p.22
Lung Volumes and Capacities
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
The additional volume you inspire above the tidal volume, which can be a six-fold increase over the tidal volume.
p.7
Respiratory System Anatomy
What structures make up the lower respiratory system?
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lung.
p.21
Lung Volumes and Capacities
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.
p.27
Pulmonary Ventilation
What role does the diaphragm play during expiration?
It returns to its original relaxed position.
p.27
Pulmonary Ventilation
What happens to thoracic volume during expiration?
Thoracic volume decreases.
p.11
Overview of Human Physiology
What is the significance of the conducting zone in terms of gas exchange?
There is no gas exchange with blood in this zone, known as dead space.
p.5
Functions of the Respiratory System
What is one primary function of the respiratory system?
Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood.
p.20
Pulmonary Ventilation
What is pulmonary ventilation?
The process of changing chest volume and pulmonary function.
p.13
Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the structure of the alveoli?
A single layer of epithelium.
p.22
Lung Volumes and Capacities
What is residual volume?
The amount of air that remains in the lungs and airway after maximal exhalation, approximately ~ 1200 ml.
p.14
Respiratory System Anatomy
How does deoxygenated blood reach the lungs?
Via two pulmonary arteries, one to each lung.
p.20
Pulmonary Ventilation
What is the significance of inspiration and expiration in pulmonary ventilation?
They are key phases in the process of breathing.
p.14
Respiratory System Anatomy
How does oxygenated blood return to the heart from the lungs?
Through pulmonary veins to the left atrium.
p.10
Respiratory System Anatomy
How many bronchi are there?
One bronchus to each lung.
p.8
Overview of Human Physiology
What is the primary function of the conducting zone in the respiratory system?
To conduct air from the trachea to the lungs (terminal bronchioles).
p.17
Gas Laws in Respiration
How do gases move according to Dalton's law?
Gases move down pressure gradients.
What is cellular respiration?
The use of oxygen with organic molecules to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP).
p.22
Lung Volumes and Capacities
What is expiratory reserve volume?
The amount of air forcefully exhaled after the end of normal expiration.
What is external respiration?
The movement and exchange of gases between the environment and the body cells.
What are the two types of respiration described in the respiratory system?
External and internal respiration.
p.22
Lung Volumes and Capacities
What is tidal volume?
The volume of air that moves during a single inspiration or expiration, averaging ~ 500 ml during quiet breathing.
p.24
Pulmonary Ventilation
What happens when transpulmonary pressure increases?
The distending force becomes larger, causing the lungs and alveoli to expand.
p.17
Gas Laws in Respiration
How does oxygen move according to Dalton's law?
Oxygen moves from an area of higher P O2 to an area of lower P O2.
p.16
Muscles of Inspiration
What are the primary muscles of inspiration?
Diaphragm, scalenes, sternocleidomastoids, and external intercostals.
p.28
Mechanics of Breathing
What is the role of the diaphragm during quiet breathing?
It contracts to change the volume of the thoracic cavity, facilitating inhalation.
p.7
Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the function of the pharynx?
It serves as a common passageway for food, liquid, and air.
p.4
Gas Laws in Respiration
What do gas laws explain in the context of respiration?
They describe how gases behave under different conditions of pressure and temperature.
p.7
Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the role of the larynx?
It is a passageway for air only and contains vocal cords.
p.23
Pulmonary Ventilation
What is the intra-alveoli pressure (P alv) at rest?
It is equal to atmospheric pressure (0 mm Hg).
p.11
Functions of the Respiratory System
What role does the conducting zone play in filtering air?
It traps foreign materials such as bacteria, viruses, and dust.
p.3
Mechanics of Breathing
What role do intercostal muscles play in breathing?
They assist in expanding and contracting the rib cage during inhalation and exhalation.
How can alveolar ventilation increase?
By increasing respiration rate, tidal volume, or both.
p.12
Functions of the Respiratory System
What is the significance of the close association of alveoli with the capillary network?
It facilitates gas exchange.
p.31
Mechanics of Breathing
What muscles are involved in breathing?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
p.24
Pulmonary Ventilation
What does transpulmonary pressure measure?
The distending force across the lungs.
p.27
Pulmonary Ventilation
What is pulmonary ventilation?
The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.
p.18
Gas Laws in Respiration
What causes pressure in a sealed gas container?
Collisions of moving gas molecules with the walls of the container and with each other.
p.7
Respiratory System Anatomy
What is included in the thoracic cavity?
Bone, intercostal muscle, diaphragm.
p.13
Respiratory System Anatomy
What are the two types of epithelial cells in the alveoli?
Type I and Type II alveolar cells.
p.10
Respiratory System Anatomy
What does the trachea branch into?
A pair of primary bronchi.
p.3
Mechanics of Breathing
What happens during inhalation?
The diaphragm contracts and moves downward, expanding the thoracic cavity and drawing air into the lungs.
p.27
Pulmonary Ventilation
What is the result of increased alveolar pressure?
Air moves out of the lungs.
What are pulmonary pressures and their role in ventilation?
Pulmonary pressures are the pressures within the lungs that help facilitate airflow during breathing.
p.28
Mechanics of Breathing
How does pressure change in the right and left pleural cavities during breathing?
Both pleural cavities experience similar changes in pressure, becoming more negative during inspiration.
p.10
Respiratory System Anatomy
What distinguishes bronchioles from bronchi?
Bronchioles have no cartilage and are supported by elastic fibers.
p.23
Pulmonary Ventilation
How does P ip compare to P alv during normal breathing?
P ip is always less than P alv and is always negative.
p.31
Gas Laws in Respiration
What does Boyle's law describe?
The relationship between pressure and volume in gases.
p.31
Lung Volumes and Capacities
What is residual volume?
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation.
p.24
Pulmonary Ventilation
What is transpulmonary pressure?
The pressure difference between alveolar pressure (P_alv) and intrapleural pressure (P_ip).
p.18
Gas Laws in Respiration
What is Boyle's Law?
The relationship between pressure and volume of a gas in a sealed container, where pressure increases as volume decreases.
p.19
Pulmonary Ventilation
What happens to lung volume during pulmonary ventilation?
Lung volume changes, creating pressure gradients between alveoli and the atmosphere.
p.25
Pulmonary Ventilation
What happens to the lung if intrapleural pressure reaches atmospheric pressure?
The lung collapses to its unstretched size.
p.3
Mechanics of Breathing
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
To facilitate gas exchange between the body and the environment.
p.16
Muscles of Expiration
Which muscles are involved in expiration?
Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles.
p.25
Pulmonary Ventilation
What causes the elastic recoil of the chest wall?
It tries to pull the chest wall outward.
p.28
Gas Laws in Respiration
What is the relationship between alveolar pressure and volume of air moved during breathing?
As volume increases during inspiration, alveolar pressure decreases, allowing air to flow in.
p.16
Bones and Muscles of the Thorax
What structures make up the rib cage?
12 pairs of ribs and the sternum (breastbone).
p.19
Pulmonary Ventilation
What creates the pressure gradients necessary for air flow?
Changes in lung volume during ventilation.
p.3
Mechanics of Breathing
How does the pressure change during inhalation?
The pressure inside the thoracic cavity decreases, allowing air to flow in.
What is the difference between pulmonary and alveolar ventilation?
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the total volume of air exchanged, while alveolar ventilation refers to the volume of fresh air reaching the alveoli for gas exchange.
p.28
Pulmonary Ventilation
What occurs to alveolar pressure during expiration?
It increases, pushing air out of the lungs.
p.31
Respiratory System Anatomy
What structures are part of the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
p.31
Pulmonary Ventilation
What is total pulmonary ventilation?
The total volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a minute.
p.14
Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the relationship between alveoli and capillaries?
Alveoli have a close association with a capillary network.
p.7
Respiratory System Anatomy
What are the components of the upper respiratory system?
Mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx.
p.27
Pulmonary Ventilation
What happens during expiration at quiet breathing?
It is a passive process involving elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic cage.
p.15
Respiratory System Anatomy
What type of tissue makes up the lungs?
Spongy tissue with air-filled spaces.
p.4
Overview of Human Physiology
What is the relationship between the anatomy of the respiratory system and its function?
The structures of the respiratory system are designed to facilitate efficient gas exchange.
p.29
Pulmonary Ventilation
What is the difference between total pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation?
Total pulmonary ventilation is greater than alveolar ventilation due to dead space.
p.18
Gas Laws in Respiration
What occurs to collisions in a given area when the volume of a gas container is reduced?
Collisions increase, resulting in higher pressure.
p.27
Pulmonary Ventilation
What occurs to alveolar pressure during expiration?
Alveolar pressure increases.
p.21
Lung Volumes and Capacities
What is residual volume?
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation.
p.25
Pulmonary Ventilation
What occurs during a pneumothorax?
Air flows into the sealed pleural cavity, causing the rib cage to expand slightly and the lung to collapse.
p.26
Pulmonary Ventilation
What muscles are primarily involved in quiet breathing during inspiration?
The diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles.
p.9
Respiratory System Anatomy
Why is there an absence of cartilage at the posterior wall of the trachea?
To allow the expansion of the esophagus during the passage of food.
What factors determine the efficiency of breathing?
Rate and depth of breathing.
p.10
Respiratory System Anatomy
What happens to the airways as they progress from the trachea to the bronchioles?
They become narrower, but their numbers increase.
p.31
Lung Volumes and Capacities
What is vital capacity?
The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after a maximum inhalation.
p.8
Overview of Human Physiology
What does the respiratory zone contain?
The sites of gas exchange.
p.19
Pulmonary Ventilation
What occurs during inspiration?
Chest volume increases, causing alveolar pressure to fall below atmospheric pressure, allowing air to move into the alveoli.
p.10
Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
It extends from the primary bronchi to the bronchioles.
p.19
Pulmonary Ventilation
What is the relationship between alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure during expiration?
Alveolar pressure increases and becomes greater than atmospheric pressure, causing air to leave the alveoli.
p.3
Mechanics of Breathing
What are the two main phases of breathing?
Inhalation and exhalation.
p.19
Pulmonary Ventilation
What is the direction of air movement during inspiration?
Air moves into the alveoli.
p.16
Muscles used for ventilation
What is the role of the diaphragm in ventilation?
It contracts to increase thoracic cavity volume, aiding in inhalation.
p.6
Role of the Cardiovascular System in Respiration
What is required for the exchange of gases between blood and cells?
The coordinated functioning of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
p.12
Mechanics of Breathing
What factors increase the rate of diffusion across a membrane?
Increased membrane surface area and decreased membrane thickness.
p.11
Functions of the Respiratory System
How does the conducting zone help with humidity?
It humidifies the air to prevent the exchange epithelium from drying out.
p.15
Respiratory System Anatomy
What holds the two opposing pleural membranes together?
Pleural fluid (15-30 ml depending on body size).
p.21
Pulmonary Ventilation
What is pulmonary ventilation?
The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.
p.31
Respiratory System Anatomy
What are Type I and Type II alveolar cells responsible for?
Type I cells facilitate gas exchange, while Type II cells produce surfactant.
p.17
Gas Laws in Respiration
What does Dalton's law state about the total pressure of a mixture of gases?
The total pressure is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases.
p.5
Functions of the Respiratory System
What role does the respiratory system play in protecting the body?
It protects from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances.
p.20
Pulmonary Ventilation
What device is traditionally used to measure pulmonary ventilation?
A traditional spirometer.
p.18
Gas Laws in Respiration
What is the equation that represents Boyle's Law?
P1 V1 = P2 V2, where P represents pressure and V represents volume.
p.6
Mechanics of Breathing
What is pulmonary ventilation?
Inhalation and exhalation.
p.21
Lung Volumes and Capacities
What is expiratory reserve volume?
The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation.
p.29
Pulmonary Ventilation
What constitutes dead space in the respiratory system?
Air in the conducting airways such as the trachea and bronchi, where no gas exchange occurs.
p.4
Mechanics of Breathing
What is the primary process involved in ventilation?
The mechanics of breathing.
p.13
Respiratory System Anatomy
What does surfactant do in the alveoli?
It mixes with thin fluid to ease lung expansion during breathing.
p.12
Respiratory System Anatomy
What are the two main zones of the lower respiratory tract?
Conducting zone and respiratory zone.
p.23
Pulmonary Ventilation
What happens to P alv during expiration?
P alv is positive and greater than P atm, causing air to move out of the lungs.
p.15
Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the function of pleural fluid?
Helps hold the lung tight against the thoracic wall.
p.28
Mechanics of Breathing
What is the significance of the pressure changes in the pleural cavities?
They create a pressure gradient that aids in lung expansion and contraction.
p.23
Pulmonary Ventilation
Why is intrapleural pressure negative during normal breathing?
Due to the opposing forces exerted by the chest wall and lung pulling the pleural membranes apart.
p.26
Pulmonary Ventilation
What occurs to thoracic volume during inspiration?
Thoracic volume increases.
p.18
Gas Laws in Respiration
What happens to gas density when the volume of a container is reduced?
The density of the gas molecules increases.
p.6
Overview of Human Physiology
What are the components of external respiration?
Pulmonary ventilation, exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood, transport of O2 and CO2 by blood, and exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and cells.
p.8
Overview of Human Physiology
What are the two main zones of the respiratory system?
Conducting zone and respiratory zone.
p.28
Pulmonary Ventilation
What happens to intrapleural pressure during inspiration?
It becomes more negative, allowing the lungs to expand.
p.23
Pulmonary Ventilation
What is atmospheric pressure (P atm)?
The pressure of the outside air, normally 760 mm Hg at sea level.
p.25
Pulmonary Ventilation
What creates an inward pull on the lung?
The elastic recoil of the lung.
p.10
Respiratory System Anatomy
What supports the structure of bronchi?
Cartilage in the form of rings or plates.
p.29
Pulmonary Ventilation
What is the formula for total pulmonary ventilation?
Total pulmonary ventilation = ventilation rate x tidal volume.
p.16
Muscles used for ventilation
What is the function of intercostal muscles?
They assist in the expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity during breathing.
p.12
Mechanics of Breathing
What is the purpose of air flowing between adjacent alveoli?
To allow equilibration of pressure.
p.31
Gas Laws in Respiration
What is Dalton's law related to?
The partial pressures of gases in a mixture.
p.17
Gas Laws in Respiration
What is the formula for calculating the partial pressure of a gas?
P gas = P atm × % of gas in atmosphere.
p.21
Lung Volumes and Capacities
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation.
p.15
Respiratory System Anatomy
What encloses the lungs?
A double-walled pleural sac.
p.9
Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the anatomical position of the trachea in relation to the esophagus?
The trachea runs parallel with and anterior to the esophagus.
p.20
Pulmonary Ventilation
What does the volume measurement in liters (L) refer to in the context of pulmonary ventilation?
The amount of air exchanged during inspiration and expiration.
p.13
Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the function of Type II alveolar cells?
They synthesize and secrete surfactant.
p.3
Mechanics of Breathing
What occurs during exhalation?
The diaphragm relaxes, reducing the thoracic cavity's volume and pushing air out of the lungs.
p.23
Pulmonary Ventilation
What happens to P alv during inspiration?
P alv is negative and less than P atm, allowing air to enter the lungs.
p.25
Pulmonary Ventilation
What are the two types of pneumothorax mentioned?
Traumatic and spontaneous.
p.26
Pulmonary Ventilation
What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
It contracts and drops down toward the abdomen, moving about 1.5 cm.
p.11
Functions of the Respiratory System
What is the function of cilia in the conducting zone?
They beat in an upward motion to move mucus toward the pharynx for swallowing, known as the mucus escalator.
p.31
Overview of Human Physiology
What are the two main types of respiration?
Cellular respiration and external respiration.
p.15
Respiratory System Anatomy
What do pleural membranes line?
The inside of the thorax and the outer surface of the lungs.
p.11
Functions of the Respiratory System
What is one function of the conducting zone related to temperature?
Warming the air to minimize body temperature fluctuations and prevent alveolar damage from cold air.
p.12
Respiratory System Anatomy
What do respiratory bronchioles terminate in?
Alveolar ducts that lead to alveoli.
p.26
Pulmonary Ventilation
How do the external intercostal muscles contribute to inspiration?
They contract to pull the ribs upward and outward.
What is alveolar ventilation?
The volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli per minute.
p.15
Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the composition of the pleural membrane?
Made up of several layers of connective tissue.
p.21
Lung Volumes and Capacities
What is vital capacity?
The maximum amount of air that can be voluntarily moved in or out of the respiratory system with one breath.
What is the formula for alveolar ventilation?
Alveolar ventilation = ventilation rate x (tidal volume – dead space volume).
p.26
Pulmonary Ventilation
What happens to alveolar pressure during inspiration?
Alveolar pressure decreases.
p.31
Lung Volumes and Capacities
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.
