Highly vascularized skin areas responsible for heat exchange.
By modifying and controlling blood flow through vasoconstriction and vasodilatation.
Increasing ambient temperature and body weight.
They have a large surface-to-volume ratio and extensive vascular supply for optimal heat dissipation.
It is crucial for their temperature regulation.
Independent thermal windows on the whole elephant body.
Between -6.7 and 20.3 °C.
Infrared thermography.
To examine the effect of preceding cold exposure on the presence of thermal windows in elephants after returning indoors.
Physiological responses of African elephants to a cold environment.
They allow for flexible heat dissipation.
They tend to expand from distal to proximal areas.
Body weight.
Reflex and local thermal control of rabbit ear blood flow.
3215 ± 315 kg.
The presence of the course of the vessels indicated the formation of thermal windows.
Heat exchange by the pinna of the African elephant.
The presence of thermal windows increased with increasing ambient temperature.
At the Vienna Zoo, Austria.
The trunk had the highest skin temperature, while the ear had the lowest.
Changes in shape, size, and skin temperature (T_s).
It promotes water retention and facilitates evaporation.
Veins.
A binary variable indicating the presence (1) or absence (0) of thermal windows.
Ambient temperature (T_a), elephants' age, and body weight.
It aids in heat dissipation through dilation or constriction of ear vessels.
General information about elephants.
0.5 ± 0.46% of the total ear surface per minute.
A generalized linear mixed model (lmer) via Laplace method.
Four thermal windows.
Heat transfer in elephants based on skin temperature profiles.
The rate of ear flapping increases.
11 days between December 2004 and February 2005.
Human physiological responses to cold exposure.
Anatomy and Histology of the Indian Elephant.
Ambient temperature (T_a) and body weight.
An infrared thermographic study of surface temperature in ratites.
It indicates areas of significantly different temperature distributions.
They are more developed and frequently operational than previously assumed.
ThermaCam TM Researcher.
They had no significant effect on skin temperature (all P ≥ 0.1).
They were not restricted to the ear surfaces.
To analyze the presence, chronological development, temperature, and shape of thermal windows on the ears and torso of elephants.
They 'close' to conserve metabolic heat.
Linear mixed effect models (lme).
14.6%.
Both pinnae could show totally different temperature patterns at the same time.
Indoors (58.1% of observations).
14.6 °C.
57.9% of cases.
43.9% of all observations.
Through separated sympathetic innervation.
T_s was higher on observation days with higher T_a and decreased with minutes of observation outdoors.
The mean ambient temperature varied, with examples like 19.5°C and 16.7°C.
51.6% occurred indoors.
Body thermal windows are surrounded by thermal transition zones, while ear windows have distinct margins.
A restricted area that differs by more than 5.0 °C from its adjacent regions.
30.7 ± 2.4 °C.
Behavior and ecology of the Asiatic elephant in South-Eastern Ceylon.
Thermal windows can increase in size and merge with each other.
Only 17.5% of all cases.
It is significant, especially when elephants bathe or coat themselves with mud.
