p.90
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the social change approach aim to adjust?
The physical, social, and fiscal environment.
p.63
Concept of Health Promotion
What is health promotion?
A range of activities and interventions that enable people to take greater control over their health.
p.2
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is a key principle in teaching and learning in healthcare?
Engaging patients in their own health decisions.
p.4
Health Promotion Approaches
What are some common health promotion approaches?
Common approaches include education, policy advocacy, and community engagement.
p.6
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How has a person affected your health?
A person affected my health by encouraging me to adopt healthier habits.
p.47
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the primary focus of social justice?
The concept of fairness in relations between individuals in society.
p.89
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the focus of the empowerment approach in health promotion?
To empower individuals and communities to take control of their health.
p.91
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What does the social change approach in health promotion focus on?
Policy or environmental level.
p.64
Concept of Health Promotion
What was the aim of the Ottawa Charter?
To achieve Health for All by the year 2000 and beyond.
p.35
Health Behavior Models
How do social movements impact the field of medicine?
They promote advocacy for various health issues.
p.63
Concept of Health Promotion
Is health promotion solely the responsibility of the health sector?
No, it goes beyond the health sector to include well-being.
p.84
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the main aim of the empowerment approach in health promotion?
To help people identify their own concerns and gain the skills and confidence to take greater control over their health.
p.8
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the positive definition of health?
A state of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being.
p.34
Health Behavior Models
What has contributed to the rise in complementary therapies?
Alternative practitioners questioning the effectiveness of conventional treatments.
p.28
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the medical model's definition of health?
Health is defined as the absence of disease and illness.
p.35
Health Behavior Models
What challenge does consumerism present to medicine?
It leads to a rise in the number of informed patients.
p.92
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the social change approach in health promotion?
It focuses on changing organizational levels and developing policies and laws.
p.57
Health Behavior Models
What is a potential consequence of low health literacy regarding cancer screening programs?
People may be unaware of the launch of cancer screening programs communicated through media or healthcare workers.
p.5
Concept of Health Promotion
What are the key concepts of health?
Health encompasses physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.
p.66
Concept of Health Promotion
What aspects are included in health promotion?
Disease prevention, health education, cultural, social, and political development.
p.46
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What principle is fundamental to health equity?
Valuing all individuals and populations equally.
p.87
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the focus of the empowerment approach in health promotion?
Increasing people's control over their own lives.
p.46
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the goal of health equity regarding different groups?
Optimal health for all groups.
p.78
Health Behavior Models
What are some methods used in the behavior change approach?
One-to-one advice or counseling and mass media campaigns.
p.30
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How is medicine viewed in terms of social control?
As a powerful means of social control through categories like disease, illness, madness, and deviancy.
p.73
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the medical approach in health promotion?
An expert-led, 'top-down' approach.
p.54
Health Behavior Models
How does improving health literacy affect individuals?
It enhances their capacity for making informed choices on health issues and better access to health services and resources.
p.7
Concept of Health Promotion
What aspects does the concept of health include?
Integrity, soundness, and well-being.
p.63
Concept of Health Promotion
What does health promotion emphasize according to WHO (1990)?
Personal, social, political, and institutional resources, as well as physical capacities.
p.2
Health Needs Assessment
What is the purpose of a health needs assessment?
To identify the health needs of a population.
p.6
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What causes you to become unhealthy?
I become unhealthy when I neglect my diet and skip exercise.
p.51
Health Behavior Models
What does health literacy encompass?
Skills necessary to access, assess, and use information in making life choices.
p.77
Health Behavior Models
Why is the behavioral approach popular in health promotion?
Because it views health as an individual asset.
p.79
Health Behavior Models
What is a key focus of the behavior change approach in health promotion?
Evaluating any health behavioral change after the intervention.
p.56
Health Behavior Models
What is a consequence of low health literacy in communication with healthcare providers?
Poor quality of communication.
p.14
Health Behavior Models
What does illness affect?
An individual's body or mind, preventing optimal outputs.
p.81
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What does the educational approach in health promotion emphasize?
Personal choice, regardless of whether the choices are agreeable to the healthcare promoter.
p.31
Health Behavior Models
What is a key characteristic of the medical model in terms of population health?
Medicine acts as surveillance through mass screening programs.
p.23
Health Behavior Models
What is necessary for maintaining health according to the Adaptive Model?
Continuous readjustment to life’s stressful demands.
p.72
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the clinical method's focus in the medical approach?
Treatment of diseases to prevent complications and premature death.
p.105
Evaluating Health Promotion Plans
What should a nurse include in the initial planning for health promotion activities?
Strategies for evaluating their effectiveness and health outcomes.
What was the mortality rate for COVID-19 in the most deprived areas compared to the least deprived areas in the UK as of January 2021?
1.8 times higher in the most deprived areas.
p.61
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What model is health education based on?
Expert authority model derived from medicine and education.
p.33
Health Behavior Models
What types of involvement have influenced clinical autonomy?
Cultural and political involvement.
p.52
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is Critical health literacy?
The ability to critically analyze information and take action to improve health outcomes.
p.19
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How can illness impact a client's self-concept?
It can lead to changes in belief and body image, affecting self-esteem.
p.60
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is a key aspect of motivating individuals in health education?
Motivating and persuading people to make changes in their lifestyle.
p.101
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What types of conditions should nurses help individuals cope with?
Acute and chronic illnesses and injuries.
p.86
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the main focus of the empowerment approach in health promotion?
To help clients develop decision-making and problem-solving skills.
p.4
Health Education and Health Promotion
What is the purpose of health education and health promotion?
To improve health outcomes and empower individuals to make informed health choices.
p.2
Role of Mass Media in Health Promotion
How does mass media influence health promotion?
By disseminating health information to a wide audience.
p.15
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the definition of ill health?
A state of poor health when there is some disease or impairment, but not usually serious enough to curtail all activities.
p.16
Health Behavior Models
What is the relationship between disease and illness?
Disease refers to the biological condition, while illness is the subjective experience of that condition.
p.23
Health Behavior Models
What is the Adaptive Model of health?
A creative process focused on resilience and adaptability.
p.103
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is one key responsibility of nurses according to the Nursing Council of Hong Kong?
Acting as a key player in intersectoral collaboration.
p.56
Health Behavior Models
How does low health literacy impact individuals' ability to benefit from health education?
They are less able to read health information and instructions.
p.92
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What are some methods used in the social change approach?
Implementation of healthy public policy, lobbying, and legislation.
p.85
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the outcome for clients when they work with a health promoter?
They identify their concerns and become empowered to plan a programme of action.
p.72
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What does the medical approach seek to increase?
Clinical interventions to prevent disease.
p.12
Concept of Health Promotion
What does well-being encompass?
Quality of life and the ability to contribute meaningfully to the world.
p.93
Health Promotion in Different Settings
Give an example of a regulation that promotes health.
Regulations governing food labeling.
p.55
Health Behavior Models
Why is health literacy important?
It influences participation in health screenings and treatment decisions.
p.70
Concept of Health Promotion
What is a key focus of health promotion approaches?
To enhance the well-being and health of individuals and communities.
p.58
Health Behavior Models
How does improving health literacy impact the healthcare system?
It eases the burden on the healthcare system and allows for better allocation of resources.
p.87
Concept of Health Promotion
What does community empowerment involve?
Identifying concerns of groups and planning a program of action to address them.
p.11
Concept of Health Promotion
What is considered an ultimate goal in wellness?
Achieving a state of well-being.
p.73
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What are the three levels of intervention in the medical approach?
Primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention.
p.30
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are some critical decisions doctors are involved in?
Decisions related to termination of pregnancy, assisted reproduction, neonatal care, and euthanasia.
p.50
Health Behavior Models
Why is health literacy important?
It empowers individuals to make informed health choices, leading to better health outcomes.
p.25
Health Behavior Models
What are the three elements of the Agent - Host - Environment Model?
Agent, Host, Environment.
p.20
Health Behavior Models
What does the Role Performance Model of health emphasize?
It focuses on an individual's ability to perform social roles and fulfill responsibilities.
p.32
Health Behavior Models
What is the main argument of Illich (1975) regarding the medical model?
Doctors and health workers contribute to ill health and create harm (iatrogenesis).
p.69
Concept of Health Promotion
Name a priority action area that focuses on community involvement.
Strengthening community action.
p.108
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the aim of the Department of Health's 2020 strategy?
To prevent and control non-communicable diseases (NCD) in Hong Kong.
p.108
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the title of the 4th edition book by Naidoo and Wills?
Foundations for Health Promotion.
p.6
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What makes you feel healthy?
I feel healthy when I maintain a balanced diet and exercise regularly.
p.4
Roles and responsibilities of Nurses in Health Promotion
What roles do nurses play in health promotion?
Nurses educate patients, advocate for health policies, and promote healthy behaviors.
p.6
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
Who is responsible for your health?
I am responsible for my health by making informed choices.
p.47
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What does social justice advocate for in terms of resources?
Equal access to wealth, opportunities, and social privileges.
p.88
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the first step in the empowerment approach to health promotion?
Recognizing and understanding their powerlessness.
p.89
Evaluating Health Promotion Plans
What is a key aspect of evaluating the empowerment approach?
Assessing the extent to which specific aims have been met.
p.22
Health Behavior Models
What does the Role Performance Model define health as?
An individual’s ability to fulfill societal roles (occupational or familial roles).
p.89
Evaluating Health Promotion Plans
Why is it difficult to evaluate the empowerment approach?
Because the results may appear to be vague.
p.16
Health Behavior Models
How is the experience of illness characterized?
It is a subjective experience that can be perceived positively or negatively.
p.22
Health Behavior Models
According to the Role Performance Model, can individuals with clinical illness be considered healthy?
Yes, if they can fulfill their societal roles.
p.92
Health Promotion in Different Settings
Give an example of a policy developed through the social change approach.
Nutritional standards of school meals.
p.102
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What should a nurse acquire to effectively promote health?
Specialised skills and competence through continuous learning.
p.5
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the importance of health promotion?
It aims to enhance the well-being of individuals and communities by encouraging healthy lifestyles.
p.68
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the primary focus of health promotion?
To improve health and prevent disease through education and community engagement.
p.46
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What factors contribute to health inequities?
Historical and contemporary injustices or socioeconomic disadvantage.
p.98
Health Promotion in Different Settings
Why is physical activity important in health promotion?
It helps prevent chronic diseases and improves overall health.
p.59
Concept of Health Promotion
How does health promotion differ from health education?
Health promotion encompasses broader strategies to improve health at the community level, while health education focuses on individual knowledge and behavior.
p.105
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What role does a nurse play in advocating for individuals and communities?
A nurse should advocate for community development and social involvement.
p.45
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How did the COVID-19 pandemic impact income during lockdown according to the Health Foundation?
Estimated 8% loss of income.
p.68
Designing Health Promotion Plans
What are some key strategies used in health promotion?
Awareness campaigns, workshops, and policy advocacy.
p.106
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What should nurses do with their research findings?
Disseminate research findings to build a scientific database for evidence-based practice.
p.17
Health Behavior Models
What is one obligation of clients in the Sick Role?
Clients are obliged to try to get well as quickly as possible.
p.20
Health Behavior Models
What is the focus of the Medical Model of health?
It emphasizes the absence of disease and the biological aspects of health.
p.27
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
In what way does the medical model function as surveillance?
By monitoring populations for health-related behaviors and conditions.
p.55
Health Behavior Models
What percentage of Americans have limited health literacy skills?
Nearly 9 out of 10 Americans.
p.54
Health Behavior Models
What are the consequences of low health literacy?
People with low health literacy experience worse health outcomes due to poor knowledge of health conditions, affecting disease prevention behavior and personal health management.
p.90
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the goal of creating an enabling environment in health promotion?
To build health promotion capacity.
p.108
Designing Health Promotion Plans
What is the main subject of the book 'Health Promotion: Planning & Strategies'?
Planning and strategies for health promotion.
p.108
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What does the book 'Health Promotion in Nursing' focus on?
Health promotion practices within nursing.
p.4
Concept of Health Promotion
What are the key concepts of health?
The key concepts of health include physical, mental, and social well-being.
p.4
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are the main determinants of health?
Determinants of health include genetics, behavior, environmental factors, and healthcare access.
p.9
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the definition of health according to the World Health Organization?
Health is a state of complete physical, social, and mental well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
p.2
Evaluating Health Promotion Plans
What is essential for evaluating a health promotion plan?
Measuring outcomes against the set objectives.
p.2
Health Across the Lifespan
Why is health promotion important across the lifespan?
It addresses health needs at every stage of life.
p.6
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How has an event affected your health?
An event affected my health by motivating me to participate in a fitness challenge.
p.15
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What does ill health encompass?
The experience of disease plus illness.
p.51
Health Behavior Models
Why is health literacy important?
It helps individuals make informed life choices.
p.49
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the focus of the report 'Health Inequalities in Hong Kong: A Life Course Approach'?
It examines health inequalities in Hong Kong.
p.34
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What approach emphasizes patient involvement in treatment decisions?
Patient-centered care and shared decision making.
p.14
Health Behavior Models
How is illness typically expressed?
In terms of symptoms, such as pains, aches, or loss of function.
p.104
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How can nurses help individuals regarding health determinants?
By raising awareness of changing health determinants and individual responsibilities.
p.88
Concept of Health Promotion
What must individuals feel to initiate change in their situation according to the empowerment approach?
They must feel strongly enough to want to change their situation.
p.79
Health Behavior Models
What are examples of health behavioral changes that can be evaluated?
Quitting smoking and changing eating habits.
p.72
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the primary focus of the medical approach in health promotion?
Reducing morbidity and mortality.
p.88
Concept of Health Promotion
What resources do individuals need to feel capable of changing their situation?
Information, support, and life skills.
p.103
Health Promotion in Different Settings
How should nurses contribute to health promotion strategies?
By collaborating with other interested parties.
p.12
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What factors determine well-being?
Social, economic, and environmental conditions.
p.53
Health Behavior Models
What does interactive/communicative health literacy involve?
Advanced skills that allow an individual to obtain and extract health information, derive meaning from different forms of communication, and apply new information to changing circumstances.
p.22
Health Behavior Models
Can individuals in unsatisfying jobs or marriages achieve optimal health?
This is a question posed by the Role Performance Model, suggesting that fulfillment in roles is crucial for health.
p.65
Concept of Health Promotion
What key aspects does the Ottawa Charter emphasize?
Ecological sustainability, holism, and interdependency.
p.108
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What does the Nursing Council of Hong Kong's guide focus on?
Good nursing practice in health promotion.
p.2
Designing Health Promotion Plans
What is a crucial step in designing a health promotion plan?
Setting clear, measurable objectives.
p.6
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
When does your health improve?
My health improves when I consistently follow a healthy lifestyle.
p.51
Health Behavior Models
What are some skills involved in health literacy?
Cognitive ability and personal skills.
p.104
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is one of the key roles of a nurse in health promotion?
Promoting health in various settings such as schools, workplaces, hospitals, and communities.
p.81
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is the main assumption of the educational approach in health promotion?
Increasing knowledge will lead to a change in attitudes, which may result in a change in behavior.
p.57
Health Behavior Models
What can happen if individuals inaccurately interpret health information?
They may take medications incorrectly, increasing the risk of medication-related complications.
p.104
Health Behavior Models
What can nurses do to remove obstacles to health promotion?
Help individuals understand their responsibilities in controlling health determinants.
p.12
Concept of Health Promotion
How is well-being defined?
A positive state experienced by individuals and societies.
p.21
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the narrowest interpretation of health according to the Medical Model?
Health is defined as the absence of disease or injury.
p.23
Health Behavior Models
What does disease represent in the context of the Adaptive Model?
The failure to respond to changes to maintain stability (adaptation).
p.93
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the social change approach in health promotion?
It involves legislative, organizational, or regulatory changes that promote health.
p.53
Health Behavior Models
What is critical health literacy?
The highest level of skills to critically analyze and use information to exert greater control over life events and situations.
p.5
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What role do social determinants play in health?
They significantly influence health outcomes and access to healthcare.
p.102
Health Promotion in Different Settings
How can nurses help individuals in health promotion?
By helping them build capacity to control their own health and make healthy life choices.
p.101
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
How should a nurse assist individuals in promoting health?
By providing information and education.
p.61
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
Who decides if there is a health need in the expert authority model?
The health educator or doctor.
p.106
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
How can nurses maintain their knowledge of health promotion?
By conducting research on health promotion information and programs.
p.59
Designing Health Promotion Plans
What are some key strategies used in health promotion?
Community engagement, policy advocacy, and health education initiatives.
p.62
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is the goal of health education?
To work towards informed choices.
p.27
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How does the medical model serve as a means of social control?
By establishing norms and expectations around health and illness.
p.99
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is one primary role of nurses in health promotion?
To educate patients about healthy lifestyle choices.
p.24
Health Behavior Models
What does illness represent in the context of the Eudaimonistics Model?
A condition that prevents self-actualization.
p.59
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What role do community programs play in health promotion?
They provide resources and support for individuals to adopt healthier behaviors and improve overall community health.
p.19
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What emotional impact can illness have on a family?
Increased stress and feelings of loneliness due to separation and pending loss.
p.26
Health Behavior Models
Which psychological factors are included in the bio-psychosocial model?
Personality, self-esteem, and coping.
p.44
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
Why is employment considered an important social determinant of health?
Employment affects income, self-esteem, and overall health.
p.71
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the medical approach in health promotion focus on?
It focuses on preventing and treating diseases through medical interventions.
p.99
Health Behavior Models
In what way do nurses support behavior change in patients?
By providing counseling and support for adopting healthier behaviors.
p.66
Concept of Health Promotion
How does health promotion differ from health education?
Health promotion encompasses a broader range of aspects including disease prevention and social development, while health education focuses specifically on teaching about health.
p.91
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is considered a prerequisite for social progress in the social change approach?
The protection of population health.
p.65
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What does the socio-ecological version of health promotion address?
It addresses structural determinants of health.
p.21
Concept of Health Promotion
How are people viewed in the Medical Model?
As physiological systems with related functions.
p.78
Health Behavior Models
What is the behavior change approach in health promotion?
A method that persuades people to change health behaviors, such as quitting smoking or adopting a healthy diet.
p.52
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What are the three levels of health literacy according to Nutbeam (2000)?
1. Basic / Functional health literacy 2. Interactive / Communicative health literacy 3. Critical health literacy.
p.12
Concept of Health Promotion
How is well-being similar to health?
Both are resources for daily life.
p.76
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What does the medical approach ignore?
The root causes of ill health.
p.96
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is one approach to health promotion focused on emotional health?
Enhancing mental well-being.
p.87
Concept of Health Promotion
What is an example of self-empowerment in health promotion?
Client-centered counselling.
p.93
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What types of changes are included in the social change approach?
Legislative, organizational, or regulatory changes.
p.98
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What are some strategies to promote physical activity?
Community programs, workplace wellness initiatives, and school-based activities.
p.70
Health Needs Assessment
What role do community engagement strategies play in health promotion?
They involve the community in identifying health needs and developing solutions.
p.44
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the relationship between socio-economic status and health?
There is a relationship between mortality and morbidity and social class.
p.24
Health Behavior Models
How is health defined in the Eudaimonistics Model?
As a condition of actualization and realization of people’s potential.
p.38
Concept of Health Promotion
What are the Five Ways to Well-Being according to the New Economics Foundation?
Connect, Be Active, Take Notice, Keep Learning, Give.
p.62
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What does empowerment in health education involve?
Empowering individuals to make health-related decisions.
p.70
Designing Health Promotion Plans
How do policy changes contribute to health promotion?
They create environments that support healthy behaviors and reduce health risks.
p.44
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What impact does housing have on health?
Cold and damp housing has been shown to contribute to illness.
p.30
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What do some critics argue about the authority of medicine?
That medicine operates beyond its legitimate area of authority.
p.99
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What responsibility do nurses have regarding patient advocacy in health promotion?
To advocate for patients' health needs and access to resources.
p.73
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is tertiary prevention?
Interventions aimed at reducing the impact of an ongoing illness or injury.
p.25
Health Behavior Models
What does the Agent - Host - Environment Model extend from?
The individual to the surrounding community.
p.82
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What does the cognitive aspect of learning focus on?
Information and understanding.
p.43
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What factors determine health inequalities?
Education, employment, income, housing, and geographic location.
p.82
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
Provide an example of a method used in the affective aspect of learning.
Group discussion, one-to-one counselling.
p.67
Concept of Health Promotion
What are some methods involved in health promotion beyond education?
Community mobilization, development and empowerment, networking, coalition building, lobbying, and policy development.
p.18
Health Behavior Models
What motivates individuals to seek professional health services?
Symptoms persist despite home remedies.
p.72
Health Promotion in Different Settings
Who are the target groups for activities in the medical approach?
Whole populations or high-risk groups.
p.75
Evaluating Health Promotion Plans
What are the short-term evaluation goals of the medical approach?
Increase in the percentage of the target population being screened or immunized.
p.64
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the significance of the Ottawa Charter?
It was the first international conference on health promotion.
p.102
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is a key responsibility of a nurse in health promotion?
To adopt various health promotion strategies.
p.52
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is Basic / Functional health literacy?
The ability to read and understand basic health information.
p.68
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
How does health education contribute to health promotion?
By providing individuals with knowledge and skills to make informed health choices.
Which ethnic groups in the UK were at substantially greater risk of COVID-19 death during Wave 2?
People from Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds.
p.68
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What role does community engagement play in health promotion?
It fosters collaboration and empowers individuals to take charge of their health.
p.60
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
How does health education provide support to individuals?
By providing information.
p.55
Health Behavior Models
How does low health literacy affect lifestyle choices?
Individuals may engage in unhealthy lifestyles or delay treatment.
What trend was observed among ethnic minority groups during Wave 2 of COVID-19 in the UK?
Improvements for other ethnic minority groups, but not for Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds.
p.73
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is primary prevention?
Interventions aimed at preventing disease before it occurs.
p.30
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is a key argument against the medical model?
It may subvert human autonomy.
p.96
Health Promotion in Different Settings
Which health promotion initiative encourages new mothers to provide breast milk?
Encouraging breastfeeding.
p.73
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is secondary prevention?
Interventions aimed at early detection and treatment of disease.
p.25
Health Behavior Models
What indicates health in the Agent - Host - Environment Model?
When the three elements are in balance.
p.39
Concept of Health Promotion
How is health perceived in terms of personal attributes?
Health as personal strength.
p.32
Health Behavior Models
What is clinical iatrogenesis?
Ill health caused by ineffective and unsafe medical interventions, such as side effects of prescribed medicine or cross-infection in hospitals.
p.38
Concept of Health Promotion
How does 'Keep Learning' contribute to well-being?
Encourages personal growth and acquiring new skills.
p.29
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What factors do people often ignore that contribute to health inequalities?
Distribution of wealth, income, housing, and employment.
p.41
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are some general socioeconomic factors that influence health?
Cultural and environmental conditions, such as pollution levels and standards of living.
p.36
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the concept of health as physical fitness refer to?
Health as vitality and physical well-being.
p.94
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What type of prevention does the medical approach include?
Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
p.10
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the sexual dimension of health encompass?
Acceptance and the ability to achieve a satisfactory expression of one’s sexuality.
p.94
Health Behavior Models
What does the behavioral change approach encourage?
Individuals to change their eating habits and lifestyle choices.
p.36
Concept of Health Promotion
What does 'release' mean in the context of health?
Taking known risks, such as binge drinking.
p.74
Health Promotion in Different Settings
Give an example of tertiary prevention.
Rehabilitation, patient education, or palliative care.
p.33
Health Behavior Models
What is clinical autonomy?
The freedom of clinicians to make decisions based on their professional judgment and specialist knowledge.
p.98
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is a key approach in health promotion related to physical activity?
Encouraging regular exercise and active lifestyles.
p.31
Health Behavior Models
How did the medical model respond to the COVID-19 pandemic?
Through compulsory testing as a form of health surveillance.
p.24
Health Behavior Models
What is the Eudaimonistics Model focused on?
A comprehensive view of health.
p.55
Health Behavior Models
What is a consequence of low health literacy?
Lower participation in health screenings.
p.33
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is one of the goals of managerialism in healthcare?
To control and regulate expenditure.
p.50
Health Behavior Models
What is health literacy?
The ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make informed health decisions.
p.26
Health Behavior Models
What biological factors are considered in the bio-psychosocial model?
Genetics and physiological factors.
p.55
Health Behavior Models
What can result from low health literacy in terms of healthcare usage?
Higher rates of hospitalization and emergency care.
p.98
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What role do social environments play in promoting physical activity?
They can create supportive networks and opportunities for engagement.
p.58
Health Behavior Models
How can access to health services be improved to enhance health literacy?
By improving access to health services.
p.62
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What are critical empowerment strategies in health education?
Health literacy, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and coping skills.
p.29
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What social advances contribute to a reduction in mortality?
Improved sanitation and better nutrition.
p.19
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What financial issues can arise from a family member's illness?
Financial problems due to increased demands and potential loss of income.
p.10
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What does the societal dimension of health refer to?
The link between health and the way a society is structured, including infrastructure like shelter, peace, food, income, and social integration.
p.44
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What gender differences exist in health behaviors?
Women have a greater willingness to consult a GP, while men are less likely to participate in national bowel cancer screening programs.
p.10
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is emphasized in the environmental dimension of health?
The importance of good-quality housing, transport, sanitation, pure water facilities, and caring for the planet.
p.41
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What impact do living and working conditions have on health?
They affect access to facilities and services that are essential for maintaining health.
p.42
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What impact do war and disasters have on health?
They are considered structural determinants that negatively influence health.
p.10
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the mental dimension of health characterized by?
A positive sense of purpose and an underlying belief in one’s own worth.
p.71
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the social change approach in health promotion aim to achieve?
To create supportive environments and policies that promote health.
p.40
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How does access to healthcare influence health?
Access to healthcare services is crucial for maintaining health and preventing disease.
p.95
Health Promotion in Different Settings
How can personalized nutrition plans be developed?
In collaboration with dietitians.
p.95
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What does the social change approach aim to achieve?
Transform social and environmental conditions to improve health equity and outcomes.
p.3
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What are some contemporary health issues in health education and promotion?
Issues include obesity, mental health, substance abuse, and chronic diseases.
p.67
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What are examples of health promotion initiatives for childhood obesity?
School-based awareness programs and exercise classes.
p.97
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What methods are used in the empowerment approach?
Advocacy, negotiation, networking, and facilitation.
p.76
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is a major disadvantage of the medical approach?
It relies on patient compliance with preventive medical procedures.
p.31
Health Behavior Models
What new forms of control may arise from the medical model's surveillance approach?
Examples include random drug testing and linking surgery eligibility to lifestyle factors.
p.33
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What has been a challenge to clinical autonomy?
Reforms that enhance the power of managers to control clinicians' activities.
p.59
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the primary focus of health education?
To provide individuals with knowledge and skills to make informed health decisions.
p.62
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is the role of a health educator?
To act as a facilitator and enabler rather than an expert.
p.78
Role of Mass Media in Health Promotion
How can mass media campaigns be utilized in health promotion?
To reach individuals and persuade them to change their health behaviors.
p.30
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What role do doctors play in the medical model?
Doctors hold a powerful position by making diagnoses and influencing decisions about life and death.
p.17
Health Behavior Models
What are the two rights of clients in the Sick Role according to Parson (1951)?
Clients are not held responsible for their condition and are excused from certain social roles and tasks.
p.11
Concept of Health Promotion
How is wellness described in terms of process?
As a dynamic, growing process.
p.37
Health Behavior Models
How does the Western scientific medical model approach treatment?
It typically emphasizes diagnosis and treatment of specific diseases using medical interventions.
p.106
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is the purpose of building a scientific database in nursing?
For the development of evidence-based practice.
p.42
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What physical environmental factors influence health?
Housing, water, sanitation, air and food pollution, waste disposal, and pest control.
p.50
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What factors can affect health literacy?
Education level, socioeconomic status, and access to information.
p.11
Concept of Health Promotion
What does wellness encompass?
The whole being of the individual.
p.55
Health Behavior Models
What do many Americans struggle with due to limited health literacy?
Understanding health-related information.
p.43
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are health inequalities?
Avoidable and unfair differences in health status between groups of people based on socio-economic status or gender.
p.20
Health Behavior Models
What does the Eudaimonistic Model of health emphasize?
It focuses on the overall well-being and fulfillment of an individual, including physical, mental, and social aspects.
p.32
Health Behavior Models
What does social iatrogenesis refer to?
The medicalization of life that creates unrealistic health demands, leading to a loss of coping and the right to self-care.
p.71
Concept of Health Promotion
How does the educational approach contribute to health promotion?
By providing information and skills to help individuals make informed health choices.
p.40
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How does education impact health?
Higher education levels are associated with better health outcomes.
p.32
Health Behavior Models
How can medical practices lead to social iatrogenesis?
By creating unrealistic health demands that undermine individuals' ability to cope and self-care.
p.94
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the focus of the medical approach in health promotion?
Reducing morbidity and premature mortality through medical interventions.
p.10
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the focus of the spiritual dimension of health?
Recognition and practice of moral or religious principles and having a sense of purpose in life.
p.74
Health Promotion in Different Settings
Who is the target population for secondary prevention?
Healthy-appearing individuals with subclinical forms of the disease.
p.10
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the social dimension of health about?
The ability to maintain harmonious relationships with other members of society.
p.67
Health Behavior Models
What are examples of legislation related to health promotion?
Legislation on food advertising/labeling and restricting access to unhealthy products in school shops.
p.3
Health Across the Lifespan
How does health education and promotion vary across the lifespan?
It addresses different health needs and challenges at various life stages, from childhood to older adulthood.
p.94
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is psychoeducation in the context of health promotion?
Education about managing depression.
p.21
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the primary focus of the Medical Model?
Relief of signs and symptoms of disease and elimination of malfunction and pain.
p.78
Health Behavior Models
What type of approach is the professional-led behavior change approach?
A 'top to down' approach.
p.101
Health Needs Assessment
What is one of the primary responsibilities of a nurse in health promotion?
Assessing health needs of individuals.
p.93
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is one example of a ban that supports health promotion?
A ban on tobacco sponsorship.
p.52
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What does Interactive / Communicative health literacy involve?
The ability to actively engage in health-related discussions and make informed decisions.
p.62
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
How do health educators work with clients?
They work with clients to identify their needs.
p.26
Health Behavior Models
What does the bio-psychosocial model integrate?
The social, psychological, and medical aspects of health.
p.37
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the primary focus of the Western scientific medical model of health?
It focuses on the biological and physiological aspects of health and disease.
p.101
Health Across the Lifespan
At what stages of life should nurses assess health needs?
At different stages of their lives.
p.59
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
Why is health education important in health promotion?
It empowers individuals to take control of their health and encourages healthier lifestyle choices.
p.68
Evaluating Health Promotion Plans
Why is evaluating health promotion efforts important?
To assess effectiveness and improve future health initiatives.
p.26
Health Behavior Models
What social and environmental factors are explored in the bio-psychosocial model?
Relationships, employment, and income.
p.61
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is the underlying principle of health education?
To facilitate people to make their own choices about health behavior.
p.41
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are the genetic and biological factors in health determinants?
Factors that influence health status based on an individual's genetics and biological makeup.
p.17
Health Behavior Models
How does illness relate to social dimensions according to the Sick Role?
Illness is not purely a biological state but has a social dimension.
p.41
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What role do individual lifestyle factors play in health?
They include personal behaviors, lifestyle choices, and the knowledge and skills that enable change.
p.58
Health Behavior Models
How can health literacy promote better health?
By promoting better health of self, family members, and the wider community.
p.41
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How do social and community networks affect health?
They provide support and influence within communities, which can either sustain or damage health.
p.99
Health Needs Assessment
What is an important aspect of nurses' role in health promotion?
To assess and identify health risks in individuals and communities.
p.3
Concept of Health Promotion
What are the basic concepts of health, health education, and health promotion?
They encompass the understanding of health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, the process of educating individuals about health, and the strategies to enhance health and prevent disease.
p.95
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the focus of the empowerment approach in health promotion?
Enabling individuals and communities to identify their own health priorities and providing resources to facilitate change.
p.32
Health Behavior Models
What are the consequences of cultural iatrogenesis?
A loss of skills in managing pain, suffering, and death, resulting from unrealistic expectations set by the medical field.
p.43
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are protected characteristics that can influence health inequalities?
Age, sex, race, sexual orientation, and disability.
p.43
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
Why are health inequalities considered beyond individual control?
Because they are influenced by systemic factors rather than personal health-related attributes.
p.67
Health Behavior Models
How can health promotion influence behavior change?
By endorsing voluntary change and utilizing measures that compel behavior change, such as increasing insurance premiums for smokers.
p.97
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is the aim of the educational approach to healthy eating?
To increase knowledge and develop skills about healthy eating.
p.36
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What are the two main issues in the lay vs professional concepts of health?
Poor communication between health workers and clients, and clients' lack of compliance with treatment.
p.60
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is health education?
Planned opportunities for people to learn about health and make changes in their behavior.
p.105
Evaluating Health Promotion Plans
Why is evaluating health promotion activities important?
For the continuous improvement of future activities.
p.5
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the difference between health promotion and disease prevention?
Health promotion focuses on enhancing well-being, while disease prevention aims to reduce the risk of illness.
p.19
Health Behavior Models
What are some behavioral changes a client might experience due to illness?
Examples include quitting smoking.
p.27
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is a key critique of the medical model regarding health determination?
It often overlooks the role of social factors in determining health.
p.61
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What role does the health educator or doctor play in health interventions?
They decide the nature of the intervention and try to ensure compliance.
p.39
Concept of Health Promotion
What is one implication for health promotion according to Seedhouse (1986) and WHO?
Health as an ideal state.
p.58
Health Behavior Models
What is one way to empower health literacy?
By adding capacity for decision-making.
p.19
Health Across the Lifespan
What role changes might a family experience when a member is ill?
There may be task reassignments and increased demands on time.
p.60
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What skills does health education aim to equip individuals with?
Skills and confidence to make health-related changes.
p.99
Health Promotion in Different Settings
How do nurses contribute to community health promotion?
By participating in community health assessments and programs.
p.100
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the role of nurses in managing patient care and resources?
Coordinator / Case manager.
p.58
Health Behavior Models
What role do healthcare providers play in health literacy?
Partnering with healthcare providers can empower health literacy.
p.50
Health Behavior Models
What role does technology play in health literacy?
It can provide access to health information and resources, but may also create barriers for some individuals.
p.25
Health Behavior Models
How are the elements in the Agent - Host - Environment Model described?
As dynamic and interactive.
p.69
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the priority action area 'Developing personal skills' aim to achieve?
It aims to empower individuals to take control of their health.
p.20
Health Behavior Models
What does the Biopsychosocial Model of health integrate?
It integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health and illness.
p.69
Concept of Health Promotion
What does 'Reorienting health services' involve?
Shifting the focus of health services towards prevention and health promotion.
p.74
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the focus of secondary prevention?
Preventing the progression of illness and disease through early diagnosis.
p.3
Health Behavior Models
What are health-related behaviors?
Actions individuals take that affect their health, such as diet, exercise, and smoking.
p.74
Health Promotion in Different Settings
Provide an example of secondary prevention.
Screening like Papanicolaou (Pap) smear or cancer screening.
p.18
Health Behavior Models
What is the final stage of illness?
Recovery or rehabilitation.
p.97
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What methods are used in the educational approach?
Provision of information, exploration of attitudes, and development of skills.
p.97
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the goal of the social change approach?
To bring about changes in the physical, social, and economic environment to promote healthy eating.
p.65
Health Promotion in Different Settings
How does the Ottawa Charter view the relationship between individual and community?
It emphasizes going beyond individual lifestyle to community empowerment and participation.
p.87
Concept of Health Promotion
What method is used for self-empowerment in health promotion?
Non-directive, client-centered approaches.
p.21
Concept of Health Promotion
Is the Medical Model still prevalent in healthcare settings?
Yes, it is still dominant in many health care settings.
p.106
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is one responsibility of a nurse regarding health promotion?
To upkeep knowledge of health promotion.
p.60
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is one goal of health education?
Raising awareness of health issues and factors contributing to ill health.
p.102
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the relationship between nurse capacity and client capacity in health promotion?
Nurse capacity contributes to client capacity in managing their health.
p.101
Health Behavior Models
What is the goal of educating individuals about their health needs?
To enable them to promote health and assume self-care.
p.105
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What should nurses lobby for to promote health?
Changes in public and social policies conducive to promoting the health of the population.
p.70
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is the purpose of educational programs in health promotion?
To inform and empower individuals to make healthier choices.
p.61
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is one of the responsibilities of the health educator or doctor regarding interventions?
To decide if the intervention is effective.
p.17
Health Behavior Models
What is the second obligation of clients in the Sick Role?
Clients or their families are obliged to seek competent help.
p.24
Health Behavior Models
According to Pender, Murdaugh & Parsons, how is health realized?
Through goal-directed behaviors, competent self-care, and satisfying relationships, while adapting to structural integrity and harmony with environments.
p.27
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are some potential harms associated with the medical model?
It can lead to over-medicalization and neglect of holistic health approaches.
p.20
Health Behavior Models
What is the main idea behind the Adaptive Model of health?
Health is viewed as the ability to adapt to changes and challenges in the environment.
p.29
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is associated with persistent inequalities in health?
Profound inequalities in income and wealth.
p.37
Evaluating Health Promotion Plans
What role does technology play in the Western scientific medical model?
Technology is heavily utilized for diagnostics, treatment, and research.
p.18
Health Behavior Models
What occurs during the symptom experience stage?
Recognition of physical discomfort or limitation in functioning.
p.82
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
Give an example of a method used in the cognitive aspect of learning.
Provision of leaflets and booklets, visual display.
p.99
Evaluating Health Promotion Plans
How do nurses evaluate the effectiveness of health promotion activities?
By measuring health outcomes and patient feedback.
p.43
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are examples of health outcomes affected by health inequalities?
Life expectancy and quality of life.
p.74
Health Promotion in Different Settings
Give an example of primary prevention.
Immunization or reducing exposure to risk factors.
p.97
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What method is used in the medical approach to identify high-risk groups?
Screening or individual risk assessment, such as measuring body mass index.
p.97
Health Behavior Models
What is the goal of the behavior change approach?
To encourage individuals to take responsibility for their own health and adopt healthier eating habits.
p.74
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the aim of tertiary prevention?
Reducing further disability and suffering in those already ill.
p.36
Concept of Health Promotion
How do participants describe behavioral contributors to poor health?
As 'coping' mechanisms or forms of escape.
p.94
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What type of program is included in the educational approach for children?
School-based nutrition education programs.
p.24
Health Behavior Models
What is considered the highest aspiration of people in the Eudaimonistics Model?
Fulfillment and complete development (actualization).
p.96
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What health promotion strategy addresses issues related to excessive alcohol consumption?
Tackling alcohol-related harm.
p.98
Health Promotion in Different Settings
How can health promotion campaigns encourage physical activity?
By raising awareness about the benefits of exercise and providing resources.
p.44
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How does income affect health?
Better health is strongly associated with higher income; poverty affects dietary intake, hazard exposure, access to healthcare services, self-care, and habits.
p.39
Concept of Health Promotion
How is health defined in terms of fitness according to Seedhouse (1986)?
Health as mental and physical fitness.
p.38
Concept of Health Promotion
What does 'Connect' refer to in the Five Ways to Well-Being?
Building relationships and connecting with others.
p.70
Health Behavior Models
What is the significance of behavior change theories in health promotion?
They provide frameworks for understanding and influencing health-related behaviors.
p.50
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
How can healthcare providers improve health literacy?
By using clear communication, providing educational resources, and ensuring understanding.
p.27
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What role does medicine play in determining health according to critiques of the medical model?
It often prioritizes biological factors over social determinants.
p.40
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are determinants of health?
Factors that influence the health status of individuals or populations.
p.43
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What makes health inequalities systemic?
They are avoidable, unfair, unjust, and sustained over time and generations.
p.74
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the goal of primary prevention in health promotion?
Preventing the onset of illness and disease.
p.18
Health Behavior Models
What do individuals do in the assuming the sick role stage?
Try alternatives to relieve symptoms.
p.10
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the emotional dimension of health involve?
The ability to feel, recognize, and express feelings, as well as to develop and sustain relationships.
p.3
Health Needs Assessment
How can health needs of individuals and populations be identified?
Through assessments, surveys, and analysis of health data.
p.82
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What are examples of methods used in the behavioural aspect of learning?
Role play, demonstration.
p.3
Health Behavior Models
What is the importance of integrating models of behavioral change in health education?
It helps in understanding how to effectively promote healthy behaviors and facilitate change.
p.94
Health Behavior Models
What methods are used in the behavioral change approach?
Persuasion, one-on-one counseling, and mass media campaigns.
p.95
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What advocacy effort can help individuals with depression?
Addressing stigma and discrimination against individuals with depression.
p.11
Concept of Health Promotion
What type of decision-making is involved in wellness?
Daily decision-making related to nutrition, stress management, physical fitness, preventive health care, and emotional health.
p.37
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is a key characteristic of the Western scientific medical model?
It relies on empirical evidence and scientific research to inform medical practices.
p.71
Concept of Health Promotion
What are the main health promotion approaches according to Ewles and Simnett (1999)?
Medical, Behavioural, Educational, Empowerment, and Social change.
p.42
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What psycho-social factors can affect health?
Family network, hazardous social environment, and ethnic minorities.
p.26
Health Behavior Models
How does the bio-psychosocial model view health?
As a complex interplay of biological, social, and psychological factors.
p.38
Concept of Health Promotion
What does 'Take Notice' encourage individuals to do?
Be aware of the present moment and appreciate surroundings.
p.71
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the goal of the behavioural approach in health promotion?
To change individual behaviors to improve health outcomes.
p.32
Health Behavior Models
What is cultural iatrogenesis?
The loss of autonomous coping skills in dealing with pain, suffering, and death, often due to unrealistic expectations generated by medicine.
p.71
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the focus of the empowerment approach in health promotion?
To enable individuals and communities to take control of their health.
p.41
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What does the term 'conditions' refer to in health determinants?
It refers to factors like pollution levels, standards of living, and the labor market.
p.36
Concept of Health Promotion
How is health defined in terms of social relationships?
Health as social relationships emphasizes the importance of social connections.
p.67
Concept of Health Promotion
What techniques are used in health promotion?
Preparing health information brochures, pamphlets, videos, and delivering lectures.
p.67
Concept of Health Promotion
At what levels can health promotion be delivered?
One-to-one, group of people, organization level, and community level.
p.40
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the significance of public policy in health determinants?
Public policies can shape health outcomes by influencing access to resources and services.
p.97
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the aim of the empowerment approach?
To help people identify their own concerns and gain skills and confidence for healthy eating.
p.69
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are the fundamental conditions and resources for health?
Peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice and equity.
p.38
Concept of Health Promotion
What is meant by 'Be Active' in the context of well-being?
Engaging in physical activities to improve health.
p.82
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What are the three aspects of learning in the educational approach to health promotion?
Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioural.
p.17
Health Behavior Models
What social expectations are applied to the sick?
Social expectations dictate that the sick should fulfill their obligations and rights within the Sick Role.
p.39
Concept of Health Promotion
Why is it important for health promoters to understand health beliefs?
Because people's explanations for their health and illness are complex.
p.42
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How does governance influence health?
Through safety and security, human rights, participation, and economic development.
p.40
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What role does environment play in health?
Environmental factors can affect physical and mental health.
p.69
Concept of Health Promotion
Which charter outlines the prerequisites for health and priority action areas?
The Ottawa Charter, 1986.
p.94
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is an example of a medical intervention for healthy eating?
Nutritional counseling as part of routine health check-ups.
p.18
Health Behavior Models
What actions are taken during the assuming dependent role stage?
Follow the prescribed treatment plan and adjust to the daily schedule.
p.95
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What community initiative can promote access to healthy foods?
Community initiatives that promote farmers' markets and access to fresh fruits and vegetables.
p.94
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is the goal of the educational approach in health promotion?
To provide knowledge and skills for informed decision-making about health behaviors.
p.37
Health Needs Assessment
In the Western scientific medical model, what is often prioritized over holistic approaches?
The treatment of symptoms and diseases rather than addressing social or environmental factors.
p.69
Concept of Health Promotion
What is one of the five priority action areas for health promotion?
Building healthy public policy.
p.42
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are proximate determinants of health?
Poverty and social status.
p.29
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How does health reflect societal conditions?
Health mirrors the distribution of material resources within society.
p.100
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What leadership role do nurses have in health promotion?
Leader / member of a profession.
p.67
Concept of Health Promotion
What is health promotion?
An umbrella term incorporating aspects of disease prevention, education, cultural, social, and political development.
p.3
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What principles guide teaching and learning in healthcare settings?
Principles include understanding the learner's needs, creating a supportive environment, and using appropriate teaching methods.
p.95
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is an example of a peer support initiative for healthy eating?
Support groups for sharing healthy recipes and experiences.
p.36
Concept of Health Promotion
What does health as function imply?
Health as function refers to the ability to perform daily activities and roles.
p.36
Concept of Health Promotion
What is meant by health as psychosocial well-being?
It encompasses mental health and emotional stability.
p.95
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is an example of advocating for healthy public policies?
Implementing policies to reduce the availability of unhealthy food options in schools.
p.94
Health Behavior Models
What is an example of a behavioral change program?
Workshops on meal planning and healthy cooking techniques.
p.94
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What are some examples of educational interventions?
Health education workshops and distribution of educational materials about portion sizes.
p.39
Concept of Health Promotion
How might health promoters understand the health beliefs of individuals?
By engaging with them and conducting assessments or surveys.
p.38
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the significance of 'Give' in the Five Ways to Well-Being?
Engaging in acts of kindness and helping others.
p.69
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the purpose of creating supportive environments in health promotion?
To facilitate healthy choices and lifestyles.
p.97
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the aim of the medical approach to healthy eating?
To reduce morbidity and premature mortality by identifying those at risk from disease.
p.40
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the impact of lifestyle choices on health?
Lifestyle choices, such as diet and exercise, significantly affect overall health.
p.40
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How do social networks influence health?
Strong social networks can provide support and resources that promote better health.
p.97
Health Behavior Models
What methods are used in the behavior change approach?
Persuasion through one-to-one advice or counseling and mass media campaigns.
p.18
Health Behavior Models
What happens during the recovery or rehabilitation stage?
Individuals resume normal activities and responsibilities.
p.95
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is a potential policy change related to food labeling?
Advocacy for food labeling laws that provide clear nutritional information.
p.3
Designing Health Promotion Plans
What is involved in devising a health education and promotion plan?
It includes assessing needs, setting goals, developing strategies, and evaluating outcomes.
p.95
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is an example of organizational change in health services?
Organisational changes in health services and schools.
p.97
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What methods are used in the social change approach?
Development of organizational policy and implementation of healthy public policy.
